Quality of life: A critical outcome for all surgical treatments of gastric cancer

World Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 22, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 1101-1113

  McCall, Michael D ^a   Graham, Peter J ^a   Bathe, Oliver F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Gastric cancer; Oncology; Palliation; Quality of life; Surgery

Indexed keywords

CANCER SURGERY; DISTAL GASTRECTOMY; ESOPHAGUS TUMOR; GASTRECTOMY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL JUNCTION TUMOR; GASTROJEJUNOSTOMY; HUMAN; LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY; LYMPH NODE DISSECTION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PROXIMAL GASTRECTOMY; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUALITY OF LIFE ASSESSMENT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; STOMACH CANCER; TOTAL STOMACH RESECTION; ADVERSE EFFECTS; LAPAROSCOPY; MORTALITY; PATIENT-REPORTED OUTCOME; PREDICTIVE VALUE; PROCEDURES; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

GASTRECTOMY; HUMANS; LAPAROSCOPY; LYMPH NODE EXCISION; PALLIATIVE CARE; PATIENT REPORTED OUTCOME MEASURES; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; QUALITY OF LIFE; STOMACH NEOPLASMS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 84961388375     PISSN: 10079327     EISSN: 22192840     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.1101     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2015; 65: 5-29 [PMID: 25559415 DOI: 10.3322/ caac.21254]
2. Dicken BJ, Bigam DL, Cass C, Mackey JR, Joy AA, Hamilton SM. Gastric adenocarcinoma: review and considerations for future directions. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 27-39 [PMID: 15621988]
3. Cunningham SC, Kamangar F, Kim MP, Hammoud S, Haque R, Maitra A, Montgomery E, Heitmiller RE, Choti MA, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Yeo CJ, Schulick RD. Survival after gastric adenocarcinoma resection: eighteen-year experience at a single institution. J Gastrointest Surg 2005; 9: 718-725 [PMID: 15862270 DOI: 10.1016/j.gassur.2004.12.002]
4. Macdonald JS, Smalley SR, Benedetti J, Hundahl SA, Estes NC, Stemmermann GN, Haller DG, Ajani JA, Gunderson LL, Jessup JM, Martenson JA. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 725-730 [PMID: 11547741 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010187]
5. Cunningham D, Allum WH, Stenning SP, Thompson JN, Van de Velde CJ, Nicolson M, Scarffe JH, Lofts FJ, Falk SJ, Iveson TJ, Smith DB, Langley RE, Verma M, Weeden S, Chua YJ. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 11-20 [PMID: 16822992 DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa055531]
6. Bozzetti F, Marubini E, Bonfanti G, Miceli R, Piano C, Crose N, Gennari L. Total versus subtotal gastrectomy: surgical morbidity and mortality rates in a multicenter Italian randomized trial. The Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 1997; 226: 613-620 [PMID: 9389395]
7. Bozzetti F, Marubini E, Bonfanti G, Miceli R, Piano C, Gennari L. Subtotal versus total gastrectomy for gastric cancer: five-year survival rates in a multicenter randomized Italian trial. Italian Gastrointestinal Tumor Study Group. Ann Surg 1999; 230: 170-178 [PMID: 10450730]
8. Bottomley A. The cancer patient and quality of life. Oncologist 2002; 7: 120-125 [PMID: 11961195]
9. Schipper H, Clinch J, Olweny L. Definitions and conceptual issues. In: Spilker B, editor. Quality of Life and pharmacoeconomics in clinical trials. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 11-24
10. Conroy T, Marchal F, Blazeby JM. Quality of life in patients with oesophageal and gastric cancer: an overview. Oncology 2006; 70: 391-402 [PMID: 17259744 DOI: 10.1159/000099034]
11. Munene G, Francis W, Garland SN, Pelletier G, Mack LA, Bathe OF. The quality of life trajectory of resected gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2012; 105: 337-341 [PMID: 22095440 DOI: 10.1002/ jso.22139]
12. Kaptein AA, Morita S, Sakamoto J. Quality of life in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11: 3189-3196 [PMID: 15929166 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i21.3189]
13. Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ, Filiberti A, Flechtner H, Fleishman SB, de Haes JC. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: A quality-of-life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 365-376 [PMID: 8433390]
14. Cella D, Eton DT, Lai JS, Peterman AH, Merkel DE. Combining anchor and distribution-based methods to derive minimal clinically important differences on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (FACT) anemia and fatigue scales. J Pain Symptom Manage 2002; 24: 547-561 [PMID: 12551804]
15. Kemmler G, Holzner B, Kopp M, Dünser M, Margreiter R, Greil R, Sperner-Unterweger B. Comparison of two quality-of-life instruments for cancer patients: The functional assessment of cancer therapy-general and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire-C30. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 2932-2940 [PMID: 10561373]
16. Webb A, Cunningham D, Scarffe JH, Harper P, Norman A, Joffe JK, Hughes M, Mansi J, Findlay M, Hill A, Oates J, Nicolson M, Hickish T, O'Brien M, Iveson T, Watson M, Underhill C, Wardley A, Meehan M. Randomized trial comparing epirubicin, cisplatin, and fluorouracil versus fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate in advanced esophagogastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 261-267 [PMID: 8996151]
17. Troidl H, Kusche J, Vestweber KH, Eypasch E, Koeppen L, Bouillon B. Quality of life: an important endpoint both in surgical practice and research. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40: 523-528 [PMID: 3298294]
18. Troidl H, Kusche J, Vestweber KH, Eypasch E, Maul U. Pouch versus esophagojejunostomy after total gastrectomy: A randomized clinical trial. World J Surg 1987; 11: 699-712 [PMID: 3324498]
19. Thybusch-Bernhardt A, Schmidt C, Küchler T, Schmid A, Henne-Bruns D, Kremer B. Quality of life following radical surgical treatment of gastric carcinoma. World J Surg 1999; 23: 503-508 [PMID: 10085401]
20. Vickery CW, Blazeby JM, Conroy T, Arraras J, Sezer O, Koller M, Rosemeyer D, Johnson CD, Alderson D. Development of an EORTC disease-specific quality of life module for use in patients with gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2001; 37: 966-971 [PMID: 11334720]
21. Blazeby JM, Conroy T, Bottomley A, Vickery C, Arraras J, Sezer O, Moore J, Koller M, Turhal NS, Stuart R, Van Cutsem E, D'haese S, Coens C. Clinical and psychometric validation of a questionnaire module, the EORTC QLQ-STO 22, to assess quality of life in patients with gastric cancer. Eur J Cancer 2004; 40: 2260-2268 [PMID: 15454251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.05.023]
22. Eremenco S, Cashy J, Webster K, Ohashi G, Locker G, Pelletier G, Cella D. FACT-Gastric: A new international measure of QOL in gastric cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22 Suppl 14: abstract 8123
23. Garland SN, Pelletier G, Lawe A, Biagioni BJ, Easaw J, Eliasziw M, Cella D, Bathe OF. Prospective evaluation of the reliability, validity, and minimally important difference of the functional assessment of cancer therapy-gastric (FACT-Ga) quality-of-life instrument. Cancer 2011; 117: 1302-1312 [PMID: 20960518 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25556]
24. Debb SM, Arnold B, Perez B, Cella D. Validation of the FACTGastric cancer quality of life questionnaire for use in Spanishspeaking countries. Psychooncology 2011; 20: 19-27 [PMID: 20217836 DOI: 10.1002/pon.1698]
25. Zhou HJ, So JB, Yong WP, Luo N, Zhu F, Naidoo N, Li SC, Yeoh KG. Validation of the functional assessment of cancer therapygastric module for the Chinese population. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012; 10: 145 [PMID: 23194009 DOI: 10.1186/1477-75 25-10-145]
26. Nakamura M, Kido Y, Yano M, Hosoya Y. Reliability and validity of a new scale to assess postoperative dysfunction after resection of upper gastrointestinal carcinoma. Surg Today 2005; 35: 535-542 [PMID: 15976949 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-005-2988-5]
