Resource accounting for sustainability assessment: The nexus between energy, food, water and land use

Resource Accounting for Sustainability Assessment: The Nexus between Energy, Food, Water and Land Use

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 1-248

  Giampietro, Mario ^a   Aspinall, Richard J ^b,c   Ramos Martin, Jesus ^d   Bukkens, Sandra G F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b SCOTTISH CROP RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITAT AUTÒNOMA DE BARCELONA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84961300909     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9781315866895     Document Type: Book

References (268)

1. Ahl, V. and Allen, T.F.H. (1996) Hierarchy Theory, New York: Columbia University Press.
2. Allan, J.A. (1998) Virtual water: A strategic resource. Global solutions to regional deficits. Groundwater 36 (4): 545-546.
3. Allen, T.F.H. and Hoekstra, T.W. (1992) Toward a Unified Ecology, New York: Columbia University Press.
4. Allen, T.F.H. and Starr, T. (1982) Hierarchy: Perspectives for Ecological Complexity, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Allen, T.F.H., Tainter, J.A. and Hoekstra, T.W. (2003) Supply Side Sustainability, New York: Columbia University Press.
6. Amthor, J.S. (1989) Respiration and Crop Productivity, New York: Springer-Verlag.
7. Amthor, J.S. and Baldocchi, D.D. (2001) Terrestrial higher plant respiration and net primary production, in J. Roy, B. Saugier and H. Mooney (eds), Terrestrial Global Productivity (pp. 33-59), London: Academic Press.
8. Anderson, J.R., Hardy, E.E., Roach, J.T. and Witmer, R.E. (1976) A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote Sensor Data, Geological Survey Professional Paper 964, Washington, DC: US Geological Survey.
9. Andreasen, J.K., O’Neill, R.V., Noss, R. and Slosser, N.C. (2001) Considerations for the development of a terrestrial index of ecological integrity. Ecological Indicators 1: 21-35.
10. Arctur, D.K. and Zeiler, M. (2004) Designing Geodatabases: Case Studies in GIS Data Modeling, Redlands, CA: ESRI Press.
11. Arizpe-Ramos, N., Giampietro, M. and Ramos-Martin, J. (2011) Food security and fossil energy dependence: An international comparison of the use of fossil energy in agriculture (1991-2003). Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 30 (1-2): 45-63.
12. Arrojo, P. (2006) El reto ético de la nueva cultura del agua: Funciones, valores y derechos en juego. Barcelona: Editorial Paidós.
13. Aspinall, R.J. (2002) A land-cover data infrastructure for measurement, modeling, and analysis of land-cover change dynamics. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 68: 1101-1105.
14. Aspinall, R.J. (2004) Modelling land use change with generalized linear models: A multimodel analysis of change between 1860 and 2000 in Gallatin Valley, Montana. Journal of Environmental Management 72: 91-103.
15. Aspinall, R.J. (2006) Editorial. Journal of Land Use Science 1: 1-4.
16. Beddington, J. (2010) Food security: Contributions from science to a new and greener revolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 365: 61-71.
17. Bettencourt, L.M.A. and Kaur, J. (2011) Evolution and structure of sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108: 19540-19545.
18. Bhullar, A. and Sidhu, R. (2007) Integrated land and water use: A case study of Punjab. Economic and Political Weekly 41 (52): 5353-5357.
19. Bibby, J.S. and Mackney, D. (1969) Land Use Capability Classification, Harpenden: Rothamsted Experimental Station.
20. Bibby, J.S., Douglas, H.A., Thomasson, A.J. and Robertson, J.S. (1982) Land Capability for Agriculture, Soil Survey of Scotland Monograph, Aberdeen: Macaulay Institute for Soil Research.
21. Bibby, J.S., Heslop, R.E.F. and Hartnup, R. (1988) Land Capability Classification for Forestry in Britain, Soil Survey Monograph, Aberdeen: Macaulay Land Use Research Institute.
22. Blottnitz, H. von (2006) Alternative Biofuel Crops in South Africa: What to Look For from a Life Cycle Perspective?, Cape Town: University of Cape Town. Available at: url:http://www.corpoica.org.co/sitioweb/Documento/JatrophaContrataciones/ALTER NATIVEBIOFUELSCROPSINSOUTHAFRICA-LCA.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
23. Boulding, K.E. (1966) The economics of the coming spaceship earth, in H. Jarrett (ed.), Environmental Quality in a Growing Economy (pp. 3-14), Baltimore, MD: Resources for the Future/Johns Hopkins University Press.
24. Brown, I., Towers, W., Rivington, M. and Black, H.I.J. (2008) Influence of climate change on agricultural land-use potential: Adapting and updating the land capability system for Scotland. Climate Research 37: 43-57.
25. Brown, I., Poggio, L. and Gimona, A. (2011) Climate change, drought risk and land capability for agriculture: Implications for land use in Scotland. Regional Environmental Change 11: 503-518.
26. Brown, L.R. (2006) Plan B 2.0: Rescuing a Planet under Stress and a Civilization in Trouble (data in Chapter 9), Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute. Available at: http://www.earth-policy.org/books/pb2/pb2ch9_ss4 (accessed 31 July 2013).
27. Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R.A. (1998) Principles of Geographical Information Systems, 2nd edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
28. Carpenter, S.R. and Kitchell, J.F. (1987) The temporal scale of variance in limnetic primary production. American Naturalist 129: 417-433.
29. Carpenter, S.R., Mooney, H.A., Agard, J., Capistrano, D., DeFries, R.S. et al. (2009) Science for managing ecosystem services: Beyond the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 106: 1305-1312.
