Vulnerability assessment of small islands to tourism: The case of the Marine Tourism Park of the Gili Matra Islands, Indonesia

Global Ecology and Conservation

Volumn 6, Issue , 2016, Pages 308-326

  Kurniawan, Fery ^a   Adrianto, Luky ^a   Bengen, Dietriech G ^a   Prasetyo, Lilik Budi ^a  

^a BOGOR AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (Indonesia)

Author keywords

Conservation area; Gili Matra Islands; Indonesia small islands; Marine Tourism Park; Tourism; Vulnerability

Indexed keywords

EID: 84963704865     PISSN: None     EISSN: 23519894     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2016.04.001     Document Type: Article

References (115)

1. Abecasis R.C., Longnecker N., Schmidt L., Clifton J. Marine conservation in remote small island settings: Factors influencing marine protected area establishment in the Azores. Mar. Policy 2013, 40:1-9.
2. Abuodha P.A., Woodroffe C.D. Assessing vulnerability of coasts to climate change: A review of approaches and their application to the Australian coast. GIS for the Coastal Zone: A Selection of Papers from CoastGIS 2006 2006, Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security University of Wollongong, Wollongong. C. Woodroffe, E. Bruce, M. Puotinen, R. Furness (Eds.).
3. Abuodha P.A.O., Woodroffe C.D. Assessing vulnerability to sea-level rise using a coastal sensitivity index: a case study from southeast Australia. J. Coast. Conserv. 2010, 14:189-205.
4. Adrianto L., Matsuda Y. Developing economic vulnerability indices of environmental disasters in small island regions. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 2002, 22:393-414.
5. Adrianto L., Matsuda Y. Study on assessing economic vulnerability of small island regions. Environment, Development and Sustainability, Vol. 6 2004, 317-336.
6. Arsjad A.B.S.M., Siswantoro Y., Saputro G.B., Hartini S., Yuwono D.M. Pedoman Survei dan Pemetaan Terumbu Karang 2005, PSSDAL-BAKOSURTANAL, Bogor, Indonesia, Coastal and Marine Natural Resources Center, National Coordination Agency for Surveys and Mapping.
7. Bakti H., Lubis R.F., Delinom R., Naily W. Identify on submarine ground water discharge (SGD) on the alluvial coast of North Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara. J. Lingkung. Bencana Geol. 2012, 3(2):133-149.
8. Bakti L.A.A., Virgota A., Damayanti L.P.A., Radiman T.H.U., Retnowulan A., Hernawati, Sabil A., Robbe D. Biorock Reef Restoration in Gili Trawangan, North Lombok, Indonesia. Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration 2013, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton. T.J. Goreau, R.K. Trench (Eds.).
9. Barkes N.H.L., Roberts C.M. Scuba diver behaviour and the management of diving impacts on coral reefs. Biol. Cons. 2004, 120:481-489.
10. Barrientos A. Vulnerability and social protection in small island states: The case of Brenada. Soc. Econ. Stud. 2010, 59(1 & 2):3-30.
11. Bascom W. Wave and Beach 1980, Anchor Press/Doubleday, Garden City, New York.
12. Bellan G.L., Bellan-Santini D.R. Viewpoint: A review of littoral tourism, sport and leisure activities: consequences on marine flora and fauna. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. 2001, 11:325-333.
13. Bengen D.G., Retraubun A.S.W., Saad S. Menguak Realitas dan Urgensi Pengelolaan Berbasis Eko-Sosio Sistem Pulau-pulau Kecil 2012, Pusat Pembelajaran dan Pengembangan Pesisir dan Laut (P4L), Bogor, Indonesia.
14. Boruff B.J., Emrich C., Cutter S.L. Erosion hazard vulnerability of US Coastal counties. J. Coast. Res. 2005, 21(5):932-942.
15. Bothner M.H., Reynolds R.L., Casso M.A., Storlazzi C.D., Field M.E. Quantity, composition, and source of sediment collected in sediment traps along the fringing coral reef off Molokai, Hawaii. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2006, 52:1034-1047.
