Screening for anxiety disorders with the GAD-7 and GAD-2: A systematic review and diagnostic metaanalysis

General Hospital Psychiatry

Volumn 39, Issue , 2016, Pages 24-31

  Plummer, Faye ^a,b   Manea, Laura ^a   Trepel, Dominic ^a   McMillan, Dean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anxiety; Diagnostic test accuracy; Generalised anxiety disorder; Sensitivity and specificity; Systematic review

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY DISORDER; ARTICLE; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 2 QUESTIONNAIRE; GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER 7 QUESTIONNAIRE; GOLD STANDARD; HUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; QUALITY CONTROL; QUESTIONNAIRE; SCORING SYSTEM; SCREENING TEST; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VALIDATION PROCESS; ANXIETY DISORDERS; META ANALYSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; STANDARDS;

ANXIETY DISORDERS; HUMANS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES;

EID: 84959221711     PISSN: 01638343     EISSN: 18737714     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.11.005     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Cougle J.R., Keough M.E., Riccardi C.J., Sachs-Ericsson N. Anxiety disorders and suicidality in the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication. J Psychiatr Res 2009, 43:825-829.
2. Cramer V., Torgersen S., Kringlen E. Quality of life and anxiety disorders: a population study. J Nerv Ment Dis 2005, 193:196-202.
3. DuPont R.L., Rice D.P., Miller L.S., Shiraki S.S., Rowland C.R., Harwood H.J. Economic costs of anxiety disorders. Anxiety 1996, 2:167-172.
4. Michael T., Zetsche U., Margraf J. Epidemiology of anxiety disorders. Psychiatry 2007, 6:136-142.
5. Lieb R., Becker E., Altamura C. The epidemiology of generalized anxiety disorder in Europe. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2005, 15:445-452.
6. Fernandez A., Rubio-Valera M., Bellon J.A., Pinto-Meza A., Luciano J.V., Mendive J.M., et al. Recognition of anxiety disorders by the general practitioner: results from the DASMAP Study. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2012, 34:227-233.
7. Stein M.B., Sherbourne C.D., Craske M.G., Means-Christensen A., Bystritsky A., Katon W., et al. Quality of care for primary care patients with anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2004, 161:2230-2237.
8. Katon W., Roy-Byrne P. Anxiety disorders: efficient screening is the first step in improving outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146:390-391.
9. Lang A.J., Stein M.B. Screening for anxiety in primary care: why bother?. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2002, 24:365-366.
10. Greenberg P.E., Sisitsky T., Kessler R.C., Finkelstein S.N., Berndt E.R., Davidson J.R.T., et al. The economic burden of anxiety disorders in the 1990s. J Clin Psychiatry 1999, 60:427-435.
11. Linden W., Vodermaier A. Re-rethinking the article by Thombs and colleagues. Can Med Assoc J 2012, 184:438.
12. Thombs B.D., Coyne J.C., Cuijpers P., de Jonge P., Gilbody S., Ioannidis J.P.A., et al. Rethinking recommendations for screening for depression in primary care. Can Med Assoc J 2012, 184:413-418.
13. NICE Common Mental Health Disorders. The NICE guideline on identification and pathways to care 2011.
14. Palmer S.C., Coyne J.C. Screening for depression in medical care - pitfalls, alternatives, and revised priorities. J Psychosom Res 2003, 54:279-287.
15. Thombs B.D., Arthurs E., El-Baalbaki G., Meijer A., Ziegelstein R.C., Steele R.J. Risk of bias from inclusion of patients who already have diagnosis of or are undergoing treatment for depression in diagnostic accuracy studies of screening tools for depression: systematic review. Br Med J 2011, 10.1136/bmj.d4825.
16. UK National Screening Committee Criteria for appraising the viability, effectiveness and appropriateness of a screening programme 2013.
17. Spitzer R.L., Kroenke K., Williams J.B.W., Lowe B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder - the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med 2006, 166:1092-1097.
18. Herr N.R., Williams J.W., Benjamin S., McDuffie J. Does this patient have generalized anxiety or panic disorder?: The Rational Clinical Examination systematic review. JAMA 2014, 312:78-84.
19. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., Monahan P.O., Lowe B. Anxiety disorders in primary care: prevalence, impairment, comorbidity, and detection. Ann Intern Med 2007, 146:317-325.
20. Andersen B.L., DeRubeis R.J., Berman B.S., Gruman J., Champion V.L., Massie M.J., et al. Screening, assessment, and care of anxiety and depressive symptoms in adults with cancer: an American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline adaptation. J Clin Oncol 2014, 32:1605-1619.
21. Howell D., Currie S., Mayo S., Jones G., Boyle M., Hack T., et al. A pan-Canadian clinical practice guideline: assessment of psychosocial health care needs of the adult cancer patient. Toronto: Canadian Partnership Against Cancer (Cancer Journey Action Group) and the Canadian Association of Psychosocial. Oncology 2009.
22. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination Systematic reviews: CRD's guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. Centre for Reviews and Dissemination 2009.
23. Moher D., Liberati A., Tetzlaff J., Altman D.G., Group P Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med 2009, 151:264-269.
24. Whiting P., Westwood M., Beynon R., Burke M., Sterne J.A.C., Glanville J. Inclusion of methodological filters in searches for diagnostic test accuracy studies misses relevant studies. J Clin Epidemiol 2011, 64:602-607.
25. Kroenke K., Spitzer R.L., Williams J.B.W., Lowe B. The Patient Health Questionnaire Somatic, Anxiety, and Depressive Symptom Scales: a systematic review. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010, 32:345-359.
26. Whiting P.F., Rutjes A.W.S., Westwood M.E., Mallett S., Deeks J.J., Reitsma J.B., et al. QUADAS-2: a revised tool for the quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies. Ann Intern Med 2011, 155:529-536.
27. Harbord R.M., Deeks J.J., Egger M., Whiting P., Sterne J.A.C. A unification of models for meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy studies. Biostatistics 2007, 8:239-251.
28. Reitsma J.B., Glas A.S., Rutjes A.W.S., Scholten R.J.P.M., Bossuyt P.M., Zwinderman A.H. Bivariate analysis of sensitivity and specificity produces informative summary measures in diagnostic reviews. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58:982-990.
29. StataCorp Stata Statistical Software: Release 13 2013, StataCorp LP, College Station, TX.
30. Harbord R.M., Whiting P. metandi: meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy using hierarchical logistic regression. Stata J 2009, 9:211-229.
31. Dear B.F., Titov N., Sunderland M., McMillan D., Anderson T., Lorian C., et al. Psychometric comparison of the generalized anxiety disorder scale-7 and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire for measuring response during treatment of generalised anxiety disorder. Cogn Behav Ther 2011, 40:216-227.
32. Kanner A.M., Sanchez E., Kanner H.R. Rapid screening for anxiety and major depressive disorders and suicidal risk in an outpatient neurology clinic. Neurology 2010, 74:A175.
33. Rogers K.D., Young A., Lovell K., Campbell M., Scott P.R., Kendal S. The British sign language versions of the patient health questionnaire, the generalized anxiety disorder 7-item scale, and the work and social adjustment scale. J Deaf Stud Deaf Educ 2013, 18:110-122.
34. Patel V., Araya R., Chowdhary N., King M., Kirkwood B., Nayak S., et al. Detecting common mental disorders in primary care in India: a comparison of five screening questionnaires. Psychol Med 2008, 38:221-228.
35. Wetherell J.L., Birchler G.D., Ramsdell J., Unutzer J. Screening for generalized anxiety disorder in geriatric primary care patients. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2007, 22:115-123.
36. Skapinakis P. The 2-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale had high sensitivity and specificity for detecting GAD in primary care. Evid Based Med 2007, 12:149.
37. Swinson R.P. The GAD-7 scale was accurate for diagnosing generalised anxiety disorder. Evid Based Med 2006, 11:184.
38. Celano C.M., Suarez L., Mastromauro C., Januzzi J.L., Huffman J.C. Feasibility and utility of screening for depression and anxiety disorders in patients with cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2013, 6:498-504.
