Treatment for small cell lung cancer, where are we now?-A review

Translational Lung Cancer Research

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 26-38

  Alvarado Luna, Gabriela ^a   Morales Espinosa, Daniela ^b,c  

^a Fundación Clínica   (Mexico)

^b HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARI GERMANS TRIAS I PUJOL   (Spain)

^c INSTITUT UNIVERSITARI DEXEUS   (Spain)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Extended disease; Limited disease (LD); Radiation therapy; Small cell lung cancer (SCLC); Treatment

Indexed keywords

EID: 84960084582     PISSN: 22186751     EISSN: 22264477     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2218-6751.2016.01.13     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Govindan R, Page N, Morgensztern D, et al. Changing epidemiology of small-cell lung cancer in the United States over the last 30 years: analysis of the surveillance, epidemiologic, and end results database. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4539-44.
2. Globocan: Cancer Fact Sheets. Available online: http://globocan.iarc.fr/Pages/fact_sheets_cancer.aspx
3. Pesch B, Kendzia B, Gustavsson P, et al. Cigarette smoking and lung cancer--relative risk estimates for the major histological types from a pooled analysis of case-control studies. Int J Cancer 2012;131:1210-9.
4. Parsons A, Daley A, Begh R, et al. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies with meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;340:b5569.
5. Churg A. Lung Biology in Health and Disease. In: Samet JM, editor. Epidemiology of Lung-Cancer. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1994:413-36.
6. Zelen M. Keynote address on biostatistics and data retrieval. Cancer Chemother Rep 3 1973;4:31-42.
7. Edge S, Byrd DR, Compton CC, et al., editors. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2010.
8. Shepherd FA, Crowley J, Van Houtte P, et al. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer lung cancer staging project: proposals regarding the clinical staging of small cell lung cancer in the forthcoming (seventh) edition of the tumor, node, metastasis classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007;2:1067-77.
9. van Meerbeeck JP, Fennell DA, De Ruysscher DK. Smallcell lung cancer. Lancet 2011;378:1741-55.
10. Foster NR, Qi Y, Shi Q, et al. Tumor response and progression-free survival as potential surrogate endpoints for overall survival in extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: findings on the basis of North Central Cancer Treatment Group trials. Cancer 2011;117:1262-71.
11. Califano R, Abidin AZ, Peck R, et al. Management of small cell lung cancer: recent developments for optimal care. Drugs 2012;72:471-90.
12. Yu JB, Decker RH, Detterbeck FC, et al. Surveillance epidemiology and end results evaluation of the role of surgery for stage I small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2010;5:215-9.
13. Schneider BJ, Saxena A, Downey RJ. Surgery for earlystage small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2011;9:1132-9.
14. Lim E, Belcher E, Yap YK, et al. The role of surgery in the treatment of limited disease small cell lung cancer: time to reevaluate. J Thorac Oncol 2008;3:1267-71.
15. NCCN Guidelines Version 1. 2016 Small Cell Lung Cancer. Available online: http://www.nccn.org/ professionals/physician_gls/pdf/sclc.pdf
16. Shepherd FA, Evans WK, Feld R, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy following surgical resection for small-cell carcinoma of the lung. J Clin Oncol 1988;6:832-8.16
17. Tsuchiya R, Suzuki K, Ichinose Y, et al. Phase II trial of postoperative adjuvant cisplatin and etoposide in patients with completely resected stage I-IIIa small cell lung cancer: the Japan Clinical Oncology Lung Cancer Study Group Trial (JCOG9101). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005;129:977-83.
18. Bunn PA Jr, Lichter AS, Makuch RW, et al. Chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy with chest radiation therapy in limited stage small cell lung cancer. A prospective, randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1987;106:655-62.
19. Perry MC, Eaton WL, Propert KJ, et al. Chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy in limited small-cell carcinoma of the lung. N Engl J Med 1987;316:912-8.
20. Pignon JP, Arriagada R, Ihde DC, et al. A meta-analysis of thoracic radiotherapy for small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1618-24.
21. Warde P, Payne D. Does thoracic irradiation improve survival and local control in limited-stage small-cell carcinoma of the lung? A meta-analysis. J Clin Oncol 1992;10:890-5.