16. Bottema M.J.M., Bush S.R. The durability of private sector-led marine conservation: A case study of two entrepreneurial marine protected areas in Indonesia. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2012, 61:38-48.
17. Brand F.S., Jax K. Focusing the meaning(s) of resilience: Resilience as a descriptive concept and a boundary object [synthesis]. Ecol. Soc. 2007, 12(1):23.
18. Briguglio L. Small island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities. Word Dev. 1995, 23(9):1615-1632.
19. Briguglio L., Cordina G., Furrugia N., Vella S. Economic vulnerability and resilience: Concepts and measurements. Oxford Dev. Stud. 2009, 37(3):229-247.
20. Briguglio, L., Galea, W., 2004. Updating and augmenting the economic vulnerability index. Islands and Small States Institute, University of Malta, Malta.
21. Brookfield H.C. An approch to islands. Sustainable Development Environmental Management of Small Islands 1990, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO); The Parthenon Publishing Group Limited; The Parthenon Publishing Group Inc., Paris. W. Beller, P. d'Ayala, P. Hein (Eds.).
22. Bunce M. The 'leisuring' of rural landscapes in Barbados: New spatialities and the implications for sustainability in small island states. Geoforum 2008, 39:969-979.
23. Campbell J. Islandness: Vulnerability and resilience in Oceania. Shima: Int. J. Res. Isl. Cult. 2009, 3(1):85-97.
24. Croes R.R. A paradigm shift to a new strategy for small island economies: Embracing demand side economics for value enhancement and long term economic stability. Tourism Manag. 2006, 27:453-465.
25. Cumming G.S. Spatial Resilience in Sosial-Ecological Systems 2011, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York.
26. Daby D. Effects of seagrass bed removal for tourism purposes in a Mauritian Bay. Environ. Pollut. 2003, 125:313-324.
27. Dahles H., Bras K. Entrepreneurs in romance tourism in Indonesia. Ann. Tourism Res. 1999, 26(2):267-293.
28. Desa Gili Indah/Gili Indah Village, 2000. Monografi Desa Gili Indah: Tabel Pendataan Kecamatan Pembantu Pemenang, Kabupaten Lombok Barat. Desa Gili Indah, Unpublished Document. Pemenang, Indonesia.
29. Desa Gili Indah/Gili Indah Village, 2010. Monografi Desa Gili Indah: Tabel Pendataan Kecamatan Pembantu Pemenang, Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Desa Gili Indah, Unpublished Document. Pemenang, Indonesia.
30. Desa Gili Indah/Gili Indah Village, 2014. Monografi Desa Gili Indah: Tabel Pendataan Kecamatan Pembantu Pemenang, Kabupaten Lombok Utara. Desa Gili Indah, Unpublished Document. Pemenang, Indonesia.
31. Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Lombok Utara/Department of Tourism of Lombok Utara Regency, 2015. Pariwisata Dalam Angka Kabupaten Lombok Barat Tahun 2014. Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Lombok Utara, Unpublished Document. Tanjung, Indonesia.
32. Dodds R., Graci S.R., Holmes M. Does the tourist care? A comparison of tourists in Koh Phi Phi, Thailand and Gili Trawangan, Indonesia. J. Sustain. Tourism 2010, 18(2):207-222.
33. Doukakis E. Coastal vulnerability and risk parameters. Eur. Water 2005, 11(12):3-7.
34. Douvere F., Ehler C.N. New perspectives on sea use management: Initial findings from European experience with marine spatial planning: review. J. Environ. Manag. 2009, 90:77-88.
35. Eligh J., Welford E., Ytterhus B. Production of sustainable tourism: concepts and example from Norway. Sustai. Dev. 2002, 10:223-234.
36. Encontre P. The vulnerability and resilience of small island developing states in the context of globalization. Nat. Res. Forum 1999, 23:261-270.
37. Eversole D., Fletcher C.H. Longshore sediment transport rates on a reef-fronted beach: field data and empirical models Kaanapali Beach, Hawaii. J. Coast. Res. 2003, 19(3):649-663.
