Equitable imagery in the preclinical medical school curriculum: Findings from one medical school

Academic Medicine

Volumn 91, Issue 7, 2016, Pages 1002-1006

  Martin, Glenna C ^a   Kirgis, Julianne ^b   Sid, Eric ^c   Sabin, Janice A ^d  

^a Swedish/Cherry Hill Family Medicine Residency   (United States)

^b North Seattle Community College   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AUDIOVISUAL AID; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; CURRICULUM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MEDICAL EDUCATION; MEDICAL SCHOOL; OBSERVER VARIATION; PROCEDURES; RACISM; SEXISM; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; WASHINGTON;

AUDIOVISUAL AIDS; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; CURRICULUM; EDUCATION, MEDICAL, UNDERGRADUATE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; OBSERVER VARIATION; RACISM; SCHOOLS, MEDICAL; SEXISM; WASHINGTON;

EID: 84959260653     PISSN: 10402446     EISSN: 1938808X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001105     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC health disparities and inequalities report. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62(suppl 3). http://www.cdc.gov/minorityhealth/CHDIReport.html. Accessed December 3, 2015.
2. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: Evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009;32:20-47.
3. Braveman PA, Egerter SA, Mockenhaupt RE. Broadening the focus: The need to address the social determinants of health. Am J Prev Med. 2011;40(1 suppl 1):S4-S18.
4. Braveman P. Health disparities and health equity: Concepts and measurement. Annu Rev Public Health. 2006;27:167-194.
5. Solar O, Irwin A. A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants Of Health. Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper 2 (Policy and Practice). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2010.
6. Williams DR, Sternthal M. Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: Sociological contributions. J Health Soc Behav. 2010;51(suppl):S15-S27.
7. Institute of Medicine. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2002.
8. Bassett MT. #BlackLivesMatter-A challenge to the medical and public health communities. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1085-1087.
9. Witzig R. The right to identity: Implications of using subjectively-Assigned race in US healthcare. Soc Med. 2014;8:43-52.
10. Beagan B. Micro inequities and everyday inequalities: 'Race, ' gender, sexuality and class in medical school. Can J Sociol. 2001;26:583-610.
11. Jones CP. Levels of racism: A theoretic framework and a gardener's tale. Am J Public Health. 2000;90:1212-1215.
12. Green AR, Carney DR, Pallin DJ, et al. Implicit bias among physicians and its prediction of thrombolysis decisions for black and white patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22:1231-1238.
13. Sabin JA, Rivara FP, Greenwald AG. Physician implicit attitudes and stereotypes about race and quality of medical care. Med Care. 2008;46:678-685.
14. Johnson RL, Roter D, Powe NR, Cooper LA. Patient race/ethnicity and quality of patient-physician communication during medical visits. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:2084-2090.
15. Cooper LA, Roter DL, Carson KA, et al. The associations of clinicians' implicit attitudes about race with medical visit communication and patient ratings of interpersonal care. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:979-987.
16. Sabin JA, Marini M, Nosek BA. Implicit and explicit anti-fat bias among a large sample of medical doctors by BMI, race/ethnicity and gender. PLoS One. 2012;7:e48448.
17. Betancourt JR, Green AR, Carrillo JE, Ananeh-Firempong O 2nd. Defining cultural competence: A practical framework for addressing racial/ethnic disparities in health and health care. Public Health Rep. 2003;118:293-302.
18. Expert Panel on Cultural Competence Education for Students in Medicine and Public Health. Cultural Competence Education for Students in Medicine and Public Health: Report of an Expert Panel. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges and Association of Schools of Public Health; 2012.
19. Turbes S, Krebs E, Axtell S. The hidden curriculum in multicultural medical education: The role of case examples. Acad Med. 2002;77:209-216.
20. Dijkstra AF, Verdonk P, Lagro-Janssen AL. Gender bias in medical textbooks: Examples from coronary heart disease, depression, alcohol abuse and pharmacology. Med Educ. 2008;42:1021-1028.
21. Lawrence SC, Bendixen K. His and hers: Male and female anatomy in anatomy texts for U.S. medical students, 1890-1989. Soc Sci Med. 1992;35:925-934.
22. Alexanderson K, Wingren G, Rosdahl I. Gender analyses of medical textbooks on dermatology, epidemiology, occupational medicine and public health. Educ Health. 1998;11:151-163.
23. Murray-García JL, García JA. The institutional context of multicultural education: What is your institutional curriculum?. Acad Med. 2008;83:646-652.
24. Hafferty FW. Beyond curriculum reform: Confronting medicine's hidden curriculum. Acad Med. 1998;73:403-407.
25. Banks JA. Knowledge construction and popular culture. In: Banks JA, Banks CAM, eds. Handbook of Research on Multicultural Education. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass; 2003:211-227.
26. Mendelsohn KD, Nieman LZ, Isaacs K, Lee S, Levison SP. Sex and gender bias in anatomy and physical diagnosis text illustrations. JAMA. 1994;272:1267-1270.
27. Giacomini M, Rozee-Koker P, Pepitone-Arreola-Rockwell F. Gender bias in human anatomy textbook illustrations. Psychol Women Q. 1986;10:413-420.
28. U.S. Census Bureau. Current population survey, annual social and economic supplement, 2011. http://www.census.gov/population/age/data/2011comp.html. Published November 2012. Accessed December 3, 2015.
29. U.S. Census Bureau. 2011 population and housing unit estimates. http://www.census. gov/popest/index.html. Published 2011. Accessed December 3, 2015.
30. U.S. Census Bureau. 2012 national population projections. http://www.census.gov/population/projections/data/national/2012.html. Published 2012. Accessed December 3, 2015.