22. Murray N, Coy P, Pater JL, et al. Importance of timing for thoracic irradiation in the combined modality treatment of limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:336-44.
23. Takada M, Fukuoka M, Kawahara M, et al. Phase III study of concurrent versus sequential thoracic radiotherapy in combination with cisplatin and etoposide for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: results of the Japan Clinical Oncology Group Study 9104. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3054-60.
24. Fried DB, Morris DE, Poole C, et al. Systematic review evaluating the timing of thoracic radiation therapy in combined modality therapy for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4837-45.
25. Pijls-Johannesma M, De Ruysscher D, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Timing of chest radiotherapy in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and metaanalysis of randomised controlled trials. Cancer Treat Rev 2007;33:461-73.
26. Amini A, Byers LA, Welsh JW, et al. Progress in the management of limited-stage small cell lung cancer. Cancer 2014;120:790-8.
27. Ha IB, Jeong BK, Jeong H, et al. Effect of early chemoradiotherapy in patients with limited stage small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol J 2013;31:185-90.
28. De Ruysscher D, Pijls-Johannesma M, Vansteenkiste J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised, controlled trials of the timing of chest radiotherapy in patients with limited-stage, small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2006;17:543-52.
29. Sun JM, Ahn YC, Choi EK, et al. Phase III trial of concurrent thoracic radiotherapy with either first-or third-cycle chemotherapy for limited-disease small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2013;24:2088-92.
30. Sundstrøm S, Bremnes RM, Kaasa S, et al. Cisplatin and etoposide regimen is superior to cyclophosphamide, epirubicin, and vincristine regimen in small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomized phase III trial with 5 years' follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:4665-72.
31. Pujol JL, Carestia L, Daurès JP. Is there a case for cisplatin in the treatment of small-cell lung cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials of a cisplatin-containing regimen versus a regimen without this alkylating agent. Br J Cancer 2000;83:8-15.
32. Turrisi AT 3rd, Kim K, Blum R, et al. Twice-daily compared with once-daily thoracic radiotherapy in limited small-cell lung cancer treated concurrently with cisplatin and etoposide. N Engl J Med 1999;340:265-71.
33. Komaki R, Paulus R, Ettinger DS, et al. Phase II study of accelerated high-dose radiotherapy with concurrent chemotherapy for patients with limited small-cell lung cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group protocol 0239. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012;83:e531-6.
34. Radiation Therapy Regimens in Treating Patients With Limited-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Receiving Cisplatin and Etoposide. Available online: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00632853
35. Hochstenbag MM, Twijnstra A, Wilmink JT, et al. Asymptomatic brain metastases (BM) in small cell lung cancer (SCLC): MR-imaging is useful at initial diagnosis. J Neurooncol 2000;48:243-8.
36. Arriagada R, Le Chevalier T, Borie F, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:183-90.
37. Ball DL, Matthews JP. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation: More Questions Than Answers. Semin Radiat Oncol 1995;5:61-68.
38. Felletti R, Souhami RL, Spiro SG, et al. Social consequences of brain or liver relapse in small cell carcinoma of the bronchus. Radiother Oncol 1985;4:335-9.
39. Le Péchoux C, Arriagada R. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2004;18:355-72.
40. Meert AP, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 2001;1:5.
41. Aupérin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation Overview Collaborative Group. N Engl J Med 1999;341:476-84.
42. Le Péchoux C, Dunant A, Senan S, et al. Standard-dose versus higher-dose prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) in patients with limited-stage small-cell lung cancer in complete remission after chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy (PCI 99-01, EORTC 22003-08004, RTOG 0212, and IFCT 99-01): a randomised clinical trial. Lancet Oncol 2009;10:467-74.
43. Tai TH, Yu E, Dickof P, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation revisited: cost-effectiveness and quality of life in small-cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;52:68-74.