38. Fabinyi M. Dive tourism, fishing and marine protected area in The Calamianes Islands, Philippines. Mar. Policy 2008, 32:898-904.
39. Falkland A.C. Hydrology and water management on small tropical islands. Hydrology of Warm Humid Regions (Yokohama Symposium), July 1993, Yokohama, No. 216 1993, 263-303. IAHS Publ., Yokohama.
40. Farhan A.R., Lim S. Resilience assessment on coastline changes and urban settlements: A case study in Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2011, 54:391-400.
41. Farhan A.R., Lim S. Vulnerability assessment of ecological conditions in Seribu Islands, Indonesia. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2012, 65:1-14.
42. Farhan A.R., Lim S. Improving vulnerability assessment towards Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM): a case study of small islands in Indonesia. J. Coast. Conserv. 2013, 17:351-367.
43. Frihy O.E., El Ganaini M.A., El Sayed W.R., Iskkander M.M. The role of fringing coral reef in beach protection of Hurghada, Hulf of Suez, Red Sea of Egypt. Ecol. Econom. 2004, 22:17-25.
44. Gallop S.L., Bosserelle C., Eliot I., Pattiaratchi C.B. The influence of limestone reefs on storm erosion and recovery of a perched beach. Cont. Shelf Res. 2012, 47:16-27.
45. García-Falcón J.M., Medina-Muñoz D. Sustainable tourism development in islands: A case study of Gran Canaria. Bus. Strategy Environ. 1999, 8:336-357.
46. Goreau T.J., Hilbertz W., Hakeem A., Sarkisian T., Gutzeit F., Spenhoff A. Restoring reefs to grow back beaches and protect coasts from erosion and global sea-level rise. Innovative Methods of Marine Ecosystem Restoration 2013, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton. T.J. Goreau, R.K. Trench (Eds.).
47. Gornitz V. Global coastal hazards from future sea level rise. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 1991, 89:379-398. (Global and Planetary Change Section).
48. Gössling S. The consequences of tourism for sustainable water use on a tropical island: Zanzibar, Tanzania. J. Environ. Manag. 2001, 61:179-191.
49. Gössling S. Global environmental consequences of tourism. Global Environ. Change 2002, 12:283-302.
50. Green E.P., Mumby P.J., Edwards A.J., Clark C.D. Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management. Coastal Management Sourcebooks 2000, vol. 3:x+316. UNESCO, Paris. A.J. Edwards (Ed.).
51. Guillaumont P. Assessing the economic vulnerability of small island developing states and the least developed countries. J. Dev. Stud. 2010, 46(5):828-854.
52. Hall C.M. Trends in ocean and coastal tourism: The end of the last frontier?. Ocean Coast. Manag. 2001, 44:601-618.
53. Hampton M.P., Jeyacheya J. Power, ownership and tourism in small islands: Evidence from Indonesia. World Dev. 2014, 70:481-495.
54. Hannak J.S., Kompatscher S., Stachowitsch M., Herler J. Snorkelling and trampling in shallow-water fringing reefs: Risk assessment and proposed management strategy. J. Environ. Manag. 2011, 92:2723-2733.
55. Hegde A.V., Reju V.R. Development of coastal vulnerability index for Mangalore Coast, India. J. Coast. Res. 2007, 23(5):1106-1111.
56. Hehanussa P.E., Hartanto P. Sumber Daya Air Di Pulau Nusalaut, Maluku Tengah. Sumber Daya Air Di Pulau Kecil 2005, LIPI Press, Jakarta, Indonesia. P.E. Hehanussa, H. Bakti (Eds.).
57. Hind E.J., Hiponia M.C., Gray T.S. From community-based to centralised national management-a wrong turning for the governance of the marine protected area in Apo Island, Philippines?. Mar. Policy 2010, 34(1):54-62.
58. Holling C.S. Resilience and stability of ecological system. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 1973, 4:1-23.
