What engineering technology could do for quality of life in Parkinson's disease: A review of current needs and opportunities

IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1862-1872

  Stamford, Jonathan A ^a   Schmidt, Peter N ^b   Friedl, Karl E ^c,d  

^a Cure Parkinson's Trust   (United Kingdom)

^b National Parkinson Foundation   (United States)

^c U S ARMY RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Activity; Cognition; Depression; Exercise; Nonmotor symptoms; Patient perspective; Review article; Sleep quality

Indexed keywords

THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES;

COGNITION; DEPRESSION; EXERCISE; NONMOTOR SYMPTOMS; PATIENT PERSPECTIVE; SLEEP QUALITY;

NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES;

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; DEPRESSION; EXERCISE; HUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PSYCHOLOGY; QUALITY OF LIFE; SLEEP;

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING; DEPRESSION; EXERCISE; HUMANS; PARKINSON DISEASE; QUALITY OF LIFE; SLEEP;

EID: 84959203284     PISSN: 21682194     EISSN: 21682208     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JBHI.2015.2464354     Document Type: Review

References (112)

1. W. Churchill, The World Crisis, vol. 4. Toronto, ON, Canada: Macmillan, 1923, p. 192.
2. H. Ehringer and O. Hornykiewicz, "Verteilung von noradrenalin und dopamin (3-hydroxytyramin) im Gehirn des menschen und ihr verhalten bei erkrankungen des extrapyramidalen systems, " Klinische Wochenschrift, vol. 38, pp. 1236-1239, 1960.
3. G. C. Cotzias, P. S. Papavasiliou, and R. Gellene, "Modification of Parkinsonism-Chronic treatment with L-dopa, " N. Engl. J. Med., vol. 280, pp. 337-345, 1969.
4. A. Y. Hung and M. A. Schwarzschild, "Treatment of Parkinson's disease: What's in the non-dopaminergic pipeline?, " Neurotherapeutics, vol. 11, pp. 34-46, 2014.
5. M. R. Lemke, H. M. Brecht, J. Koester, P. H. Kraus, and H. Reichmann, "Anhedonia, depression, and motor functioning in Parkinson's disease during treatment with pramipexole, " J. Neuropsychiat., vol. 17, pp. 214-220, 2005.
6. P. Wicks, J. Stamford, M. A. Grootenhuis, L. Haverman, and S. Ahmed, "Innovations in e-health, " Qual. Life Res., vol. 23, pp. 195-203, 2014.
7. K. R. Chaudhuri, D. G. Healy, and A. H. V. Schapira, "Non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease: Diagnosis and management, " Lancet Neurol., vol. 5, pp. 235-245, 2006.
8. M. A. Achey, C. A. Beck, D. B. Beran, C. M. Boyd, P. N. Schmidt, A. W. Willis, S. S. Riggare, R. B. Simone, K. M. Biglan, and E. R. Dorsey, "Virtual house calls for Parkinson disease (Connect-Parkinson): Study protocol for a randomized, controlled trial, " Trials, vol. 15, p. 465, 2014.
9. M. A. Achey, J. L. Aldred, N. Aljehani, B. R. Bloem, K. M. Biglan, P. Chan, E. Cubo, E. R. Dorsey, C. G. Goetz, M. Guttman, A. Hassan, S. M. Khandhar, Z. Mari, M. Spindler, C. M. Tanner, P. Van Den Haak, R. Walker, J. R. Wilkinson, and the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Telemedicine Task Force, "The past, present, and future of telemedicine for Parkinson's disease, " Movement Disorders, vol. 29, pp. 871-883, 2014.
10. P. Martinez-Martin, C. Rodriguez-Blazquez, M. M. Kurtis, and K. Chaudhuri, "The impact of non-motor symptoms on health-related quality of life of patients with Parkinson's disease, " Movement Disorders, vol. 26, pp. 399-406, 2011.
11. K. R. Chaudhuri, P. Odin, A. Antonini, and P. Martinez-Martin, "Parkinson's disease: The non-motor issues, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 17, pp. 717-723, 2011.
12. M. Samuel, M. Rodriguez-Oroz, A. Antonini et al., "Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: Controversies and future approaches, " Movement Disorders, vol. 30, pp. 150-159, 2015.