30. Castán Broto, V., Allen, A. and Rapoport, E. (2012) Interdisciplinary perspectives on urban metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology 16 (6): 851-861.
31. Central Water Authority of the Republic of Mauritius (2012) Annual Report July 2009-December 2010. Available at: http://cwa.gov.mu/English/Documents/Home%20page%20docs/CWA%20Annual%20Web.pdf (accessed 31 October 2013).
32. Certain, G., Skarpaas, O., Bjerke, J.W., Framstad, E., Lindholm, M. et al. (2011) The nature index: A general framework for synthesizing knowledge on the state of biodiversity. PLoS ONE 6 (4): 12.
33. Chave, J. and Levin, S. (2003) Scale and scaling in ecological and economic systems. Environmental and Resource Economics 26: 527-557.
34. Chung Tze Cheong, M., Ramasamy, S. and Adelaide, S. (2011) The 2010 Land Use Map of Mauritius, MSIRI Occasional Paper No. 41, Reduit: Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute (MSIRI).
35. CIA (2012) South Africa, in The World Factbook, Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency of the United States. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sf.html (accessed 19 March 2013).
36. Cilliers, P. (1998) Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems, London: Routledge.
37. Clayton, A.M.H. and Radcliffe, N.J. (1996) Sustainability: A Systems Approach, London: Earthscan.
38. Costantini, E.A.C. (ed.) (2009) Manual of Methods for Soil and Land Evaluation, Enfield: Science Publishers.
39. Cottrell, W.F. (1955) Energy and Society: The Relation between Energy, Social Change, and Economic Development, New York: McGraw-Hill.
40. CRSES (2013) Renewable energy research and education at Stellenbosch University. Presentation by W. van Niekerk and A.Brent, Centre for Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies, Stellenbosch University, 20 February.
41. Daily, G.C. (ed.) (1997) Nature’s Services: Societal Dependence on Natural Ecosystems, Washington, DC: Island Press.
42. Daily, G.C. and Matson, P.A. (2008) Ecosystem services: From theory to implementation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105: 9455-9456.
43. Daly, H.E. (ed. and contributor) (1973) Toward A Steady-State Economy, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.
44. Daly, H.E. (1994) Operationalizing sustainable development by investing in natural capital, in A.M. Jansson, M. Hammer, C. Folke and R. Costanza (eds), Investing in Natural Capital (pp. 22-37), Washington, DC: Island Press.
45. Dhawan, B.D. (1993) Ground water depletion in Punjab. Economic and Political Weekly 28: 2397-2401.
46. Diaz-Maurin, F. (2013) The Viability and Desirability of Alternative Energy Sources: Exploring the Controversy over Nuclear Power. Ph.D. dissertation presented at the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, October. Available at: http://iaste-researchgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/PHDTHESIS_FRANCOISDIAZMAURIN.pdf.
47. Diaz-Maurin, F. and Giampietro, M. (2013) A ‘grammar’ for assessing the performance of power-supply systems: Comparing nuclear energy to fossil energy. Energy 49: 162-177.
48. Directorate of Overseas Surveys (1957) Soil map of Mauritius. D.O.S. (Misc) 317. Base map prepared from Series Y682 published by D. Survey, War Office and Air Ministry.
49. Directorate of Overseas Surveys (1967) Agro-climatic map of Mauritius. D.O.S. (Misc) 446. Base map prepared from Series Y682 published by D. Survey, War Office and Air Ministry.
50. Doing, H. (1997) The landscape as an ecosystem. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 63: 221-225.
51. EAGP (Economic Adviser to Government of Punjab) (2011a) Disaggregated Estimates of Gross State Domestic Product Handbook Punjab, Publication No. 935. Available at: http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Disaggregated%20Estimates%20of%20Gross%20State%20Domestic%20Product%20-%20Punjab.pdf (accessed 29 March 2013).
52. EAGP (Economic Adviser to Government of Punjab) (2011b). State Domestic Product of Punjab 2004-05 to 2009-10, Publication No. 931. Available at: http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/State%20income%20punjab%20pub_GSDP.pdf (accessed 29 March 2013).
53. Easterling, W. and Apps, M. (2005) Assessing the consequences of climate change for food and forest resources: A view from the IPCC. Climatic Change 70, 165-189.
54. EEA (2010) Proposal for a common international classification of ecosystem goods and services (CICES) for integrated environmental and economic accounting. Paper prepared for the EEA by Centre for Environmental Management, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom, Background document ESA/STAT/AC.217, UNCEEA/5/7/Bk, Fifth Meeting of the UN Committee of Experts on Environmental-Economic Accounting, New York, 23-25 June.
55. Eldredge, N. and Gould, J.S. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism, in T.J.M. Schopf (ed.), Models in Paleobiology, San Francisco: Freeman, Cooper and Co.
56. Falkenmark, M. (1995) Land-water linkages: A synopsis, in Land and Water Integration and River Basin Management (pp. 15-16), Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
57. FAO (2001) Food Balance Sheets: A Handbook, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x9892e/x9892e00.htm (accessed 10 December 2012).
58. FAO (2003) Food Energy: Methods of Analysis and Conversion Factors, FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 77, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/006/y5022e/y5022e00.pdf (accessed 16 December 2012).
59. FAO (2007) Land Evaluation: Towards a Revised Framework, Land and Water Discussion Paper 6, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
60. FAO (2012a) Cropwat for Windows 8.0. Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_cropwat.html (accessed November 2012).
61. FAO (2012b) Climwat database. Available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/infores_databases_climwat.html (accessed November 2012).