44. Lee JJ, Bekele BN, Zhou X, et al. Decision analysis for prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:3597-603.
45. Evans WK, Shepherd FA, Feld R, et al. VP-16 and cisplatin as first-line therapy for small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1985;3:1471-7.
46. Hanna NH, Sandier AB, Loehrer PJ Sr, et al. Maintenance daily oral etoposide versus no further therapy following induction chemotherapy with etoposide plus ifosfamide plus cisplatin in extensive small-cell lung cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group randomized study. Ann Oncol 2002;13:95-102.
47. Navada S, Lai P, Schwartz AG, et al. Temporal trends in small cell lung cancer: Analysis of the national Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End-Results (SEER) database. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:abstr 7082.
48. Greco FA, Oldham RK. Clinical management of patients with small cell lung cancer. In: Greco FA, Oldham RK, Bunn PA, editors. Small Cell Lung Cancer. New York: Grune and Stratton, 1981:353-379.
49. Slotman B, Faivre-Finn C, Kramer G, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2007;357:664-72.
50. Jeremic B, Shibamoto Y, Nikolic N, et al. Role of radiation therapy in the combined-modality treatment of patients with extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: A randomized study. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:2092-9.
51. Zhu H, Zhou Z, Wang Y, et al. Thoracic radiation therapy improves the overall survival of patients with extensivestage small cell lung cancer with distant metastasis. Cancer 2011;117:5423-31.
52. Giuliani ME, Atallah S, Sun A, et al. Clinical outcomes of extensive stage small cell lung carcinoma patients treated with consolidative thoracic radiotherapy. Clin Lung Cancer 2011;12:375-9.
53. Slotman BJ, van Tinteren H, Praag JO, et al. Use of thoracic radiotherapy for extensive stage small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015;385:36-42.
54. Livingston RB, Moore TN, Heilbrun L, et al. Smallcell carcinoma of the lung: combined chemotherapy and radiation: a Southwest Oncology Group study. Ann Intern Med 1978;88:194-9.
55. Feld R, Pringle JF, Evans WK, et al. Combined modality treatment of small cell carcinoma of the lung. Arch Intern Med 1981;141:469-73.
56. Lowenbraun S, Bartolucci A, Smalley RV, et al. The superiority of combination chemotherapy over single agent chemotherapy in small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer 1979;44:406-13.
57. Girling DJ. Comparison of oral etoposide and standard intravenous multidrug chemotherapy for small-cell lung cancer: a stopped multicentre randomised trial. Medical Research Council Lung Cancer Working Party. Lancet 1996;348:563-6.
58. Souhami RL, Spiro SG, Rudd RM, et al. Five-day oral etoposide treatment for advanced small-cell lung cancer: randomized comparison with intravenous chemotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997;89:577-80.
59. Ettinger DS, Finkelstein DM, Ritch PS, et al. Study of either ifosfamide or teniposide compared to a standard chemotherapy for extensive disease small cell lung cancer: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group randomized study (E1588). Lung Cancer 2002;37:311-8.
60. Mascaux C, Paesmans M, Berghmans T, et al. A systematic review of the role of etoposide and cisplatin in the chemotherapy of small cell lung cancer with methodology assessment and meta-analysis. Lung Cancer 2000;30:23-36.
61. Skarlos DV, Samantas E, Kosmidis P, et al. Randomized comparison of etoposide-cisplatin vs. etoposidecarboplatin and irradiation in small-cell lung cancer. A Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group study. Ann Oncol 1994;5:601-7.
62. Rossi A, Di Maio M, Chiodini P, et al. Carboplatin-or cisplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of small-cell lung cancer: the COCIS meta-analysis of individual patient data. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:1692-8.
63. Spigel DR, Hainsworth JD, Burris HA, et al. Longterm follow-up of Limited stage small cell lung cancer patients treated with carboplatin-based chemotherapy and radiotherapy by the Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network (MPCRN). J Clin Oncol 2004;22:abstr 7222.
64. Noda K, Nishiwaki Y, Kawahara M, et al. Irinotecan plus cisplatin compared with etoposide plus cisplatin for extensive small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002;346:85-91.
65. Hanna N, Bunn PA Jr, Langer C, et al. Randomized phase III trial comparing irinotecan/cisplatin with etoposide/ cisplatin in patients with previously untreated extensivestage disease small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:2038-43.