59. Husni S. Kajian ekonomi pengelolaan ekosistem terumbu karang (Studi Kasus Di Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam Laut Gili Indah, Kabupaten Lombok Barat, Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat) 2001, (Master thesis), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia. http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/503.3.
60. Hutabarat, A.A., Yulianda, F., Fahrudin, A., Harteti, S., Kusharjani, 2009. Pengelolaan Pesisir dan Laut secara Terpadu. Pusdiklat Kehutanan-Departemen Kehutanan RI-SECEM-Korea International Cooperation Agency, Bogor, Indonesia.
61. Indraswara M.S. Evaluasi penerapan rencana tata ruang resort pariwisata Gili Trawangan, Nusa Tenggara. J. Ilmu Peranc. Permukim. 2008, 7(1):19-27.
62. Janssen M.A., Ostrom E. Resilience, vulnerability, and adaptation: a cross-cutting theme of the international human dimensions proramme on global environmental change [Editorial]. Global Environ. Change 2006, 16:237-239.
63. Julca A., Paddison O. Vulnerabilities and migration in small island developing states in the context of climate change. Nat. Hazards 2010, 55:717-728.
64. Kaly U., Pratt C., Howorth R. A framework for managing environmental vulnerability in small island developing states. Dev. Bull. 2002, 58:33-38.
65. Kementerian Kelautan dan Perikanan Indonesia/Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries, Republic of Indonesia (KKP), 2013. Pemantauan Kondisi Biofisik Di 7 (Tujuh) Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nasional Wilayah Kerja Balai Kawasan Konservasi Perairan Nasional. Unpublished Document. Direktorat Jenderal Kelautan Pesisir dan Pulau-pulau Kecil, Jakarta, Indonesia. http://kkji.kp3k.kkp.go.id/.
66. Kenneth J.P. Marine Geologi 1982, Printice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
67. Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup Republik Indonesia Nomor 4 Tahun 2001 tentang Kriteria Baku Kerusakan Terumbu Karang/Minister of Environmental Decree, Republic of Indonesia Number 4 in 2009 about Standard Criteria of Coral Reef Damage (KEP.4/MEN2001). http://jdih.menlh.go.id/.
68. Kumar T.S., Mahendra R.S., Nayak S., Radhakrishnan K., Sahu K.C. Coastal vulnerability assessment for Orissa State, east coast of India. J. Coast. Res. 2010, 26(3):523-534.
69. Lauer M., Albert S., Asmawi S., Halpern B.S., Campanella L., Rose D.L. Globalization, Pacific Island, and the paradox of resilience. Global Environ. Change 2013, 23:40-50.
70. Lloyd M.G., Peel D., Duck R.W. Towards a social-ecological resilience framework for coastal planning. Land Use Policy 2013, 30:925-933.
71. Long V., Wall G. Case study: Successfull tourism in Nusa Lembongan, Indonesia. Tourism Manag. 1996, 17(1):43-50.
72. Maclaren V.W. Urban sustainability reporting. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 1996, 62(2):184-203.
73. Meur-Férec C., Deboudt P., Morel V. Coastal risks in France: An integrated method for evaluating vulnerability. J. Coast. Res. 2008, 24:178-189.
74. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis 2005, Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA), Island Press, Washington, DC.
75. Mimura N. Vulnerability of island countries in the South Pacific to sea level rise and climate change. Clim. Res. 1999, 12:137-143.
76. Moberg F., Folke C. Analysis: Ecological goods and servicces of coral reef ecosystems. Ecol. Econom. 1999, 29:215-233.
77. Mvula C.D. Fair trade in tourism to protected areas-a micro case study of wildlife tourism to South Luangwa National Park, Zambia. Int. J. Tour. Res. 2001, 3:393-405.
78. Nontji, A., 2007. Laut Nusantara. Edisi Revisi Cetakan Kelima. Penerbit Djambatan, Jakarta, Indonesia.
79. Ouillon S., Douillet P., Lefebvre J.P., Le Gendre R., Jouon A., Bonneton P., Fernandez J.M., Chevillon C., Magand O., Lefèvre J., Le Hir P., Laganier R., Dumas F., Marchesiello P., Bel Madani A., Andréfouët S., Panché J.Y., Fichez R. Circulation and suspended sediment transport in a coral reef lagoon: The south-west lagoon of New Caledonia. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2010, 61:269-296.