62. FAO (2013a) FAOSTAT: Food Balance Sheets. Available at: http://faostat3.fao.org/faostat-gateway/go/to/download/FB/FB/E (accessed 30 June 2013).
63. FAO (2013b) Food Wastage Footprint: Impacts on Natural Resources-Summary Report, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3347e/i3347e.pdf (accessed 31 July 2013).
64. Fischer-Kowalski, M. (1997) Society’s metabolism: On the childhood and adolescence of a rising conceptual star, in M. Redclift and G. Woodgate (eds), The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology (pp. 119-137), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
65. Fischer-Kowalski, M. and Haberl, H. (2007) Socioecological Transitions and Global Change, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
66. Fluri, T.P. (2009) The potential of concentrating solar power in South Africa. Energy Policy 37: 5075-5080.
67. Foley, J.A., DeFries, R., Asner, G.P., Barford, C., Bonan, G. et al. (2005) Global consequences of land use. Science 309: 570-574.
68. Foley, J.A., Ramankutty, N., Brauman, K.A., Cassidy, E.S., Gerber, J.S. et al. (2011) Solutions for a cultivated planet. Nature 478: 337-342.
69. Foresight (2011) The Future of Food and Farming: Executive Summary, London: Government Office for Science.
70. Foresight Land Use Futures Project (2010) Land Use Futures: Making the Most of Land in the 21st Century: Final Project Report, London: Government Office for Science.
71. FSA (2010) The South African Forestry and Forest Products Industry 2009, Johannesburg: Forestry South Africa. Available at: http://www.forestry.co.za/uploads/File/home/facts/SA_Forestry_Industry_2010_colour.ppt (accessed 19 March 2013).
72. Funtowicz, S.O. and Ravetz, J.R. (1990) Uncertainty and Quality in Science Policy, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
73. Funtowicz, S.O. and Ravetz, J.R. (1993) Science for the post-normal age. Futures 25: 735-755.
74. GADM database of Global Administrative Areas (2012) Administrative boundaries map. Available at: http://www.gadm.org/(accessed 20 November 2012).
75. Geist, H.J. and Lambin, E.F. (2004) Dynamic causal patterns of desertification. Bioscience 54: 817-829.
76. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971) The Entropy Law and the Economic Process, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
77. Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1975) Energy and economic myths. Southern Economic Journal 41: 347-381.
78. Giampietro, M. (1997a) Socioeconomic constraints to farming with biodiversity. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 62: 145-167.
79. Giampietro, M. (1997b) Socioeconomic pressure, demographic pressure, environmental loading and technological changes in agriculture. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 65 (3): 201-229.
80. Giampietro, M. (2002) Energy use in agriculture, in Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. Available at: http://www.els.net/(accessed 15 August 2013).
81. Giampietro, M. (2004) Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Agro-Ecosystems, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
82. Giampietro, M. (2008) The future of agriculture: GMOs and the agonizing paradigm of industrial agriculture, in A. Guimaraes Pereira and S. Funtowicz (eds), Science for Policy: Challenges and Opportunities, New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
83. Giampietro, M. and Mayumi, K. (2000a) Multiple-scale integrated assessment of societal metabolism: Introducing the approach. Population and Environment 22 (2): 109-153.
84. Giampietro, M. and Mayumi, K. (2000b) Multiple-scale integrated assessments of societal metabolism: Integrating biophysical and economic representations across scales. Population and Environment 22 (2): 155-210.
85. Giampietro, M. and Mayumi, K. (2009) The Biofuel Delusion: The Fallacy of Large-Scale Agro-Biofuel Production, London: Earthscan.
86. Giampietro, M. and Pastore, G. (1999) Multidimensional reading of the dynamics of rural intensification in China: The AMOEBA approach. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18 (3): 299-330.
87. Giampietro, M. and Pimentel, D. (1991) Model of energy analysis to study the biophysical limits for human exploitation of natural processes, in C. Rossi and E. Tiezzi (eds), Ecological Physical Chemistry (pp. 139-184), Amsterdam: Elsevier.
88. Giampietro, M. and Sorman, A.H. (2012) Are energy statistics useful for making energy scenarios? Energy 37 (1): 5-17.
89. Giampietro, M., Pimentel, D. and Cerretelli, G. (1992) Energy analysis of agricultural ecosystem management: Human return and sustainability. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 38: 219-244.
90. Giampietro, M., Allen, T.F.H. and Mayumi, K. (2006) The epistemological predicament associated with purposive quantitative analysis. Ecological Complexity 3 (4): 307-327.
91. Giampietro, M., Allen, T.F.H. and Mayumi, K. (2007) Science for governance: The implications of the complexity revolution, in A. Guimaraes Pereira, S. Guedes-Vaz and S. Tognetti (eds), Interfaces between Science and Society (pp. 82-99), Sheffield: Greenleaf Publishing.
92. Giampietro, M., Mayumi, K. and Ramos-Martin, J. (2009) Multi-scale integrated analysis of societal and ecosystem metabolism (MuSIASEM): Theoretical concepts and basic rationale. Energy 34: 313-322.
93. Giampietro, M., Mayumi, K. and Sorman, A.H. (2012) The Metabolic Pattern of Societies: Where Economists Fall Short, Abingdon: Routledge.
94. Giampietro, M., Mayumi, K. and Sorman, A.H. (2013) Energy Analysis for a Sustainable Future: Multi-Scale Integrated Analysis of Societal and Ecosystem Metabolism, Abingdon: Routledge.
95. Gibson, C.C., Ostrom, E. and Ahn, T.K. (2000) The concept of scale and the human dimensions of global change: A survey. Ecological Economics 32: 217-239.