13. Movement Disorder Society Task Force on Rating Scales for Parkinson's Disease, "The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): Status and recommendations, " Movement Disorders, vol. 18, p. 738, 2003.
14. V. Peto, C. Jenkinson, and R. Fitzpatrick, "PDQ-39: A review of the development, validation and application of a Parkinson's disease quality of life questionnaire and its associated measures, " J. Neurol., vol. 245, pp. S10-S14, 1998.
15. J. M. Miyasaki, J. Long, D. Mancini, E. Moro, S. H. Fox, A. E. Lang, C. Marras, R. Chen, A. Strafella, R. Archinoff, R. Ghoche, J. Hui, Archinoff, R. Ghoche, and J. Hui, "Palliative care for advanced Parkinson disease: An interdisciplinary clinic and new scale, the ESAS-PD, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 18, pp. S6-S9, 2012.
16. A. Hassan, S. S. Wu, P. Schmidt, I. A. Malaty, Y. F. Dai, J. M. Miyasaki, and M. S. Okun, "What are the issues facing Parkinson's disease patients at ten years of disease and beyond?: Data from the NPF-QII study, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 18, pp. S10-S14, 2012.
17. U. Wüllner, T. Schmitz-Hübsch, G. Antony, R. Fimmers, A. Spottke, W. H. Oertel, G. Deuschl, T. Klockgether, and K. Eggert, "Autonomic dysfunction in 3414 Parkinson's disease patients enrolled in the German Network on Parkinson's disease (KNP eV): The effect of ageing, " Eur. J. Neurol., vol. 14, pp. 1405-1408, 2007.
18. D. Bega, S. S. Wu, Q. Pei, P. N. Schmidt, and T. Simuni, "Recognition and treatment of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease: The NPF dataset, " J. Parkinson's Dis., vol. 4, pp. 639-643, 2014.
19. J. A. Cramer, R. D. Scheyer, and R. H. Mattson, "Compliance declines between clinic visits, " Arch. Internal Med., vol. 150, pp. 1509-1510, 1990.
20. V. Venkataraman, S. J. Donohue, K. M. Biglan, P. Wicks, and E. R. Dorsey, "Virtual visits for Parkinson disease: A case series, " Neurology: Clin. Practice, vol. 4, pp. 146-152, 2014.
21. J. P. Hubble, R. Pahwa, D. K. Michalek, C. Thomas, and W. C. Koller, "Interactive video conferencing: A means of providing interim care to Parkinson's disease patients, " Movement Disorders, vol. 8, pp. 380-382, 1993.
22. E. R. Dorsey, V. Venkataraman, M. J. Grana, M. T. Bull, B. P. George, C. M. Boyd, C. A. Beck, B. Rajan, A. Seidmann, and K. M. Biglan, "Randomized controlled clinical trial of "virtual house calls" for Parkinson disease, " JAMA Neurol., vol. 70, pp. 565-570, 2013.
23. A. Abdolahi, N. Scoglio, A. Killoran, E. R. Dorsey, and K. M. Biglan, "Potential reliability and validity of a modified version of the unified Parkinson's disease rating scale that could be administered remotely, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 19, pp. 218-221, 2013.
24. E. M. Hunkeler, W. A. Hargreaves, B. Fireman, J. Terdiman, J. F. Meresman, Y. Porterfield, J. Lee, R. Dea, G. E. Simon, M. S. Bauer, J. Unutzer, and C. B. Taylor, "A web-delivered care management and patient self-management program for recurrent depression: A randomized trial, " Psychiatr. Services, vol. 63, pp. 1063-1071, 2012.
25. S. Chowdhury, C. C. Meunier, L. Cappelletti, and T. B. Sherer, "Improving patient participation in Parkinson's clinical trials: The experience of the Michael J Fox Foundation, " Clin. Invest., vol. 4, pp. 185-192, 2014.
26. A. Pathak, J. A. Redmond, M. Allen, and K. L. Chou, "A noninvasive handheld assistive device to accommodate essential tremor: A pilot study, " Movement Disorders, vol. 29, pp. 838-842, 2014.
27. T. Keränen and S. Liikkanen, "Medication reminder service for mobile phones: An open feasibility study in patients with Parkinson's disease, " Telemed e-Health, vol. 19, pp. 888-890, 2013.