39. Huffman J.C., Celano C.M., Suarez L., Mastromauro C.A., Januzzi J.L. Feasibility and utility of screening for depression and anxiety disorders in patients with cardiovascular disease. Psychosom Med 2013, 75:A146.
40. Priyanka P., Boyle L.L., Tu X.M., Conwell Y. Inter-rater reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 to identify depression and anxiety in older adults receiving aging services care management. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2010, 18:S113-S114.
41. Christensen H., Batterham P.J., Grant J.B., Griffiths K.M., Mackinnon A.J. A population study comparing screening performance of prototypes for depression and anxiety with standard scales. BMC Med Res Methodol 2011, 10.1186/1471-2288-11-154.
42. Delgadillo J., Payne S., Gilbody S., Godfrey C., Gore S., Jessop D., et al. Brief case finding tools for anxiety disorders: validation of GAD-7 and GAD-2 in addictions treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012, 125:37-42.
43. Kertz S., Bigda-Peyton J., Bjorgvinsson T. Validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 Scale in an acute psychiatric sample. Clin Psychol Psychother 2013, 20:456-464.
44. Zeng Q., He Y., Liu H., Miao J., Chen J., Xu H., et al. Reliability and validity of Chinese version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item (GAD-7) scale in screening anxiety disorders in outpatients from traditional Chinese internal department. Chin Ment Health J 2013, 27:163-168.
45. Wild B., Eckl A., Herzog W., Niehoff D., Lechner S., Maatouk I., et al. Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder in elderly people using the GAD-7 and GAD-2 scales: results of a validation study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014, 22:1029-1038.
46. Garcia-Campayo J., Zamorano E., Ruiz M.A., Pardo A., Perez-Paramo M., Lopez-Gomez V., et al. Cultural adaptation into Spanish of the generalized anxiety disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale as a screening tool. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2010, 10.1186/1477-7525-8-8.
47. Garcia-Campayo J., Zamorano E., Ruiz M.A., Perez-Paramo M., Lopez-Gomez V., Rejas J. The assessment of generalized anxiety disorder: psychometric validation of the Spanish version of the self-administered GAD-2 scale in daily medical practice. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2012, 10:114.
48. Konkan R., Senormanci O., Guclu O., Aydin E., Sungur M.Z. Validity and reliability study for the Turkish adaptation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale. Arch Neuropsychiatry 2013, 50:53-58.
49. Sidik S.M., Arroll B., Goodyear-Smith F. Validation of the GAD-7 (Malay version) among women attending a primary care clinic in Malaysia. J Prim Health Care 2012, 4:5-11.
50. Donker T., van Straten A., Marks I., Cuijpers P. Quick and easy self-rating of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: validity of the Dutch web-based GAD-7, GAD-2 and GAD-SI. Psychiatry Res 2011, 188:58-64.
51. Seo J.G., Cho Y.W., Lee S.J., Lee J.J., Kim J.E., Moon H.J., et al. Validation of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 in people with epilepsy: a MEPSY study. Epilepsy Behav 2014, 35:59-63.
52. Homans W. The validity of the PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 for screening depressive and anxiety disorders in sick-listed workers 2012, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.
53. Lijmer J.G., Mol B.W., Heisterkamp S., Bonsel G.J., Prins M.H., van der Meulen J.H.P., et al. Empirical evidence of design-related bias in studies of diagnostic tests. JAMA 1999, 282:1061-1066.
54. Deeks J.J., Macaskill P., Irwig L. The performance of tests of publication bias and other sample size effects in systematic reviews of diagnostic test accuracy was assessed. J Clin Epidemiol 2005, 58:882-893.
55. Higgins J.P.T., Thompson S.G. Controlling the risk of spurious findings from meta-regression. Stat Med 2004, 23:1663-1682.
56. Thombs B.D., Roseman M., Coyne J.C., de Jonge P., Delisle V.C., Arthurs E., et al. Does evidence support the American Heart Association's recommendation to screen patients for depression in cardiovascular care? An updated systematic review. PLoS One 2013, 8:e52654.