96. Glansdorff, P. and Prigogine, I. (1971) Thermodynamics Theory of Structure, Stability and Fluctuations, New York: Wiley.
97. Global Land Project (2005) Science Plan and Implementation Strategy, IGBP Report No. 53/IHDP Report No. 19, Stockholm: IGBP Secretariat.
98. Godfray, H.C.J., Beddington, J.R., Crute, I.R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D. et al. (2010) Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people. Science 327: 812-818.
99. Goel, V. and Bhaskaran, S. (2006) Marketing practices and distribution system of rice in Punjab, India. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 19 (1): 103-135.
100. GoI (Government of India) (2006) Integrated Energy Policy: Report of the Expert Committee, Planning Division, New Delhi: GoI. Available at: http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/rep_intengy.pdf (accessed 31 March 2013).
101. GoI (Government of India) (2011a) Annual Report 2010-11, New Delhi: Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution-Department of Food and Public Distribution. Available at http://dfpd.nic.in/fcamin/sites/default/files/userfiles/annual 201011.pdf (accessed 10 December 2012).
102. GoI (Government of India) (2011b) Report on Employment and Unemployment 2011-12, Vol. 1, New Delhi: Ministry of Labour and Employment. Available at: http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Second%20Annual%20EUS%20Report-Volume-I.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012).
103. GoI (Government of India) (2011c) Report on Employment and Unemployment 2011-12, Vol. 2, New Delhi: Ministry of Labour and Employment. Available at: http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/Second%20Annual%20EUS%20Report-Volume-II.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012).
104. GoI (Government of India) (2011d) Key Indicators of Household Consumer Expenditure in India 2009-2010, New Delhi: National Statistics Organisation. Available at: http://mospi.nic.in/Mospi_New/upload/Key_Indicators-HCE_66th_Rd-Report.pdf (accessed 21 January 2013).
105. GoI (Government of India) (2012a) Household Consumption of Various Goods and Services in India, NSS 66th Round, July 2009-June 2010, New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
106. GoI (Government of India) (2012b) Energy Statistics 2010. Available at: http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_new/upload/Energy_Statistics_2012_28mar.pdf?status=1&menu_id=201 (accessed 11 January 2013).
107. GoI (Government of India) (2013a) Indian Petroleum and Natural Gas Statistics 2010-11, New Delhi: Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas of India. Available at: http://petroleum. nic.in/pngstat.pdf (accessed 11 January 2013).
108. GoI (Government of India) (2013b) State Domestic Product and Other Aggregates, 2004-05 series, New Delhi: Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
109. GoK (Government of Kerala) (2013) Gross Domestic Product of Kerala and India from 2004-05 to 2011-12, Department of Economics and Statistics, Thiruvananthapuram: GoK.
110. Golubiewski, N. (2012) Is there a metabolism of an urban ecosystem? An ecological critique. Ambio 41 (7): 751-764.
111. GoP (Government of Punjab) (2011a) Statistical Abstract of Punjab 2011, Publication No. 930, Chandigarh: Economic and Statistical Organisation. Available at: http://punjab.gov.in/General/Abstract/default1.asp (accessed 15 January 2013).
112. GoP (Government of Punjab) (2011b) Economic Survey 2011-2012, Chandigarh: Economic and Statistical Organisation. Available at: http://pbplanning.gov.in/pdf/economicsurvey%202011-12.pdf (accessed 29 March 2013).
113. GoP (Government of Punjab) (2012a) Punjab State Action Plan on Climate Change, December, Chandigarh: Department of Science, Technology and Environment and Non-Conventional Energy. Available at: http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/Punjab_action_plan_on_Climate_change.pdf (accessed 11 October 2013).
114. GoP (Government of Punjab) (2012b) Statistical Abstract of Punjab 2012, Publication No. 938, Chandigarh: Economic and Statistical Organisation.
115. GoP (Government of Punjab) (2012c) Family Budgets of Selected Cultivators in Punjab 2008-09, Publication No. 929, Chandigarh: Economic and Statistical Organisation.
116. GoU (Government of Uttarakhand) (2013) Gross state domestic product at factor cost by industry, 2004-05 to 2012-13, at current prices, Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Available at: http://des.uk.gov.in/files/GSDP-NSDP_%282004-05_to_2012-13%29_-Report_as_on_15_June_2013.pdf (accessed 30 October 2013).
117. Goudriaan, J., Rob Groot, J.J. and Uithol, P.W.J. (2001) Productivity of agro-ecosystems, in J. Roy, B. Saugier and H. Mooney (eds), Terrestrial Global Productivity (pp. 301-313), London: Academic Press.
118. Gould, S.J. (1992) Life in punctuation. Natural History 101: 10-21.
119. Gould, S.J. and Eldredge, N. (1977) Punctuated equilibria: The tempo and mode of evolution reconsidered. Paleobiology 3 (2): 115-151.
120. Grünbühel, C.M. and Schandl, H. (2005) Using land-time-budgets to analyse farming systems and poverty alleviation policies in the Lao PDR. International Journal of Global Environmental Issues, 5 (3): 142-180.
121. Gustavsson, J., Cederberg, C., Sonesson, U., Otterdijk, R. and Meybeck, A. (2011) Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention, Study conducted for the International Congress SAVE FOOD! at Interpack 2011, Düsseldorf, Germany, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/mb060e/mb060e00.pdf (accessed 29 November 2012).