27. Nakamura M, Kido Y, Hosoya Y, Yano M, Nagai H, Monden M. Postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction after 2-field versus 3-field lymph node dissection in patients with esophageal cancer. Surg Today 2007; 37: 379-382 [PMID: 17468818 DOI: 10.1007/ s00595-006-3413-4]
28. Nakamura M, Kido Y, Egawa T. Development of a 32-item scale to assess postoperative dysfunction after upper gastrointestinal cancer resection. J Clin Nurs 2008; 17: 1440-1449 [PMID: 18482141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02179.x]
29. Takiguchi N, Takahashi M, Ikeda M, Inagawa S, Ueda S, Nobuoka T, Ota M, Iwasaki Y, Uchida N, Kodera Y, Nakada K. Long-term quality-of-life comparison of total gastrectomy and proximal gastrectomy by postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale (PGSAS-45): A nationwide multi-institutional study. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18: 407-416 [PMID: 24801198 DOI: 10.1007/ s10120-014-0377-8]
30. Nakada K, Ikeda M, Takahashi M, Kinami S, Yoshida M, Uenosono Y, Kawashima Y, Oshio A, Suzukamo Y, Terashima M, Kodera Y. Characteristics and clinical relevance of postgastrectomy syndrome assessment scale (PGSAS)-45: newly developed integrated questionnaires for assessment of living status and quality of life in postgastrectomy patients. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18: 147-158 [PMID: 24515247 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0344-4]
31. Terashima M, Tanabe K, Yoshida M, Kawahira H, Inada T, Okabe H, Urushihara T, Kawashima Y, Fukushima N, Nakada K. Postgastrectomy Syndrome Assessment Scale (PGSAS)-45 and changes in body weight are useful tools for evaluation of reconstruction methods following distal gastrectomy. Ann Surg Oncol 2014; 21 Suppl 3: S370-S378 [PMID: 24590434 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-3583-z]
32. Svedlund J, Sjödin I, Dotevall G. GSRS-A clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33: 129-134 [PMID: 3123181]
33. Karanicolas PJ, Graham D, Gönen M, Strong VE, Brennan MF, Coit DG. Quality of life after gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma: A prospective cohort study. Ann Surg 2013; 257: 1039-1046 [PMID: 23665970 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31828c4a19]
34. Avery K, Hughes R, McNair A, Alderson D, Barham P, Blazeby J. Health-related quality of life and survival in the 2 years after surgery for gastric cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol 2010; 36: 148-154 [PMID: 19836921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2009.09.008]
35. Kim AR, Cho J, Hsu YJ, Choi MG, Noh JH, Sohn TS, Bae JM, Yun YH, Kim S. Changes of quality of life in gastric cancer patients after curative resection: A longitudinal cohort study in Korea. Ann Surg 2012; 256: 1008-1013 [PMID: 23154395 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31827661c9]
36. Lee SS, Chung HY, Yu W. Quality of life of long-term survivors after a distal subtotal gastrectomy. Cancer Res Treat 2010; 42: 130-134 [PMID: 20948917 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2010.42.3.130]
37. Korenaga D, Orita H, Okuyama T, Moriguchi S, Maehara Y, Sugimachi K. Quality of life after gastrectomy in patients with carcinoma of the stomach. Br J Surg 1992; 79: 248-250 [PMID: 1555093]
38. Tyrväinen T, Sand J, Sintonen H, Nordback I. Quality of life in the long-term survivors after total gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2008; 97: 121-124 [PMID: 18181160 DOI: 10.1002/ jso.20925]
39. Bozzetti F. Total versus subtotal gastrectomy in cancer of the distal stomach: facts and fantasy. Eur J Surg Oncol 1992; 18: 572-579 [PMID: 1478289]
40. Davies J, Johnston D, Sue-Ling H, Young S, May J, Griffith J, Miller G, Martin I. Total or subtotal gastrectomy for gastric carcinoma? A study of quality of life. World J Surg 1998; 22: 1048-1055 [PMID: 9747165]
41. Gouzi JL, Huguier M, Fagniez PL, Launois B, Flamant Y, Lacaine F, Paquet JC, Hay JM. Total versus subtotal gastrectomy for adenocarcinoma of the gastric antrum. A French prospective controlled study. Ann Surg 1989; 209: 162-166 [PMID: 2644898]
