A survey of measurement-based spectrum occupancy modeling for cognitive radios

IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 848-859

  Chen, Yunfei ^a   Oh, Hee Seok ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WARWICK   (United Kingdom)

^b Seoul National University   (South Korea)

Author keywords

Cognitive radio; measurement; modelling; prediction; spectrum occupancy

Indexed keywords

FORECASTING; MEASUREMENTS; MODELS; RADIO SYSTEMS; SURVEYS;

MEASUREMENT CAMPAIGN; MEASUREMENT-BASED; MOVING AVERAGE MODEL; OPPORTUNISTIC ACCESS; RELIABLE OPERATION; SPECTRUM OCCUPANCIES; SPECTRUM OCCUPANCY MODELING; STATISTICAL PROPERTIES;

COGNITIVE RADIO;

EID: 84962199116     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1553877X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/COMST.2014.2364316     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. S. Haykin, "Cognitive radio: Brain-empowered wireless communications," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 201-220, Feb. 2005.
2. Z. Sun, G. J. Bradford, and J. N. Laneman, "Sequence detection algorithms for PHY-layer sensing in dynamic spectrum access networks," IEEE J. Sel. Topics Signal Process., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 97-109, Feb. 2010.
3. L. Yang, L. Cao, and H. Zheng, "Proactive channel access in dynamic spectrum networks," Phys. Commun., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 103-111, Jun. 2008.
4. M. Hoyhtya, S. Pollin, and A. Mammela, "Classification-based predictive channel selection for cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE ICC, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2010, pp. 1-5.
5. X. Zhou et al., "Probability-based transmit power control for dynamic spectrum access," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Chicago, IL, USA, Oct. 2008, pp. 1-5.
6. X. Zhou, J. Ma, G. Y. Li, Y. H. Kwon, and A. C. K. Soong, "Probabilitybased optimization of inter-sensing duration and power control in cognitive radio," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 4922-4927, Oct. 2009.
7. K. W. Sung, S.-L. Kim, and J. Zander, "Temporal spectrum sharing based on primary user activity prediction," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 12, pp. 3848-3855, Dec. 2010.
8. G. Yuan, R. C. Grammenos, Y. Yang, and W. Wang, "Performance analysis of selective opportunistic spectrum access with traffic prediction," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1949-1959, May 2010.
9. M. Timmers, S. Pollin, and F. Catthoor, "On the value of prediction in opportunistic radio systems," in Proc. IEEE ICC, Kyoto, Japan, Jun. 2011, pp. 1-6.
10. F. Bouali, O. Sallent, J. Perez-Romero, and R. Agusti, "Strengthening radio environment maps with primary-user statistical patterns for enhancing cognitive radio operation," in Proc. CrownCom, Osaka, Japan, Jun. 2011, pp. 256-260.
11. F. H. Sanders, "Broadband spectrum surveys in Denver, CO, San Diego, CA, Los Angeles, CA: Methodology, analysis and comparative results," in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Electromagn. Compat., Denver, CO, USA, Aug. 1998, vol. 2, pp. 988-993.
12. M. A. McHenry, P. A. Tenhula, and D. McCloskey, "Chicago spectrum occupancy measurements and analysis and a long-term studies proposal," in Proc. TAPAS, 2006, pp. 1-12.
13. M. A. McHenry et al., Spectrum occupancy measurements, Shared Spectrum Company, Vienna, VA, USA, 2000. Online. Available: http://www.sharedspectrum.com
14. D. A. Roberson, C. S. Hood, J. L. LoCicero, and J. T. MacDonald, "Spectral occupancy and interference studies in support of cognitive radio technology deployment," in Proc. IEEE SDR, Reston, VA, USA, Sep. 2006, pp. 26-35.
15. R. B. Bacchus, A. J. Fertner, C. S. Hood, and D. A. Roberson, "Longterm, wide-band spectral monitoring in support of dynamic spectrum access networks at the IIT spectrum observatory," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Oct. 2008, pp. 1-10.