122. Gutman, G., Janetos, A.C., Justice, C.O., Moran, E.F., Mustard, J.F. et al. (eds) (2004) Land Change Science: Observing, Monitoring and Understanding Trajectories of Change on the Earth’s Surface, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
123. Hall, C.A.S., Cleveland, C.J. and Kaufman, R. (1986) Energy and Resource Quality: The Ecology of the Economic Process, Boulder: University Press of Colorado.
124. Hall, C.A.S., Balogh, S. and Murphy, D.J.R. (2009) What is the minimum EROI that a sustainable society must have? Energies 2 (1), 25-47. Available at: www.mdpi.com/journal/energies (accessed 30 September 2013).
125. Hanjra, M.A. and Qureshi, M.E. (2010) Global water crisis and future food security in an era of climate change. Food Policy 35: 365-377.
126. Hansen, D. and Hall, C.A.S. (eds) (2011) New Studies in EROI (Energy Return on Investment), special issue of Sustainability 3: 1773-2499. Available at: www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability (accessed 30 September 2013).
127. Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of Water: Sharing the Planet’s Freshwater Resources, Malden, MA: Blackwell.
128. Holland, J.H. (1995) Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity, New York: Perseus Books.
129. Holland, J.H. (2006) Studying complex adaptive systems. Journal of System Science and Complexity 19 (1): 1-8.
130. Holling, C.S. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 4: 1-23.
131. IAMR (Institute of Applied Manpower Research) (2011) India Human Development Report 2011: Towards Social Inclusion, New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Available at: http://www.pratirodh.com/pdf/human_development_report2011.pdf (accessed 23 January 2013).
132. IEA (International Energy Agency) (2005) Energy Statistics Manual. Available at: http://www.iea.org/stats/docs/statistics_manual.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
133. IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) (2007) Withering Punjab Agriculture: Can It Regain Its Leadership? New Delhi: IFPRI.
134. IISS (Indian Institute of Soil Science) (2010) GIS Based Phosphorus and Nitrogen Status of Punjab Soils, Bhopal: IISS.
135. ILO (International Labour Organization) (2007) Working Time around the World: Trends in Working Hours, Laws and Policies in a Global Comparative Perspective, Abingdon: Routledge.
136. ILO (International Labour Organization) (2013) Hours of Work, by Economic Activity. Available at: http://laborsta.ilo.org/STP/guest (accessed 18 December 2012).
137. Ingram, J., Ericksen, P. and Liverman, D. (eds) (2010) Food Security and Global Environmental Change, Oxford: Routledge.
138. IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2013) Concentrating Solar Power: Technology Brief. Available at: http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/IRENA-ETSAP%20Tech%20Brief%20E10%20Concentrating%20Solar%20Power.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
139. Jasanoff, S. (2005) Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and in the United States, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
140. Jevons, W.S. ([1865] 1906). The Coal Question: An Inquiry Concerning the Progress of the Nation, and the Probable Exhaustion of Our Coal Mines, reprint of 3rd edn, New York: Augustus M. Kelley.
141. Kapp, K.W. (2011) The Foundations of Institutional Economics, Abingdon: Routledge.
142. Karr, J. (1999) Ecological integrity and ecological health are not the same, in P.C. Schulze (ed.), Engineering within Ecological Constraints (pp. 97-109), Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
143. Kates, R.W. (2011) What kind of a science is sustainability science? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 108, 19449-19450.
144. Kates, R.W., Clark, W.C., Corell, R.W., Hall, J.M., Jaeger, C.C. et al. (2001) Sustainability science. Science 292: 641-642.
145. Kauffman, S.A. (1993) Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
146. Kay, J.J. (2000), Ecosystems as self-organizing holarchic open systems: Narratives and the second law of thermodynamics, in S.E. Jorgensen and F. Muller (eds), Handbook of Ecosystems Theories and Management (pp. 135-160), London: Lewis Publishers.
147. Kay, J.J. and Regier, H. (2000) Uncertainty, complexity, and ecological integrity: Insights from an ecosystem approach, in P. Crabbé, A. Holland, L. Ryszkowski and L. Westra (eds), Implementing Ecological Integrity: Restoring Regional and Global Environmental and Human Health (pp. 121-156), NATO Science Series, Environmental Security, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
148. Kay, J.J. and Schneider, E.D. (1992) Thermodynamics and measures of ecosystem integrity, in D.H. McKenzie, D.E. Hyatt and V.J. McDonald (eds), Ecological Indicators, Vol. 1 (pp. 159-182), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ecological Indicators, Fort Lauderdale, FL: Elsevier.
149. Kay, J.J., Regier, H., Boyle, M. and Francis, G. (1999) An ecosystem approach for sustainability: Addressing the challenge of complexity. Futures 31: 721-742.
150. Klingebiel, A.A. and Montgomery, P.H. (1961) Land Capability Classification, Washington, DC: USDA Soil Conservation Service.
151. Koestler, A. (1969) Beyond atomism and holism: The concept of the holon, in A. Koestler and J.R. Smythies (eds), Beyond Reductionism (pp. 192-232), London: Hutchinson.
152. Kuhn, T. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
153. Kumar, M.D., Scott, C.A. and Singh, O.P. (2013) Can India raise agricultural productivity while reducing groundwater and energy use? International Journal of Water Resources Development, iFirst article: 1-17. Available at: http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/BWD2sAaiTFkIG4kmxUwr/full#.UnevmhD-p6Y (accessed 4 November 2013).
154. Lambin, E.F. and Geist, H. (eds) (2006) Land-Use and Land-Cover Change: Local Processes and Global Impacts, Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
155. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.L., Geist, H.J., Agbola, S.B., Angelsen, A. et al. (2001) The causes of land-use and land-cover change: Moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions 11: 261-269.