42. Kobayashi D, Kodera Y, Fujiwara M, Koike M, Nakayama G, Nakao A. Assessment of quality of life after gastrectomy using EORTC QLQ-C30 and STO22. World J Surg 2011; 35: 357-364 [PMID: 21104250 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0860-2]
43. Rausei S, Mangano A, Galli F, Rovera F, Boni L, Dionigi G, Dionigi R. Quality of life after gastrectomy for cancer evaluated via the EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-STO22 questionnaires: surgical considerations from the analysis of 103 patients. Int J Surg 2013; 11 Suppl 1: S104-S109 [PMID: 24380539 DOI: 10.1016/ S1743-9191(13)60028-X]
44. Park S, Chung HY, Lee SS, Kwon O, Yu W. Serial comparisons of quality of life after distal subtotal or total gastrectomy: what are the rational approaches for quality of life management? J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14: 32-38 [PMID: 24765535 DOI: 10.5230/ jgc.2014.14.1.32]
45. Chen XZ, Zhang WH, Yang K, Hu JK. Digestive tract reconstruction pattern as a determining factor in postgastrectomy quality of life. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20: 330-332 [PMID: 24415891 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i1.330]
46. Komatsu S, Ichikawa D, Kubota T, Okamoto K, Shiozaki A, Fujiwara H, Konishi H, Morimura R, Murayama Y, Kuriu Y, Ikoma H, Nakanishi M, Sakakura C, Otsuji E. Clinical outcomes and quality of life according to types of reconstruction following laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 2015; 25: 69-73 [PMID: 24743669 DOI: 10.1097/SLE.0000000000000021]
47. Nunobe S, Okaro A, Sasako M, Saka M, Fukagawa T, Katai H, Sano T. Billroth 1 versus Roux-en-Y reconstructions: A quality-oflife survey at 5 years. Int J Clin Oncol 2007; 12: 433-439 [PMID: 18071862 DOI: 10.1007/s10147-007-0706-6]
48. Lee MS, Ahn SH, Lee JH, Park do J, Lee HJ, Kim HH, Yang HK, Kim N, Lee WW. What is the best reconstruction method after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer? Surg Endosc 2012; 26: 1539-1547 [PMID: 22179454 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-2064-8]
49. Takiguchi S, Yamamoto K, Hirao M, Imamura H, Fujita J, Yano M, Kobayashi K, Kimura Y, Kurokawa Y, Mori M, Doki Y. A comparison of postoperative quality of life and dysfunction after Billroth I and Roux-en-Y reconstruction following distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: results from a multi-institutional RCT. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15: 198-205 [PMID: 21993852 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-011-0098-1]
50. Maruyama K, Gunvén P, Okabayashi K, Sasako M, Kinoshita T. Lymph node metastases of gastric cancer. General pattern in 1931 patients. Ann Surg 1989; 210: 596-602 [PMID: 2818028]
51. Katai H, Morita S, Saka M, Taniguchi H, Fukagawa T. Long-term outcome after proximal gastrectomy with jejunal interposition for suspected early cancer in the upper third of the stomach. Br J Surg 2010; 97: 558-562 [PMID: 20169569 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6944]
52. Khan O, Goh S, Byrne B, Somers S, Mercer S, Toh S. Long-term outcomes of extended proximal gastrectomy for oesophagogastric junctional tumours. World J Surg 2011; 35: 2245-2251 [PMID: 21850599 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-011-1235-z]
53. Harrison LE, Karpeh MS, Brennan MF. Total gastrectomy is not necessary for proximal gastric cancer. Surgery 1998; 123: 127-130 [PMID: 9481396]
54. Katai H, Sano T, Fukagawa T, Shinohara H, Sasako M. Prospective study of proximal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 850-853 [PMID: 12854112 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4106]
55. Wen L, Chen XZ, Wu B, Chen XL, Wang L, Yang K, Zhang B, Chen ZX, Chen JP, Zhou ZG, Li CM, Hu JK. Total vs. proximal gastrectomy for proximal gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatogastroenterology 2012; 59: 633-640 [PMID: 22328267 DOI: 10.5754/hge11834]
56. An JY, Youn HG, Choi MG, Noh JH, Sohn TS, Kim S. The difficult choice between total and proximal gastrectomy in proximal early gastric cancer. Am J Surg 2008; 196: 587-591 [PMID: 18519129 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2007.09.040]