16. M. Wellens, J. Wu, and P. Mahonen, "Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in indoor and outdoor scenario in the context of cognitive radio," in Proc. CrownCom, Orlando, FL, USA, Aug. 2007, pp. 420-427.
17. M. Lopez-Benitez, A. Umbert, and F. Casadevall, "Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in Spain for cognitive radio applications," in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, Apr. 2009, pp. 1-5.
18. M. H. Islam et al., "Spectrum survey in Singapore: Occupancy measurements and analyses," in Proc. CrownCom, May 2008, pp. 1-7.
19. V. Valenta et al., "Survey on spectrum utilization in Europe:Measurements analyses and observations," in Proc. CrownCom, Jun. 2010, pp. 1-5.
20. A. Petrin and P. G. Steffes, "Analysis and comparison of spectrum measurements performed in urban and rural areas to determine the total amount of spectrum usage," in Proc. ISART, Mar. 2005, pp. 9-12.
21. M. Biggs, A. Henley, and T. Clarkson, "Occupancy analysis of the 2. 4 GHz ISM band," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. -Commun., vol. 151, no. 5, pp. 481-488, Oct. 2004.
22. V. Blaschke, H. Jaekel, T. Renk, C. Kloeck, and F. K. Jondral, "Occupation measurements supporting dynamic spectrum allocation for cognitive radio design," in Proc. CrownCom, Orlando, FL, USA, Aug. 2007, pp. 50-57.
23. R. Bacchus, T. Taher, K. Zdunek, and D. A. Roberson, "Spectrum utilization study in support of dynamic spectrum access for public safety," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Singapore, Apr. 2010, pp. 1-11.
24. S. D. Jones, E. Jung, X. Liu, N. Merheb, and I.-J. Wang, "Characterization of spectrum activities in the U. S. public safety band for opportunistic spectrum access," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007, pp. 137-146.
25. K. A. Qaraqe et al., "Empirical results for wideband multidimensional spectrum usage," in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Sep. 2009, pp. 1262-1266.
26. S. Contreras, G. Villardi, R. Funada, and H. Harada, "An investigation into the spectrum occupancy in Japan in the context of TV white space systems," in Proc. CrownCom, Osaka, Japan, Jun. 2011, pp. 341-345.
27. R. Schiphorst and C. H. Slump, "Evaluation of spectrum occupancy in Amsterdam using mobile monitoring vehicles," in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, May 2010, pp. 1-5.
28. T. Harrold, R. Cepeda, and M. Beach, "Long-term measurements of spectrum occupancy characteristics," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Aachen, Germany, May 2011, pp. 83-89.
29. T. M. Taher, R. B. Bacchus, K. J. Zdunek, and D. A. Roberson, "Longterm spectral occupancy findings in Chicago," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Aachen, Germany, May 2011, pp. 100-107.
30. D. Datla, A. M. Wyglinski, and G. J. Minden, "A spectrum surveying framework for dynamic spectrum access networks," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 58, no. 8, pp. 4158-4169, Oct. 2009.
31. A. Petrin, "Maximizing the utility of radio spectrum: Broadband spectrum measurements and occupancy model for use by cognitive radio," Ph. D. dissertation, Georgia Inst. Technol., Atlanta, GA, USA, 2005.
32. R. I. C. Chiang, G. B. Rowe, and K. W. Sowerby, "A quantitative analysis of spectral occupancy measurements for cognitive radio," in Proc. IEEE VTC-Spring, Dublin, Ireland, Apr. 2007, pp. 3016-3020.
33. P. F. Marshall, "Closed-form analysis of spectrum characteristics for cognitive radio performance analysis," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, Chicago, IL, USA, Oct. 2008, pp. 1-12.
34. M. Wellens and P. Mahonen, "Lessons learned from an extensive spectrum occupancy measurement campaign and a stochastic duty cycle model," Mobile Netw. Appl., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 461-474, Jun. 2010.
35. L. Mendes, L. Goncalves, and A. Gameiro, "GSM downlink spectrum occupancy modeling," in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Toronto, ON, Canada, Sep. 2011, pp. 546-550.