156. Larrain, T. and Escobar, R. (2012) Net energy analysis for concentrated solar power plants in northern Chile. Renewable Energy 41: 123-133.
157. Levin, S.A. (1992) The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73: 1943-1967.
158. Lide, D.R. (2009) CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 90Thedn, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
159. Lifset, R. (2004) Probing metabolism. Journal of Industrial Ecology 8 (3): 1-3.
160. Longley, P.A., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D.J. and Rhind, D.W. (2010) Geographic Information Systems and Science, Chichester: Wiley.
161. Lotka, A.J. (1922) Contribution to the energetics of evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8: 147-151.
162. Lotka, A.J. (1956) Elements of Mathematical Biology, New York: Dover Publications.
163. Lyotard, J.-F. (1984) The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, Manchester: Manchester University Press.
164. Maddox, K.P. (1978) Energy analysis and resource substitution, in F.S. Roberts (ed.), Symposium Papers: Energy Modeling and Net Energy Analysis (Colorado Springs, CO, 21-25 August) (pp. 133-144), Chicago: Institute of Gas Technology.
165. Madrid, C., Cabello, V. and Giampietro, M. (2013) Water-use sustainability in socioecological systems: A multiscale integrated approach. BioScience 63 (1): 14-24.
166. Margalef, R. (1968) Perspectives in Ecological Theory, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
167. Martens, P. (2006) Sustainability: Science or fiction? Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy 2: 36-41.
168. Martinez-Alier, J. (1987) Ecological Economics: Economics, Environment and Society, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
169. Maturana, H.R. and Varela, F.J. (1980) Autopoiesis and Cognition: The Realization of the Living, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing.
170. Maturana, H.R. and Varela, F.J. (1998) The Tree of Knowledge: The Biological Roots of Human Understanding, rev. edn, Boston, MA: Shambhala Publications.
171. Mayumi, K. (1991) Temporary emancipation from land: From the industrial revolution to the present time. Ecological Economics 4: 35-56.
172. Mayumi, K. (2001) The Origins of Ecological Economics: The Bioeconomics of Georgescu-Roegen, London: Routledge.
173. Mayumi, K. and Giampietro, M. 2004. Entropy in ecological economics, in J. Proops and P. Safonov (eds), Modelling in Ecological Economics (pp. 80-101), Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
174. Mekonnen, M.M. and Hoekstra, A.Y. (2010) A global and high-resolution assessment of the green, blue and grey water footprint of wheat. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14 (7): 1259-1276.
175. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005) Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Synthesis, Washington, DC: Island Press.
176. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2010) Labour force employment and unemployment based on the results of the Continuous Multi Purpose Household Survey-year 2010. Economic and Social Indicators. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei896/cmphs.pdf (accessed 29 March 2013).
177. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2012a) Digest of Agricultural Statistics 2011. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/DigestAgric2011.pdf (accessed 21 January 2013).
178. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2012b) Digest of Statistics on Rodrigues 2011. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/DigestStatisticsRod2011.pdf (accessed 21 January 2013).
179. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2012c) Digest of Labour Statistics 2011. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/DigestLabour2011.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012).
180. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2012d) Digest of International Travel and Tourism Statistics 2011. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/DigestTravel2011.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012).
181. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2012e) Housing and Population Census 2011, Vol. V: Economic Characteristics. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/report2013/2011PCVOLV.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012).
182. Ministry of Finance and Economic Development of the Republic of Mauritius (2012f) National Accounts of Mauritius 2011. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/file/nationalaccts.pdf (accessed 14 December 2012).
183. Ministry of Housing and Lands of Mauritius (2003) Settlement structure map, 2003. Available at: http://housing.gov.mu/English/Documents/Maps/map1Settlement.pdf (accessed 14 January 2013).
184. Moss, T. and Newig, J. (2010) Multilevel water governance and problems of scale: Setting the stage for a broader debate. Environmental Management 46 (1): 1-6.
185. MREPU (Ministry of Renewable Energy and Public Utilities of Mauritius) (2010) Digest of Energy and Water Statistics 2010. Available at: http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/report/natacc/energy10/energy.pdf (accessed 15 November 2012).
186. Nicolis, G. and Prigogine, I. (1977) Self-Organization in Non-Equilibrium Systems, New York: Wiley.
187. North, D.C. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
188. Odum, E.P. (1968) Energy flow in ecosystems: A historical review. American Zoologist 8: 11-18.
189. Odum, E.P. (1969) The strategy of ecosystem development. Science 164: 262-270.
190. Odum, E.P. (1971) Fundamentals of Ecology, 3rd edn, Philadelphia: Saunders.
191. Odum, H.T. (1971) Environment, Power, and Society, New York: Wiley-Interscience.
192. Odum, H.T. (1983) Systems Ecology: An Introduction, New York: Wiley-Interscience.
193. Odum, H.T. (1996) Environmental Accounting: Energy and Environmental Decision Making, New York: John Wiley.
194. OECD (2013) OECD National Accounts: Gross Domestic Product. Available at: http://stats. oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=SNA_TABLE1 (accessed 23 September 2013).
195. OECD/IEA (2011) 2009Energy Balance for South Africa, Paris: International Energy Agency. Available at: http://www.iea.org/stats/balancetable.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=ZA (accessed 19 March 2013).
196. OECD/IEA/EUROSTAT (2004) Energy Statistics Manual. Available at: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_PUBLIC/NRG-2004/EN/NRG-2004-EN.PDF (accessed 31 August 2013).