57. Ronellenfitsch U, Najmeh S, Andalib A, Perera RM, Rousseau MC, Mulder DS, Ferri LE. Functional outcomes and quality of life after proximal gastrectomy with esophagogastrostomy using a narrow gastric conduit. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22: 772-779 [PMID: 25212836 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-014-4078-7]
58. Son MW, Kim YJ, Jeong GA, Cho GS, Lee MS. Long-Term Outcomes of Proximal Gastrectomy versus Total Gastrectomy for Upper-Third Gastric Cancer. J Gastric Cancer 2014; 14: 246-251 [PMID: 25580356 DOI: 10.5230/jgc.2014.14.4.246]
59. Siewert JR, Stein HJ. Classification of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 1457-1459 [PMID: 9823902 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2168.1998.00940.x]
60. Sobin LH, Compton CC. TNM seventh edition: what's new, what's changed: communication from the International Union Against Cancer and the American Joint Committee on Cancer. Cancer 2010; 116: 5336-5339 [PMID: 20665503 DOI: 10.1002/ cncr.25537]
61. Haverkamp L, Ruurda JP, van Leeuwen MS, Siersema PD, van Hillegersberg R. Systematic review of the surgical strategies of adenocarcinomas of the gastroesophageal junction. Surg Oncol 2014; 23: 222-228 [PMID: 25466852 DOI: 10.1016/ j.suronc.2014.10.004]
62. Barbour AP, Lagergren P, Hughes R, Alderson D, Barham CP, Blazeby JM. Health-related quality of life among patients with adenocarcinoma of the gastro-oesophageal junction treated by gastrectomy or oesophagectomy. Br J Surg 2008; 95: 80-84 [PMID: 17849373 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.5912]
63. Spector NM, Hicks FD, Pickleman J. Quality of life and symptoms after surgery for gastroesophageal cancer: A pilot study. Gastroenterol Nurs 2002; 25: 120-125 [PMID: 12055380]
64. Cuschieri A, Weeden S, Fielding J, Bancewicz J, Craven J, Joypaul V, Sydes M, Fayers P. Patient survival after D1 and D2 resections for gastric cancer: long-term results of the MRC randomized surgical trial. Surgical Co-operative Group. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 1522-1530 [PMID: 10188901 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6690243]
65. Songun I, Putter H, Kranenbarg EM, Sasako M, van de Velde CJ. Surgical treatment of gastric cancer: 15-year follow-up results of the randomised nationwide Dutch D1D2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11: 439-449 [PMID: 20409751 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70070-X]
66. de Bree E, Charalampakis V, Melissas J, Tsiftsis DD. The extent of lymph node dissection for gastric cancer: A critical appraisal. J Surg Oncol 2010; 102: 552-562 [PMID: 20976727 DOI: 10.1002/ jso.21646]
67. Wu CW, Hsiung CA, Lo SS, Hsieh MC, Chen JH, Li AF, Lui WY, Whang-Peng J. Nodal dissection for patients with gastric cancer: A randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7: 309-315 [PMID: 16574546 DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(06)70623-4]
68. Díaz De Liaño A, Oteiza Martínez F, Ciga MA, Aizcorbe M, Cobo F, Trujillo R. Impact of surgical procedure for gastric cancer on quality of life. Br J Surg 2003; 90: 91-94 [PMID: 12520582 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.4011]
69. Strong VE. Laparoscopic resection for gastric carcinoma: Western experience. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2012; 21: 141-158 [PMID: 22098837 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2011.09.010]
70. Huscher CG, Mingoli A, Sgarzini G, Sansonetti A, Di Paola M, Recher A, Ponzano C. Laparoscopic versus open subtotal gastrectomy for distal gastric cancer: five-year results of a randomized prospective trial. Ann Surg 2005; 241: 232-237 [PMID: 15650632]
71. Kim YW, Baik YH, Yun YH, Nam BH, Kim DH, Choi IJ, Bae JM. Improved quality of life outcomes after laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy for early gastric cancer: results of a prospective randomized clinical trial. Ann Surg 2008; 248: 721-727 [PMID: 18948798 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318185e62e]