36. S. W. Ellingson, "Spectral occupancy at VHF: Implications for frequency agile cognitive radios," in Proc. IEEE VTC-Fall, Sep. 2005, pp. 1379-1382.
37. S. Yin, Q. Zhang, E. Zhang, L. Yin, and S. Li, "Statistical modeling for spectrum usage characterizing wireless fading channels and mobile service dynamics," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 62, no. 8, pp. 3800-3812, Oct. 2013.
38. M. Pavloski, V. Rakovic, V. Atanasovski, and L. Gavrilovska, "Multi-level modeling of spectrum use," in Proc. ISWCS, Paris, France, Aug. 2012, pp. 81-85.
39. M. Wellens, J. Riihijrvi, and P. Mohonen, "Empirical time and frequency domain models of spectrum use," Phys. Commun., vol. 2, no. 1/2, pp. 10-32, Mar. 2009.
40. C. Ghosh, S. Roy, and M. B. Rao, "Modeling and validation of channel idleness and spectrum availability for cognitive networks," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 30, no. 10, pp. 2029-2040, Nov. 2012.
41. C. Ghosh, S. Roy, M. B. Rao, and D. P. Agrawal, "Spectrum occupancy validation and modeling using real-time measurements," in Proc. CoRoNet, New York, NY, USA, Sep. 2010, pp. 25-30.
42. K. Arshad and K. Moessner, "Statistical models of spectrum opportunities for cognitive radio," in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Toronto, ON, Canada, Sep. 2011, pp. 2310-2314.
43. A. D. Spaulding and G. H. Hagn, "On the definition and estimation of spectrum occupancy," IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-19, no. 3, pp. 269-280, Aug. 1977.
44. A. J. Gibson and L. Arnett, "Statistical modeling of spectrum occupancy," Electron. Lett., vol. 29, no. 25, pp. 2175-2176, Dec. 1993.
45. A. J. Gibson and L. Arnett, "Measurements and statistical modeling of spectrum occupancy," in Proc. HF Radio Syst. Tech., York, U. K., Jul. 1994, pp. 150-154.
46. D. J. Percival, M. Kraetzl, and M. S. Britton, "A Markov model for HF spectral occupancy in central Australia," in Proc. HF Radio Syst. Tech., Nottingham, U. K., Jul. 1997, pp. 14-18.
47. S. Geirhofer, L. Tong, and B. M. Sadler, "A measurement-based model for dynamic spectrum access in WLAN channels," in Proc. IEEE MILCOM, Oct. 2006, pp. 1-7.
48. S. Geirhofer, L. Tong, and B. M. Sadler, "Dynamic spectrum access in the time domain: Modeling and exploiting white space," IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 45, no. 5, pp. 66-72, May 2007.
49. L. Stabellini, "Quantifying and modeling spectrum opportunities in a real wireless environment," in Proc. IEEE WCNC, Apr. 2010, pp. 1-6.
50. M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Time-dimension models of spectrum usage for the analysis, design and simulation of cognitive radio networks," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 62, no. 5, pp. 2091-2104, Jun. 2013.
51. M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Empirical time-dimension model of spectrum use based on a discrete-time Markov chain with deterministic and stochastic duty cycle models," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 2519-2533, Jul. 2011.
52. M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Discrete-time spectrum occupancy model based on Markov chain and duty cycle models," in Proc. IEEE DySPAN, May 2011, pp. 90-99.
53. C. Ghosh, S. Pagadarai, D. Agrawal, and A. Wyglinski, "A framework for statistical wireless spectrum occupancy modeling," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 38-44, Jan. 2010.
54. P. J. Laycock, M. Morrell, G. F. Gott, and A. R. Ray, "A model for HF spectral occupancy," in Proc. HF Radio Syst. Tech., London, U. K., Apr. 1988, pp. 165-171.
55. C. A. Pantjiaros, P. J. Laycock, G. F. Gott, and S. K. Chan, "Development of the Laycock-Gott occupancy model," Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng. - Commun., vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 33-39, Feb. 2002.
56. C. A. Pantjiaros, J. A. Wylie, J. Brown, G. F. Gott, and P. J. Laycock, "Extended UK models for high frequency spectral occupancy," Proc. Inst. Eng. Eng. -Commun., vol. 145, no. 3, pp. 168-174, Jun. 1998.