28. S. Das, B. Amoedo, F. De La Torre, and J. Hodgins, "Detecting Parkinson's symptoms in uncontrolled home environments: A multiple instance learning approach, " in Proc. 34th Annu. Int Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., San Diego, CA, USA, 2012, pp. 3688-3691.
29. N. J. Weerkamp, G. Tissingh, P. J. E. Poels, S. U. Zuidema, M. Munneke, R. T. C. M. Koopmans, and B. R. Bloem, "Nonmotor symptoms in nursing home residents with Parkinson's disease: Prevalence and effect on quality of life, " J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., vol. 61, pp. 1714-1721, 2013.
30. D. A. Gallagher, A. J. Lees, and A. Schrag, "What are the most important nonmotor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and are we missing them?, " Movement Disorders, vol. 25, pp. 2493-2500, 2010.
31. E. Fuster-Garcia, A. Bresó, J. Martínez-Miranda, J. Rosell-Ferrer, C. Matheson, and J. M. García-Gómez, "Fusing actigraphy signals for outpatient monitoring, " Inf. Fusion, vol. 23, pp. 69-80, 2015.
32. J. Cancela, M. Pastorino, A. T. Tzallas, M. G. Tsipouras, G. Rigas, M. T. Arredondo, and D. I. Fotiadis, "Wearability assessment of a wearable system for Parkinson's disease remote monitoring based on a body area network of sensors, " Sensors, vol. 14, pp. 17235-17255, 2014.
33. W. Maetzler, J. Domingos, K. Srulijes, J. J. Ferreira, and B. R. Bloem, "Quantitative wearable sensors for objective assessment of Parkinson's disease, " Movement Disorders, vol. 28, pp. 1628-1637, 2013.
34. S. Patel, H. Park, P. Bonato, L. Chan, and M. Rodgers, "Areviewofwearable sensors and systems with application in rehabilitation, " J. Neuroeng. Rehabil., vol. 9, p. 21, 2012.
35. M. L. Dontje, M. H. G. De Greef, A. D. Speelman, M. Van Nimwegen, W. P. Krijnen, R. P. Stolk, Y. P. T. Kamsma, B. R. Bloem, M. Munneke, and C. P. Van Der Schans, "Quantifying daily physical activity and determinants in sedentary patients with Parkinson's disease, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 19, pp. 878-882, 2013.
36. M. Van Nimwegen, A. D. Speelman, K. Smulders, S. Overeem, G. F. Borm, F. J. G. Backx, B. R. Bloem, and M. Munneke, "Design and baseline characteristics of the ParkFit study, a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effectiveness of a multifaceted behavioral program to increase physical activity in Parkinson patients, " BMC Neurol., vol. 10, p. 70, 2010.
37. A. D. Speelman, M. Van Nimwegen, B. R. Bloem, and M. Munneke, "Evaluation of implementation of the ParkFit program: A multifaceted intervention aimed to promote physical activity in patients with Parkinson's disease, " Physiotherapy, vol. 100, pp. 134-141, 2014.
38. J. T. Cavanaugh, T. D. Ellis, G. M. Earhart, M. P. Ford, K. B. Foreman, and L. E. Dibble, "Capturing ambulatory activity decline in Parkinson disease, " J. Neurolog. Physical Ther., vol. 36, p. 51, 2012.
39. K. R. Evenson, F. Wen, J. S. Metzger, and A. H. Herring, "Physical activity and sedentary behavior patterns using accelerometry from a national sample of United States adults, " Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act., vol. 12, p. 20, 2015.
40. S. Ancoli-Israel, R. Cole, C. Alessi, M. Chambers, W. Moorcroft, and C. Pollak, "The role of actigraphy in the study of sleep and circadian rhythms. American academy of sleep medicine review paper, " Sleep, vol. 26, pp. 342-392, 2003.
41. J. Maglione, L. Liu, A. B. Neikrug, T. Poon, L. Natarajan, J. Calderon, J. A. Avanzino, J. Corey-Bloom, B. W. Palmer, J. S. Loredo, and S. Ancoli-Israel, "Actigraphy for the assessment of sleep measures in Parkinson's disease, " Sleep, vol. 36, pp. 1209-1217, 2013.