80. Özyurt G., Ergin A. Improving coastal vulnerability assessment to sea-level rise: A new indicator based methodology for decision makers. J. Coast. Res. 2010, 26(2):265-273.
81. Parolo G., Ferrarini A., Rossi G. Optimization of tourism impacts within protected areas by means of genetic algorithms. Ecol. Modell. 2009, 220:1138-1147.
82. Pelletier D., García-Charton J.A., Ferraris J., David G., Thébaud O., Letourneur Y., Claudet J., Amand M., Kulbicki M., Galzim R. Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: A multidisciplinary standartpoint. Aquat. Living Resour. 2005, 18:15-33.
83. Pelling M., Uitto J.I. Small island developing states: natural disaster vulnerability and global change. Environ. Harv. 2001, 3:49-63.
84. Pendleton E.A., Thieler E.R., Williams S.J. Importance of coastal change variables in determining vulnerability to sea- and lake-level change. J. Coast. Res. 2010, 26(1):176-183.
85. Peng L., Guihua Y. Ecological footprint study on turism itinerary products in Shangri-La, Yunnan Province, China. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2007, 27(7):2954-2963.
86. Petersen D., Laterveer M., Schuhmacher H. Innovative substrate tiles to spatially control larval settlement in coral culture. Mar. Biol. 2005, 146:937-942.
87. Pethick J., Crooks S. Development of a coastal vulnerability index: A geomorphological perspective. Environ. Conserv. 2000, 27:359-367.
88. Pickering C.M., Hill W. Impact of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. J. Environ. Manag. 2007, 85:791-800.
89. Plummer R., Armitage D. A resilience-based framework for evaluating adaptive co-management: Linking ecology, economics and society in a complex world. Ecol. Econom. 2007, 61:62-74.
90. Presto M.K., Ogston A.S., Storlazzi C.D., Field M.E. Temporal and spatial variability in the flow and dispersal of suspended-sedimen on fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2006, 67:67-81.
91. Rao K.N., Subraelu P., Rao T.V., Manili B.H., Ratheesh R., Bhattacharya S., Rajawat A.S., Ajai Sea-level rise and coastal vulnerability: an assessment of Andhira Pradesh coast, India through remote sensing and GIS. J. Coast. Conserv. 2008, 12:195-207.
92. Satria A., Adhuri D.S. Pre-existing fisheries management systems in Indonesia, Focusing on Lombok and Maluku. Managing Coastal and Inland Waters: Pre-existing Aquatic Management Systems in Southeast Asia 2010, Springer, Dordrecht, Heidelberg, London, New York. 10.1007/978-90-481-9555-8_2. A. Satria, K. Ruddle (Eds.).
93. Satria A., Matsuda Y. Decentralization of fisheries management in Indonesia. Mar. Policy 2004, 28:437-450.
94. Schwarz A.-W., Béné C., Bennett G., Boso D., Hilly Z., Paul C., Posala R., Sibiti S., Andrew N. Vulnerability and resilience of remote rural communities to shocks and global changes: Empirical analysis from Solomon Islands. Global Environ. Change 2011, 21:1128-1140.
95. Shaw, J., Taylor, R.B., Forbes, D.L., Ruz, M.H., Solomon, S., 1998. Sensitivity of the coasts of Canada to sea-level rise. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, Ottawa, Canada.
96. Sheppard C.R.C., Davy S.K., Pilling G.M. The Biology of Coral Reefs 2009, Oxford University Press, New York.
97. Sirait M. Kajian Budidaya Ikan Karang Dengan Sistem Sea Ranching Dalam Mendukung Wisata Bahari (Studi Kasus Di Kawasan Gili Indah, Lombok-Nusa Tenggara Barat) 2007, (Master Thesis), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Bogor, Indonesia. http://repository.ipb.ac.id/handle/123456789/9693.