66. Lara PN Jr, Natale R, Crowley J, et al. Phase III trial of irinotecan/cisplatin compared with etoposide/cisplatin in extensive-stage small-cell lung cancer: clinical and pharmacogenomic results from SWOG S0124. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2530-5.
67. Schmittel A, Sebastian M, Fischer von Weikersthal L, et al. A German multicenter, randomized phase III trial comparing irinotecan-carboplatin with etoposidecarboplatin as first-line therapy for extensive-disease smallcell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2011;22:1798-804.
68. Schiller JH, Adak S, Cella D, et al. Topotecan versus observation after cisplatin plus etoposide in extensivestage small-cell lung cancer: E7593--a phase III trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:2114-22.
69. Bozcuk H, Artac M, Ozdogan M, et al. Does maintenance/ consolidation chemotherapy have a role in the management of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)? A metaanalysis of the published controlled trials. Cancer 2005;104:2650-7.
70. Slotman BJ, Mauer ME, Bottomley A, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in extensive disease small-cell lung cancer: short-term health-related quality of life and patient reported symptoms: results of an international Phase III randomized controlled trial by the EORTC Radiation Oncology and Lung Cancer Groups. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:78-84.
71. Hurwitz JL, McCoy F, Scullin P, et al. New advances in the second-line treatment of small cell lung cancer. Oncologist 2009;14:986-94.
72. Schneider BJ. Management of recurrent small cell lung cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2008;6:323-31.
73. Postmus PE, Berendsen HH, van Zandwijk N, et al. Retreatment with the induction regimen in small cell lung cancer relapsing after an initial response to short term chemotherapy. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987;23:1409-11.
74. Owonikoko TK, Behera M, Chen Z, et al. A systematic analysis of efficacy of second-line chemotherapy in sensitive and refractory small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:866-72.
75. von Pawel J, Schiller JH, Shepherd FA, et al. Topotecan versus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and vincristine for the treatment of recurrent small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:658-67.
76. O'Brien ME, Ciuleanu TE, Tsekov H, et al. Phase III trial comparing supportive care alone with supportive care with oral topotecan in patients with relapsed small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5441-7.
77. Eckardt JR, Bentsion DL, Lipatov ON, et al. Phase II study of picoplatin as second-line therapy for patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:2046-51.
78. Onoda S, Masuda N, Seto T, et al. Phase II trial of amrubicin for treatment of refractory or relapsed smallcell lung cancer: Thoracic Oncology Research Group Study 0301. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5448-53.
79. von Pawel J, Jotte R, Spigel DR, et al. Randomized phase III trial of amrubicin versus topotecan as second-line treatment for patients with small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:4012-9.
80. Treat J, Schiller J, Quoix E, et al. ZD0473 treatment in lung cancer: an overview of the clinical trial results. Eur J Cancer 2002;38 Suppl 8:S13-8.
81. Ciuleanu T, Samarzjia M, Demidchik Y, et al. Randomized phase III study (SPEAR) of picoplatin plus best supportive care (BSC) or BSC alone in patients (pts) with SCLC refractory or progressive within 6 months after first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:abstr 7002.
82. Rhee CK, Lee SH, Kim JS, et al. A multicenter phase II study of belotecan, a new camptothecin analogue, as a second-line therapy in patients with small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2011;72:64-7.
83. Jeong J, Cho BC, Sohn JH, et al. Belotecan for relapsing small-cell lung cancer patients initially treated with an irinotecan-containing chemotherapy: a phase II trial. Lung Cancer 2010;70:77-81.
84. Kim GM, Kim YS, Ae Kang Y, et al. Efficacy and toxicity of belotecan for relapsed or refractory small cell lung cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol 2012;7:731-6.
85. Chan BA, Coward JI. Chemotherapy advances in smallcell lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2013;5 Suppl 5:S565-78.
86. Kalemkerian GP. Advances in pharmacotherapy of small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014;15:2385-96.