42. G. Jean-Louis, M. V. Mendlowicz, J. C. Gillin, M. H. Rapaport, J. R. Kelsoe, F. Zizi, H. P. Landolt, and H. Von Gizycki, "Sleep estimation from wrist activity in patients with major depression, " Physiol. Behav., vol. 70, pp. 49-53, 2010.
43. M. Butt, T. B. M. J. Ouarda, S. F. Quan, A. S. Pentland, and I. Khayal, "Technologically sensed social exposure related to slow-wave sleep in healthy adults, " Sleep Breath, vol. 19, pp. 255-261, 2015.
44. A. M. Adami, M. Pavel, T. L. Hayes, A. G. Adami, and C. Singer, "A method for classification of movements in bed, " in Proc. Annu. Int. Conf. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Soc., 2011, pp. 7881-7884.
45. M. Louter, R. J. G. Van Sloun, D. A. A. Pevernagie, J. B. A. M. Arends, P. J. Cluitmans, B. R. Bloem, and S. Overeem, "Subjectively impaired bed mobility in Parkinson disease affects sleep efficiency, " Sleep Med., vol. 14, pp. 668-674, 2013.
46. M. Louter, W. Maetzler, J. Prinzen, R. C. Van Lummel, M. Hobert, J. B. Arends, B. R. Bloem, J. Streffer, D. Berg, S. Overeem, and I. Liepelt-Scarfone, "Accelerometer-based quantitative analysis of axial nocturnal movements differentiates patients with Parkinson's disease, but not highrisk individuals, from controls, " J. Neurol Neurosurg. Psychiatr., vol. 86, pp. 32-37, 2015.
47. D. T. Plante, "Leg actigraphy to quantify periodic limb movements of sleep: A systematic review and meta-analysis, " Sleep Med. Rev., vol. 18, pp. 425-434, 2014.
48. J. I. Hoff, J. J. Van Hilten, H. A. M. Middelkoop, and R. A. C. Roos, "Fatigue in Parkinson's disease is not associated with reduced physical activity, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 3, pp. 51-54, 1997.
49. A. Korszun, E. A. Young, N. C. Engleberg, C. B. Brucksch, J. F. Greden, and L. A. Crofford, "Use of actigraphy for monitoring sleep and activity levels in patients with fibromyalgia and depression, " J. Psychosomatic Res., vol. 52, pp. 439-443, 2002.
50. J. Kim, T. Nakamura, H. Kikuchi, T. Sasaki, and Y. Yamamoto, "Covariation of depressive mood and locomotor dynamics evaluated by ecological momentary assessment in healthy humans, " PloS One, vol. 8, p. e74979, 2013.
51. C. V. Russoniello, K. O'Brien, and J. M. Parks, "EEG, HRV and psychological correlates while playing Bejeweled II: A randomized controlled study, " Stud. Health Technol. Informat., vol. 144, pp. 189-192, 2009.
52. C. V. Russoniello, M. Fish, and K. O'Brien, "The efficacy of casual videogame play in reducing clinical depression: A randomized controlled study, " Games Health, vol. 2, pp. 341-346, 2013.
53. F. Assogna, F. E. Pontieri, C. Caltagirone, and G. Spalletta, "The recognition of facial emotion expressions in Parkinson's disease, " Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol, vol. 18, pp. 835-848, 2008.
54. J. C. Mundt, A. P. Vogel, D. E. Feltner, and W. R. Lenderking, "Vocal acoustic biomarkers of depression severity and treatment response, " Biol. Psychiatr., vol. 72, pp. 580-587, 2012.
55. G. Valenza, M. Nardelli, A. Lanata, C. Gentili, G. Bertschy, R. Paradiso, and E. P. Scilingo, "Wearable monitoring formood recognition in bipolar disorder based on history-dependent long-term heart rate variability analysis, " IEEE J. Biomed. Health Informat., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 1625-1635, Sep. 2014.
56. R. R. Fletcher, K. Dobson, M. S. Goodwin, H. Eydgahi, O. Wilder-Smith, D. Fernholz, Y. Kuboyama, E. B. Hedman, M. Z. Poh, and R. W. Picard, "iCalm: Wearable sensor and network architecture for wirelessly communicating and logging autonomic activity, " IEEE Trans. Inf. Technol. Biomed., vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 215-223, Mar. 2010.