57. S. Pagadarai and A. M. Wyglinski, "A linear mixed-effects model of wireless spectrum occupancy," EURASIP J. Wireless Commun. Netw., vol. 2010, no. 1, pp. 203 178:1-203 178:7, Aug. 2010.
58. M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Statistical prediction of spectrum occupancy perception in dynamic spectrum access networks," in Proc. IEEE ICC, Jun. 2011, pp. 1-6.
59. M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Spatial duty cycle model for cognitive radio," in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Sep. 2010, pp. 1629-1634.
60. M. Wellens, J. Riihijarvi, and P. Mahonen, "Spatial statistics and models of spectrum use," Comput. Commun., vol. 32, no. 18, pp. 1998-2011, Dec. 2009.
61. M. Nekovee, "Quantifying the availability of TV white spaces for cognitive radio operation in the UK," in Proc. IEEE ICC, Dresden, Germany, Jun. 2009, pp. 1-5.
62. Z. Wang and S. Salous, "Spectrum occupancy statistics and time series models for cognitive radio," J. Signal Process. Syst., vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 145-155, Feb. 2011.
63. S. Kaneko, S. Nomoto, T. Ueda, S. Nomura, and K. Takeuchi, "Predicting radio resource availability in cognitive radio-an experimental examination," in Proc. CrownCom, Singapore, May 2008, pp. 1-8.
64. A. Gorcin, H. Celebi, K. A. Qaraqe, and H. Arslan, "An auto-regressive approach for spectrum occupancy modeling and prediction based on synchronous measurements," in Proc. IEEE PIMRC, Toronto, ON, Canada, Sep. 2011, pp. 705-709.
65. S. Yarkan and H. Arslan, "Binary time series approach to spectrum prediction for cognitive radio," in Proc. IEEE VTC-Fall, Baltimore, MD, USA, Sep. 2007, pp. 1563-1567.
66. Z. Wen, T. Luo, W. Xiang, S. Majhi, and Y. Ma, "Autoregressive spectrum hole prediction model for cognitive radio systems," in Proc. IEEE ICC, Beijing, China, May 2008, pp. 154-157.
67. V. K. Tumuluru, P. Wang, and D. Niyato, "A neural network based spectrum prediction scheme for cognitive radio," in Proc. IEEE ICC, Cape Town, South Africa, May 2010, pp. 1-5.
68. I. A. Akbar and W. H. Tranter, "Dynamic spectrum allocation in cognitive radio using hidden Markov models: Poisson distributed case," in Proc. IEEE SoutheastCon, March 2007, pp. 196-201.
69. A. He et al., "A survey of artificial intelligence for cognitive radios," IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 1578-1592, May 2010.
70. Y.-J. Tang, Q.-Y. Zhang, and W. Lin, "Artificial neural network based spectrum sensingmethod for cognitive radio," in Proc. WiCOM, Chengdu, China, Sep. 2010, pp. 1-4.
71. T. C. Clancy, A. Khawar, and T. R. Newman, "Robust signal classification using unsupervised learning," IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 1289-1299, Apr. 2011.
72. D. Zhang and X. Zhai, "SVM-based spectrum sensing in cognitive radio," in Proc. WiCOM, Wuhan, China, Sep. 2011, pp. 1-4.
73. K. M. Thilina, K. W. Choi, N. Saquib, and E. Hossain, "Machine learning techniques for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 31, no. 11, pp. 2209-2221, Nov. 2013.
74. O. P. Awe, Z. Zhu, and S. Lambotharan, "Eigenvalue and support vector machine techniques for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks," in Proc. TAAI, Taipei, China, Dec. 2013, pp. 223-227.
75. M. Wellens, "Empirical modelling of spectrum use and evaluation of adaptive spectrum sensing in dynamic spectrum access networks," Ph. D. dissertation, Fakultat Elektrotech. Informationstech., RWTH Aachen Univ., Aachen, Germany, 2010.
76. M. Lopez-Benitez and F. Casadevall, "Spectrum usage models for the analysis, design and simulation of cognitive radio networks," in Cognitive Radio and its Application for Next Generation Cellular and Wireless Networks, Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, H. Venkataraman and G.-M. Muntean, Eds. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2012.
77. Y. Saleem and M. H. Rehmani, "Primary radio user activity models for cognitive radio networks: A survey," J. Netw. Comput. Appl., vol. 43, pp. 1-16, Aug. 2014.