98. Siregar V. The bottom substrate shallow water mapping using the quick bird satellite imagery. E-J. Ilmu dan Teknol. Kelaut. Trop. 2010, 2(1):19-30.
99. Snoussi M., Ouchani T., Niazi S. Vulnerability assessment of the impact of sea-level rise and flooding on the Moroccan coast: The case of the Mediterranean eastern zone. Eustar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 2008, 77:206-213.
100. South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission-United Nations Environment Programme (SOPAC-UNEP), 2005. Building Resilience in SIDS: The Environmental Vulnerability Index: EVI Final Report. and . http://www.unep.org.
101. Sprintall J., Potemra J.T., Hautala S.L., Bray N.A., Pandoe W.W. Temperatur and salinity variability in the exit passages of the Indonesian Throughflow. Deep-Sea Res. II 2003, 50:2183-2204.
102. Sterr H. Assessment of vulnerability and adaptation to sea-level rise for the coastal zone of Germany. J. Coast. Res. 2008, 24(2):380-393.
103. Storlazzi C.D., Ogston A.S., Bother M.H., Field M.E., Presto M.K. Wave- and tidally-driven flow and sedimen flux across a fringing reef: Southern Molokai, Hawaii. Cont. Shelf Res. 2004, 24:1397-1419.
104. Strickland-Munro J.K., Allison H.E., Moore S.A. Using resilience concept to investigate the impacts of protected area tourism on communities. Ann. Tourism Res. 2010, 37(1):499-519.
105. Suharsono, 1995. Buku Petunjuk Bagi Pengajar Pelatihan Metodologi Penilaian Terumbu Karang. Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Jakarta, Indonesia.
106. Teh L., Cabanban A.S. Planning for sustainable tourism in southern Pulau Banggi: An assessment of biophysical conditions and their implications for future tourism development. J. Environ. Manag. 2007, 85:999-1008.
107. Thieler E.R., Hammar-Klose E.S. National assessment of coastal vulnerability to sea-level rise: Preliminary results for the US Atlantic Coast. Survey Open-File Report 99-593 1999, US Geological, Massachusetts, Woods Hole. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/of99-593/index.html.
108. Tompkins E.L. Planning for climate change in small islands: Insights from national hurricane preparedness in the Cayman Islands. Global Environ. Change 2005, 15:139-149.
109. Tompkins E.L., Nicholso-Cole S.S.A., Hurlston L.A., Boyd E., Hodge G.B., Clarke J., Gray G., Trotz N., Varlack L. Surviving Climate Change in Small Islands: A Guide Book 2005, Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research, UK. http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/surviving.pdf.
110. Turvey R. Vulnerability assessment of developing countries: The case of small-island developing states. Dev. Policy Rev. 2007, 25(2):243-264.
111. Villa F., McLeod H. Environmental vulnerability indicators for environmental planning and decision-making: Guidelines and applications. Environ. Manag. 2002, 29(3):335-348.
112. Vogiatzakis I.N., Mannion A.M., Pugnetti G. Introduction to Mediterranean landscapes. Mediterranean Island Landscapes: Natural and Cultural Approaches 2008, Springer Publishing, Dordrecht. I.N. Vogiatzakis, G. Pugnetti, A.M. Mannion (Eds.).
113. Walker B., Carpenter S., Anderies J., Abel N., Cumming G., Janssen M., Lebel L., Norberg J., Peterson G.D., Pritchard R. Insight: Resilience management in social-ecological system: A working hypothesis for a participatory approach. Conserv. Ecol. 2002, 6(1):14.
114. Wilson S.K., Graham N.A.J., Polunin N.V.C. Appraisal of visual assessments of habitat complexity and benthic composition on coral reefs. Mar. Biol. 2007, 151:1069-1076.
115. Yulianto G., Fahrudin A., Kusmaningsih N. Analisis permintaan rekreasi dan strategi pengembangan wisata bahari di Gili Trawangan Kabupaten Lombok Barat Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat. Bul. Ekon. Perikanan 2007, 7(1):72-98.