72. Hayashi H, Ochiai T, Shimada H, Gunji Y. Prospective randomized study of open versus laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy with extraperigastric lymph node dissection for early gastric cancer. Surg Endosc 2005; 19: 1172-1176 [PMID: 16132323 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-004-8207-4]
73. Viñuela EF, Gonen M, Brennan MF, Coit DG, Strong VE. Laparoscopic versus open distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and high-quality nonrandomized studies. Ann Surg 2012; 255: 446-456 [PMID: 22330034 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0b013e31824682f4]
74. WHO. World Health Organization. 2010. Available from: URL: http://www.who.int
75. Cunningham SC, Schulick RD. Palliative management of gastric cancer. Surg Oncol 2007; 16: 267-275 [PMID: 17881220 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2007.08.004]
76. Miner TJ, Jaques DP, Karpeh MS, Brennan MF. Defining palliative surgery in patients receiving noncurative resections for gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 198: 1013-1021 [PMID: 15194084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.02.007]
77. Miner TJ, Karpeh MS. Gastrectomy for gastric cancer: defining critical elements of patient selection and outcome assessment. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2004; 13: 455-466, viii [PMID: 15236728 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2004.03.004]
78. Medina-Franco H, Contreras-Saldívar A, Ramos-De La Medina A, Palacios-Sanchez P, Cortés-González R, Ugarte JA. Surgery for stage IV gastric cancer. Am J Surg 2004; 187: 543-546 [PMID: 15041508 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2003.12.045]
79. Samarasam I, Chandran BS, Sitaram V, Perakath B, Nair A, Mathew G. Palliative gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer: is it worthwhile? ANZ J Surg 2006; 76: 60-63 [PMID: 16483298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-2197.2006.03649.x]
80. Lasithiotakis K, Antoniou SA, Antoniou GA, Kaklamanos I, Zoras O. Gastrectomy for stage IV gastric cancer. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Anticancer Res 2014; 34: 2079-2085 [PMID: 24778009]
81. Lin SZ, Tong HF, You T, Yu YJ, Wu WJ, Chen C, Zhang W, Ye B, Li CM, Zhen ZQ, Xu JR, Zhou JL. Palliative gastrectomy and chemotherapy for stage IV gastric cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2008; 134: 187-192 [PMID: 17611776 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-007-0268-z]
82. Chang YR, Han DS, Kong SH, Lee HJ, Kim SH, Kim WH, Yang HK. The value of palliative gastrectomy in gastric cancer with distant metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; 19: 1231-1239 [PMID: 22045464 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-011-2056-x]
83. Mahar AL, Coburn NG, Karanicolas PJ, Viola R, Helyer LK. Effective palliation and quality of life outcomes in studies of surgery for advanced, non-curative gastric cancer: A systematic review. Gastric Cancer 2012; 15 Suppl 1: S138-S145 [PMID: 21727998 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-011-0070-0]
84. Miyagaki H, Fujitani K, Tsujinaka T, Hirao M, Yasui M, Kashiwazaki M, Ikenaga M, Miyazaki M, Mishima H, Nakamori S. The significance of gastrectomy in advanced gastric cancer patients with non-curative factors. Anticancer Res 2008; 28: 2379-2384 [PMID: 18751422]
85. Kulig P, Sierzega M, Kowalczyk T, Kolodziejczyk P, Kulig J. Non-curative gastrectomy for metastatic gastric cancer: rationale and long-term outcome in multicenter settings. Eur J Surg Oncol 2012; 38: 490-496 [PMID: 22381671 DOI: 10.1016/ j.ejso.2012.01.013]
86. Kaminishi M, Yamaguchi H, Shimizu N, Nomura S, Yoshikawa A, Hashimoto M, Sakai S, Oohara T. Stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy for unresectable gastric carcinoma. Arch Surg 1997; 132: 184-187 [PMID: 9041924]
87. Kikuchi S, Tsutsumi O, Kobayashi N, Tsukamoto H, Shimao H, Sakakibara Y, Hiki Y, Kakita A. Does gastrojejunostomy for unresectable cancer of the gastric antrum offer satisfactory palliation? Hepatogastroenterology 1999; 46: 584-587 [PMID: 10228865]
88. Navarra G, Musolino C, Venneri A, De Marco ML, Bartolotta M. Palliative antecolic isoperistaltic gastrojejunostomy: A randomized controlled trial comparing open and laparoscopic approaches. Surg Endosc 2006; 20: 1831-1834 [PMID: 17063298 DOI: 10.1007/ s00464-005-0454-5]