57. D. F. Mahoney, R. B. Purtilo, F. M. Webbe, M. Alwan, A. J. Bharucha, T. D. Adlam, H. B. Jimison, B. Turner, S. A. Becker, and the Working Group on Technology of the Alzheimer's Association, "In-home monitoring of persons with dementia: Ethical guidelines for technology research and development, " Alzheimer's Dementia, vol. 3, pp. 217-226, 2007.
58. K. Bousmalis, S. Zafeiriou, L. Morency, and M. Pantic, "Infinite hidden conditional random fields for human behavior analysis, " IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learning Syst., vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 170-177, Jan. 2013.
59. M. Chatterjee, G. Stratou, S. Scherer, and L. P. Morency, "Contextbased signal descriptors of heart-rate variability for anxiety assessment, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech Signal Process., 2014, pp. 3631-3635.
60. S. Park, P. Shoemark, and L. P. Morency, "Toward crowdsourcing microlevel behavior annotations: The challenges of interface, training, and generalization, " in Proc 19th Int. Conf. Intell. User Interfaces, 2014, pp. 37-46.
61. B. E. Fisher, Q. Li, A. Nacca, G. J. Salem, J. Song, J. Yip, J. S. Hui, M. W. Jakowec, and G. M. Petzinger, "Treadmill exercise elevates striatal dopamine D2 receptor binding potential in patients with early Parkinson's disease, " Neuroreport, vol. 24, pp. 509-514, 2013.
62. G. Frazzitta, P. Balbi, R. Maestri, G. Bertotti, N. Boveri, and G. Pezzoli, "The beneficial role of intensive exercise on Parkinson disease progression, " Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil., vol. 92, pp. 523-532, 2013.
63. G. Frazzitta, R. Maestri, M. F. Ghilardi et al., "Intensive rehabilitation increases BDNF serum levels in Parkinsonian patients, " Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, vol. 28, pp. 163-168, 2014.
64. G. M. Petzinger, B. E. Fisher, S. McEwen, J. A. Beeler, J. P. Walsh, and M. W. Jakowec, "Exercise-enhanced neuroplasticity targeting motor and cognitive circuitry in Parkinson's disease, " Lancet Neurol., vol. 12, pp. 716-726, 2013.
65. J. E. Ahlskog, "Does vigorous exercise have a neuroprotective effect in Parkinson disease?, " Neurology, vol. 77, pp. 288-294, 2011.
66. A. D. Speelman, B. P. Van De Warrenburg, M. Van Nimwegen, G. M. Petzinger, M. Munneke, and B. R. Bloem, "How might physical activity benefit patients with Parkinson disease?, " Nature Rev. Neurol., vol. 7, pp. 528-534, 2011.
67. Y. Yang, X. Y. Li, L. Gong, Y. L. Zhu, and Y. L. Hao, "Tai chi for improvement of motor function, balance and gait in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis, " PloS One, vol. 9, p. e102942, 2014.
68. C. Fox, G. Ebersbach, L. Ramig, and S. Sapir, "LSVT LOUD and LSVT BIG: behavioral treatment programs for speech and body movement in Parkinson disease, " Parkinson's Dis., vol. 2012, p. 12, 2012.
69. G. Ebersbach, A. Ebersbach, F. Gandor, B. Wegner, J. Wissel, and A. Kupsch, "Impact of physical exercise on reaction time in patients with Parkinson's disease-Data from the berlin BIG study, " Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil., vol. 95, pp. 996-999, 2014.
70. D. Conradsson, N. Löfgren, H. Nero, M. Hagströmer, A. Ståhle, J. Lökk, and E. Franzén, "The effects of highly challenging balance training in elderly with Parkinson's disease a randomized controlled trial, " Neurorehabil. Neural Repair, vol. 29, pp. 827-836, 2015.
71. C. J. M. Ayan, A. Cancela, A. Gutiérrez-Santiago, and I. Prieto, "Effects of two different exercise programs on gait parameters in individuals with Parkinson's disease: A pilot study, " Gait Posture, vol. 39, pp. 648-651, 2014.
72. T. Ellis, J. K. Boudreau, T. R. DeAngelis, L. E. Brown, J. T. Cavanaugh, G. M. Earhart, M. P. Ford, K. B. Foreman, and L. E. Dibble, "Barriers to exercise in people with Parkinson disease, " Phys. Therapy, vol. 93, pp. 628-636, 2013.