197. Ostwald, W. (1907) The modern theory of energetics. Monist 17: 481-515.
198. Ostwald, W. (1911) Efficiency. The Independent 71: 867-871.
199. Padovan, D. (2000) The concept of social metabolism in classical sociology. Theomai Journal 2. Available at: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=12400203 (accessed 7 September 2013).
200. Pastore, G., Giampietro, M. and Li Ji (1999) Conventional and land-time budget analysis of rural villages in Hubei province, China. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 18 (3): 331-358.
201. Pastore, G., Giampietro, M. and Mayumi, K. (2000) Societal metabolism and multiplescales integrated assessment: Empirical validation and examples of application. Population and Environment 22 (2): 211-254.
202. Pimentel, D. and Pimentel, M. (1996) Energy use in grain and legume production, in D. Pimentel and M. Pimentel (eds), Food, Energy, and Society (pp. 107-130), Niwot: University Press of Colorado.
203. Pimentel, D., Herz, M., Glickstein, M., Zimmerman, M., Allen, R. et al. (2002) Renewable energy: Current and potential issues. Bioscience 52 (12): 1111-1120.
204. Pretty, J., Sutherland, W.J., Ashby, J., Auburn, J., Baulcombe, D. et al. (2010) The top 100 questions of importance to the future of global agriculture. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 8: 219-236.
205. Prigogine, I. (1961) Introduction to Thermodynamics of Irreversible Processes, 2nd edn, New York: Wiley.
206. Prigogine, I. (1978) From Being to Becoming, San Francisco: W.H. Freeman and Co.
207. Prigogine, I. and Stengers, I. (1984) Order Out of Chaos, New York: Bantam Books.
208. Protermosolar (2011) Macroeconomic impact of STE sector in Spain in 2011. Available at: http://www.protermosolar.com/saladeprensa/sites/default/files/comunicados/Macro economic%20Impact%20STE%20sector%202011.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
209. PSTC (Punjab State Transmission Corporation), State Load Dispatch Center (SLDC) (reporting year 2010-11). Available at: http://www.punjabsldc.org (accessed 11 January 2013).
210. Pyke, G.H. (1984) Optimal foraging theory: A critical overview. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 15: 523-575.
211. Quental, N., Lourenço, J.M. and Silva, F.N. (2011) Sustainability: Characteristics and scientific roots.Environment, Development and Sustainability 13: 257-276.
212. Ramos-Martin, J., Canellas-Bolta, S., Giampietro, M. and Gamboa, G. (2009) Catalonia’s energy metabolism: Using the MuSIASEM approach at different scales. Energy Policy 37: 4658-4671.
213. Raquez, P. and Lambin, E.F. (2006) Conditions for a sustainable land use: Case study evidence. Journal of Land Use Science 1, 109-125.
214. RBI (Reserve Bank of India) (2013) Appendix III: Capital receipts of states and union territories with legislature. Available at: http://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/03_A3SF280311.pdf (accessed 21 January 2013).
215. Reza, M.I.H. and Abdullah, S.A. (2011) Regional Index of Ecological Integrity: A need for sustainable management of natural resources. Ecological Indicators 11 (2): 220-229.
216. Rosen, R. (1985) Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations, New York: Pergamon Press.
217. Rosen, R. (2000) Essays on Life Itself, New York: Columbia University Press.
218. SARB (South African Reserve Bank) (2010) Annual Economic Report 2010. Available at: http://www.resbank.co.za/Lists/News%20and%20Publications/Attachments/3614/aer2010.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
219. Saugier, B., Roy, J. and Mooney, H.A. (2001) Estimations of global terrestrial productivity: Converging toward a single number?, in J. Roy, B. Saugier and H. Mooney (eds), Terrestrial Global Productivity (pp. 543-557), London: Academic Press.
220. Scheidel, A. and Sorman, A.H. (2012) Energy transitions and the global land rush: Ultimate drivers and persistent consequences. Global Environmental Change: Human and Policy Dimensions 22: 588-595.
221. Scheidel, A., Giampietro, M. and Ramos-Martin, J. (2013) Self-sufficiency or surplus: Conflicting local and national rural development goals in Cambodia. Land Use Policy 34: 342-352.
222. Schneider, E.D. and Kay J.J. (1994) Life as manifestation of the second law of thermodynamics. Mathematical and Computer Modelling 19 (6-8): 25-48.
223. Schrödinger, E. (1967) What Is Life? and Mind and Matter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
224. Schumpeter, J.A. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, New York: Harper.
225. Serrano-Tovar, T. and Giampietro, M. (2014) Multi-scale integrated analysis of rural Laos: Studying metabolic patterns of land uses across different levels and scales. Land Use Policy 36: 155-170.
226. Shuttle Radar Topographic Mapping Mission (2000) Available at: NASA EarThexplorer, http://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/(accessed 12 January 2013).
227. Sidhu, M.S. and Singh, G. (2010) A study on staggered public procurement of wheat in Punjab. Agricultural Economics Research Review 23: 325-334.
228. Simon, H.A. (1962) The architecture of complexity. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 106: 467-482.
229. Singh, S. and Mittal, J.P. (1992) Energy in Production Agriculture, New Delhi: Mittal Publications.
230. Soddy, F. (1926) Wealth, Virtual Wealth and Debt, London: George Allen & Unwin.
231. Solow, R.M. (1974) The economics of resources or the resources of economics. American Economic Review 64 (2): 1-14.
232. Sorman, A.H. (2011) The energetic metabolism of societies. Ph.D. dissertation, Institute of Environmental Science and Technology (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
233. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2001) A Survey of Time Use. Available at: http://unstats. un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/tuse/Country/SouthAfrica/sourcezaf00c.pdf(accessed 19 March 2013).
234. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2009a) Labour Force Survey, Historical Revision, September Series-September 2001 to September 2007. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/P0210/P0210September2000,2001,2002,2003,2004,2005,2006,2007.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
235. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2009b) Mining Industry 2009, Report No. 20-01-02. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-20-01-02/Report-20-01-022009.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
236. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2012a) Census 2011, Statistical release P0301.4. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P03014/P030142011.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
237. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2012b) Labour Market Dynamics in South Africa, 2011. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/Publications/Report-02-11-02/Report-02-11-022011. pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
238. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2012c) Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 2010, Report No. 41-01-02. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-41-01-02/Report-41-01-022010.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
239. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2012d) Gross Domestic Product: Annual Estimates 2002-2011, Regional Estimates 2002-2011, Third Quarter 2012. Available at: http://www. statssa.gov.za/publications/P0441/P04413rdQuarter2012.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
240. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2012e) Tourism Satellite Account for South Africa: Provisional 2010, Report No. 04-05-07. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-04-05-07/Report-04-05-072010.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
241. SSA (Statistics South Africa) (2012f) Transport and Storage Industry 2010, Report No. 71-02-01. Available at: http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/Report-71-02-01/Report-71-02-012010.pdf (accessed 19 March 2013).
242. Statistics Mauritius, Government of the Republic of Mauritius (2011) Energy and Water Statistics 2010-2011. Available at: http://statsmauritius.gov.mu/English/Pages/Energyand-Water-Statistics---2011--.aspx (accessed 4 November 2013).
243. Tainter, J.A. (1988) The Collapse of Complex Societies, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
244. Tainter, J.A. (2003) A framework for sustainability. World Futures 59: 213-223.
245. Torresol Energy (2011) Gemasolar Power Plant. Available at: http://www.torresolenergy.com/TORRESOL/gemasolar-plant/en (accessed 22 March 2013).
246. Tsuchida, A. and Murota, T. (1987) Fundamentals in the entropy theory of ecocycle and human economy, in G. Pillet and T. Murota (eds), Environmental Economics: The Analysis of a Major Interface (pp. 11-35), Geneva: Roland Leimgruber.
247. Turner, B.L., Lambin, E.F. and Reenberg, A. (2007) The emergence of land change science for global environmental change and sustainability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 104: 20666-20671.
248. Turner, M.G. (2005) Landscape ecology in North America: Past, present, and future. Ecology 86: 1967-1974.
249. UK National Ecosystem Assessment (2011) The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical Report, Cambridge: UNEP-WCMC.
250. Ulanowicz, R.E. (1979) Complexity, stability and self-organization in natural communities. Oecologia (Berlin) 43: 295-298.
251. Ulanowicz, R.E. (1986) Growth and Development: Ecosystem Phenomenology, New York: Springer-Verlag.
252. Ulanowicz, R.E. (1995) Ecosystem integrity: A causal necessity, in L. Westra and J. Lemons (eds), Perspectives on Ecological Integrity (pp. 77-87), Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
253. Ulanowicz, R.E. (1997) Ecology: The Ascendent Perspective, New York: Columbia University Press.
254. Ulanowicz, R.E. (2004) On the nature of ecodynamics. Ecological Complexity 1: 341-354.
255. UNDP (2013) Human Development Index (HDI). Available at: http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/hdi/(accessed July 2013).
256. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) (2012) Project 7841: Bokpoort CSP (Concentrating Solar Power) Project, South Africa. Available at: http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/CarbonCheck_Cert1350990641.93/view (accessed 22 March 2013).
257. Vogelmann, J.E., Howard, S.M., Yang, L., Larson, C.R., Wylie, B.K. et al. (2001) Completion of the 1990s National Land Cover Dataset for the conterminous United States from Landsat Thematic Mapper data and ancillary data sources. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 67: 650-662.
258. Walker, D.A. and Walker, M.D. (1991) History and pattern of disturbance in Alaskan Arctic terrestrial ecosystems: A hierarchical approach to analyzing landscape change. Journal of Applied Ecology 28: 244-276.
259. Waltner-Toews, D., Kay, J.J. and Lister, N.M.E. (2008) The Ecosystem Approach: Complexity, Uncertainty, and Managing for Sustainability, New York: Columbia University Press.
260. WB (World Bank) (reporting year 2009) Statistics on Electric Power Consumption (kWh) in South Africa. Available at: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.USE.ELEC.KH (accessed 19 March 2013).
261. WB (World Bank) (2013) World Data Bank: Development Indicators. Available at: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx (accessed 29 March 2013).
262. White, L.A. (1943) Energy and evolution of culture. American Anthropologist 14: 335-356.
263. White, L.A. (1949) The Science of Culture: A Study of Man and Civilization, New York: Farrar, Straus and Company.
264. Whyte, L.L., Wilson, A.G. and Wilson, D. (eds) (1969) Hierarchical Structures, New York: Elsevier.
265. Young, O.R., Berkhout, F., Gallopin, G.C., Janssen, M.A., Ostrom, E. et al. (2006) The globalization of socio-ecological systems: An agenda for scientific research. Global Environmental Change 16 (3): 304-316.
266. Zampella, R.A., Brunnell, J.F., Laidig, K.J. and Procopio, N.A. (2006) Using multiple indicators to evaluate the ecological integrity of a coastal plain stream system. Ecological Indicators 6: 644-663.
267. Zipf, G.K. (1941) National Unity and Disunity: The Nation as a Biosocial Organism, Bloomington, IN: Principia Press.
268. Zipf, G.K. (1949) Human Behaviour and the Principle of Least Effort: An Introduction to Human Ecology, Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.