89. Dormann A, Meisner S, Verin N, Wenk Lang A. Self-expanding metal stents for gastroduodenal malignancies: systematic review of their clinical effectiveness. Endoscopy 2004; 36: 543-550 [PMID: 15202052 DOI: 10.1055/s-2004-814434]
90. Jeurnink SM, Steyerberg EW, van Hooft JE, van Eijck CH, Schwartz MP, Vleggaar FP, Kuipers EJ, Siersema PD. Surgical gastrojejunostomy or endoscopic stent placement for the palliation of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (SUSTENT study): A multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 2010; 71: 490-499 [PMID: 20003966 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2009.09.042]
91. Varley JM, McGown G, Thorncroft M, Tricker KJ, Teare MD, Santibanez-Koref MF, Martin J, Birch JM, Evans DG. An extended Li-Fraumeni kindred with gastric carcinoma and a codon 175 mutation in TP53. J Med Genet 1995; 32: 942-945 [PMID: 8825920]
92. Cisco RM, Ford JM, Norton JA. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: implications of genetic testing for screening and prophylactic surgery. Cancer 2008; 113: 1850-1856 [PMID: 18798546 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23650]
93. Pharoah PD, Guilford P, Caldas C. Incidence of gastric cancer and breast cancer in CDH1 (E-cadherin) mutation carriers from hereditary diffuse gastric cancer families. Gastroenterology 2001; 121: 1348-1353 [PMID: 11729114]
94. Kaurah P, MacMillan A, Boyd N, Senz J, De Luca A, Chun N, Suriano G, Zaor S, Van Manen L, Gilpin C, Nikkel S, Connolly-Wilson M, Weissman S, Rubinstein WS, Sebold C, Greenstein R, Stroop J, Yim D, Panzini B, McKinnon W, Greenblatt M, Wirtzfeld D, Fontaine D, Coit D, Yoon S, Chung D, Lauwers G, Pizzuti A, Vaccaro C, Redal MA, Oliveira C, Tischkowitz M, Olschwang S, Gallinger S, Lynch H, Green J, Ford J, Pharoah P, Fernandez B, Huntsman D. Founder and recurrent CDH1 mutations in families with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. JAMA 2007; 297: 2360-2372 [PMID: 17545690 DOI: 10.1001/jama.297.21.2360]
95. Fitzgerald RC, Hardwick R, Huntsman D, Carneiro F, Guilford P, Blair V, Chung DC, Norton J, Ragunath K, Van Krieken JH, Dwerryhouse S, Caldas C. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: updated consensus guidelines for clinical management and directions for future research. J Med Genet 2010; 47: 436-444 [PMID: 20591882 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2009.074237]
96. Lim YC, di Pietro M, O'Donovan M, Richardson S, Debiram I, Dwerryhouse S, Hardwick RH, Tischkowitz M, Caldas C, Ragunath K, Fitzgerald RC. Prospective cohort study assessing outcomes of patients from families fulfilling criteria for hereditary diffuse gastric cancer undergoing endoscopic surveillance. Gastrointest Endosc 2014; 80: 78-87 [PMID: 24472763 DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2013.11.040]
97. Pandalai PK, Lauwers GY, Chung DC, Patel D, Yoon SS. Prophylactic total gastrectomy for individuals with germline CDH1 mutation. Surgery 2011; 149: 347-355 [PMID: 20719348 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2010.07.005]
98. Blair V, Martin I, Shaw D, Winship I, Kerr D, Arnold J, Harawira P, McLeod M, Parry S, Charlton A, Findlay M, Cox B, Humar B, More H, Guilford P. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: diagnosis and management. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 262-275 [PMID: 16527687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.003]
99. Worster E, Liu X, Richardson S, Hardwick RH, Dwerryhouse S, Caldas C, Fitzgerald RC. The impact of prophylactic total gastrectomy on health-related quality of life: A prospective cohort study. Ann Surg 2014; 260: 87-93 [PMID: 24424140 DOI: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000446]
100. Garland SN, Lounsberry J, Pelletier G, Bathe OF. "How do you live without a stomach?": A multiple case study examination of total gastrectomy for palliation or prophylaxis. Palliat Support Care 2011; 9: 305-313 [PMID: 21838951 DOI: 10.1017/S1478951511000253]