73. G. B. Spurr, A. M. Prentice, P. R. Murgatroyd, G. R. Goldberg, J. C. Reina, and N. T. Christman, "Energy expenditure from minute-by-minute heart-rate recording: Comparison with indirect calorimetry, " Am. J. Clin. Nutr., vol. 48, pp. 552-559, 1988.
74. S. Brage, N. Brage, P. W. Franks, U. Ekelund, M. Y. Wong, L. B. Andersen, K. Froberg, N. J. Wareham, "Branched equation modeling of simultaneous accelerometry and heart rate monitoring improves estimate of directly measured physical activity energy expenditure, " J. Appl. Physiol., vol. 96, pp. 343-351, 2004.
75. R. W. Hoyt, M. J. Buller, W. R. Santee, M. Yokota, P. G. Weyand, and J. P. Delany, "Total energy expenditure estimated using foot-ground contact pedometry, " Diab Technol. Therapeutics, vol. 6, pp. 71-81, 2004.
76. M. D. Lewek, R. Poole, J. Johnson, O. Halawa, and X. Huang, "Arm swingmagnitude and asymmetry during gait in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, " Gait Posture, vol. 31, pp. 256-260, 2010.
77. H. Chen, S. M. Zhang, M. A. Schwarzschild, M. A. Hernan, and A. Ascherio, "Physical activity and the risk of Parkinson disease, " Neurology, vol. 64, pp. 664-669, 2005.
78. F. Ofli, G. Kurillo, S. Obdrzalek, R. Bajcsy, H. Jimison, and M. Pavel, "Design and evaluation of an interactive exercise coaching system for older adults: Lessons learned, " IEEE J. Biomed. Health Informat., 2015, doi: 10.1109/JBHI.2015.2391671
79. A. A. Rizzo, B. Lange, J. G. Buckwalter, E. Forbell, J. Kim, K. Sagae, J. Williams, B. O. Rothbaum, J. Difede, G. Reger, T. Parsons, and P. Kenny, "An intelligent virtual human system for providing healthcare information and support, " Stud. Health Technol. Informat., vol. 163, pp. 503-509, 2010.
80. J. Gratch, N. Wang, A. Okhmatovskaia, F. Lamothe, M. Morales, R. J. Van Der Werf, and L. P. Morency, "Can virtual humans be more engaging than real ones?" in Proc. 12th Int. Conf. Human-Comput. Interaction, 2007, pp. 286-297.
81. S. Paus, H. M. Brecht, J. Köster, G. Seeger, T. Klockgether, and U. Wüllner, "Sleep attacks, daytime sleepiness, and dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease, " Movement Disorders, vol. 18, pp. 659-667, 2003.
82. U. Wüllner, T. Schmitz-Hübsch, G. Antony et al., "Autonomic dysfunction in 3414 Parkinson's disease patients enrolled in the German Network on Parkinson's disease (KNP eV): The effect of ageing, " Eur. J. Neurol., vol. 14, pp. 1405-1408, 2007.
83. C. H. Schenck, J. Y. Montplaisir, B. Frauscher, B. Hogl, J. F. Gagnon, R. Postuma, K. Sonka, P. Jennum, M. Partinen, I. Arnulf, V. Cochen De Cock, Y. Dauvilliers, P. H. Luppi, A. Heidbreder, G. Mayer, F. Sixel-Döring, C. Trenkwalder, M. Unger, P. Young, Y. K. Wing, L. Ferini-Strambi, R. Ferri, G. Plazzi, M. Zucconi, Y. Inoue, A. Iranzo, J. Santamaria, C. Bassetti, J. C. Möller, B. F. Boeve, Y. Y. Lai, M. Pavlova, C. Saper, P. Schmidt, J. M. Siegel, C. Singer, E. St Louis, A. Videnovic, and W. Oertel, "Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: devising controlled active treatment studies for symptomatic and neuroprotective therapy-A consensus statement from the international rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder study group, " Sleep Med., vol. 14, pp. 795-806, 2013.
84. M. M. Van Gilst, M. Louter, C. R. Baumann, B. R. Bloem, and S. Overeem, "Sleep benefit in Parkinson's disease: Time to revive an enigma?, " J. Parkinson's Dis., vol. 2, pp. 167-170, 2012.
85. C. Meindorfner, Y. Körner, J. C. Möller, K. Stiasny-Kolster, W. H. Oertel, and H. P. Krüger, "Driving in Parkinson's disease: Mobility, accidents, and sudden onset of sleep at the wheel, " Movement Disorders, vol. 20, pp. 832-842, 2005.
86. A. J. Casson, D. Yates, S. Smith, J. S. Duncan, and E. Rodriguez-Villegas, "Wearable electroencephalography, " IEEE Engineer Med. Biol. Mag, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 44-56, May/Jun. 2010.
87. V. Mihajlovic, B. Grundlehner, R. Vullers, and J. Penders, "Wearable, Wireless EEG solutions in daily life applications: What are we missing?" IEEE J. Biomed. Health Informat., vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 6-21, Jan. 2015.
88. K. Herlofson and J. P. Larsen, "The influence of fatigue on health-related quality of life in patients with Parkinson's disease, " Acta Neurol. Scand, vol. 107, pp. 1-6, 2003.
89. M. Amboni, G. Santangelo, and P. Barone, "Depression, Apathy, Anhedonia, and fatigue in Parkinson's disease, " in Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Movement Disorders. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2015, pp. 1-28.
90. W. J. Kop, A. Lyden, A. A. Berlin, K. Ambrose, C. Olsen, R. H. Gracely, D. A. Williams, and D. J. Clauw, "Ambulatory monitoring of physical activity and symptoms in fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome, " Arthritis Rheum, vol. 52, pp. 296-303, 2005.
91. L. Giancardo, A. Sanchez-Ferro, I. Butterworth, C. S. Mendoza, and J. M. Hooker, "Psychomotor impairment detection via finger interactions with a computer keyboard during natural typing, " Sci. Rep., vol. 5, p. 9678, 2015.
92. T. Baltrusaitis, D. McDuff, N. Banda, M. Mahmoud, R. El Kaliouby, P. Robinson, and R. Picard, "Real-time inference of mental states from facial expressions and upper body gestures, " in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Autom. Face Gesture Recog. Workshops, 2011, pp. 909-914.
93. T. Baltrusaitis, P. Robinson, and L. Morency, "3D constrained local model for rigid and non-rigid facial tracking, " in Proc. IEEE Conf. Comput. Vis. Pattern Recog., 2012, pp. 2610-2617.
94. J. Liddle, D. Ireland, S. J. McBride et al., "Measuring the lifespace of people with Parkinson's disease using smartphones: Proof of principle, " JMIR mHealth uHealth, vol. 2, p. e13, 2014.
95. S. Hagler, "Computational modeling of cognitive processes for continuous in-home assessment of cognitive performance, " Ph. D. dissertation, Oregon Health Sci. Univ., Portland, OR, USA, 2014.
96. M. Balzer-Geldsetzer, A. S. Costa, M. Kronenbürger et al., "Parkinson's disease and dementia: a longitudinal study (DEMPARK), " Neuroepidemiology, vol. 37, p. 168, 2011.
97. D. Austin, J. McNames, K. Klein, H. Jimison, and M. Pavel, "A statistical characterization of the finger tapping test: Modeling, estimation, and applications, " IEEE J. Biomed. Health Informat., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 501-507, Mar. 2015.
98. A. M. Crizzle, A. M. Myers, E. A. Roy, and Q. J. Almeida, "Drivers with Parkinson's disease: are the symptoms of PD associated with restricted driving practices?" J. Neurol., vol. 260, pp. 2562-2568, 2013.
99. A. M. Crizzle, A. M. Myers, and Q. J. Almeida, "Drivers with Parkinson's disease: Who participates in research studies?, " Parkinsonism Related Disorders, vol. 18, pp. 833-836, 2012.
100. M. Dotzauer, S. R. Caljouw, D. DeWaard, and W. H. Brouwer, "Longerterm effects of ADAS use on speed and headway control in drivers diagnosed with Parkinson's disease, " Traffic Injury Prevention, vol. 16, pp. 10-16, 2015.
101. V. Berisha, S. Wang, A. LaCross, and J. Liss, "Tracking discourse complexity preceding Alzheimer's disease diagnosis: A case study comparing the press conferences of presidents ronald reagan and george herbert walker bush, " J. Alzheimer's Dis., vol. 45, pp. 959-963, 2015.
102. S. G. Mueller, M. W. Weiner, L. J. Thal, R. C. Petersen, C. R. Jack, W. Jagust, J. Q. Trojanowski, A. W. Toga, and L. Beckett, "Ways towards an early diagnosis in Alzheimer's disease: The Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative, " Alzheimer's Dementia, vol. 1, pp. 55-66, 2005.
103. G. Miller, "Alzheimer's biomarker initiative hits its stride, " Science, vol. 326, pp. 386-389, 2009.
104. K. Marek, D. Jennings, S. Lasch, A. Siderowf, C. Tanner, T. Simuni, C. Coffey, K. Kieburtz, E. Flagg, S. Chowdhury, W. Poewe, B. Mollenhauer, T. Sherer, M. Frasier, C. Meunier, A. Rudolph, C. Casaceli, J. Seibyl, S. Mendick, N. Schuff, Y. Zhang, A. Toga, K. Crawford, A. Ansbach, P. De Blasio, M. Piovella, J. Trojanowski, L. Shaw, A. Singleton, K. Hawkins, J. Eberling, D. Brooks, D. Russell, L. Leary, S. Factor, B. Sommerfeld, P. Hogarth, E. Pighetti, K. Williams, D. Standaert, S. Guthrie, R. Hauser, H. Delgado, J. Jankovic, C. Hunter, M. Stern, B. Tran, J. Leverenz, M. Baca, S. Frank, C. A. Thomas, I. Richard, C. Deeley, L. Rees, F. Sprenger, E. Lang, H. Shill, S. Obradov, H. Fernandez, A. Winters, D. Berg, K. Gauss, D. Galasko, D. Fontaine, Z. Mari, M. Gerstenhaber, D. Brooks, S. Malloy, P. Barone, K. Longo, T. Comery, B. Ravina, I. Grachev, K. Gallagher, M. Collins, K. L. Widnell, S. Ostrowizki, P. Fontoura, F. La-Roche, T. Ho, J. Luthman, M. Van Der Brug, A. D. Reith, and P. Taylor, "The Parkinson progression marker initiative (PPMI), " Prog. Neurobiol., vol. 95, pp. 629-635, 2011.
105. D. Jennings, A. Siderowf, M. Stern, J. Seibyl, S. Eberly, D. Oakes, K. Marek, and the PARS Investigators, "Imaging prodromal Parkinson disease: The Parkinson associated risk syndrome study, " Neurology, vol. 4, pp. 1739-46, 2014.
106. G. T. O'Connor, S. K. Plume, E. M. Olmstead, L. H. Coffin, J. R. Morton, C. T. Maloney, E. R. Nowicki, J. F. Tryzelaar, F. Hernandez, L. Adrian, K. J. Casey, D. N. Soule, C. A. S. Marrin, W. C. Nugent, D. C. Charlesworth, R. Clough, S. Katz, B. J. Leavitt, and J. E. Wennberg, "A regional prospective study of in-hospital mortality associated with coronary artery bypass grafting. The Northern New England cardiovascular disease study group, " JAMA, vol. 266, pp. 803-809, 1991.
107. A. Gawande, "The Bell curve, " The New Yorker, Dec. 6, 2004.
108. M. S. Okun, A. Siderowf, J. G. Nutt, G. T. O'Conner, B. R. Bloem, E. M. Olmstead, M. Guttman, T. Simuni, E. Cheng, E. V. Cohen, S. Parashos, L. Marsh, I. A. Malaty, N. Giladi, P. Schmidt, and J. Oberdorf, "Piloting the NPF data-driven quality improvement initiative, " Parkinson's Related Disorders, vol. 16, pp. 517-521, 2011.
109. P. Schmidt, E. C. Nelson, M. Guttman et al., "The analysis of the use of kinemetric devices to predict outcomes: Results from NPF-QII, " presented at the 19th Int. Congr. Parkinson's Disease Movement Disorders, San Diego, CA, USA, 2015.
110. S. Young, S. Stanley, and A. Karr, "Deming, data and observational studies, " Significance, vol. 8, pp. 116-120, 2011.
111. Apple. (2015, Jul. 1). [Online]. Available: https://developer.apple.com/researchkit
112. S. H. Friend, K. Kieburtz, R. Dorsey, C. Tanner, B. Bloem, and M. Little (2015, Jul. 1). [Online]. Available: http://parkinsonmpower.org