Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) to Study Dynamic Stereoscopic Depth Perception

Brain Topography

Volumn 29, Issue 4, 2016, Pages 515-523

  Ward, Laura M ^a   Morison, Gordon ^a   Simpson, William A ^b   Simmers, Anita J ^a   Shahani, Uma ^a  

^a GLASGOW CALEDONIAN UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PLYMOUTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Binocular disparity; Depth perception; fNIRS; Haemodynamic response; Random dot stereogram

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; DYNAMIC STEREOSCOPIC DEPTH PERCEPTION; FUNCTIONAL NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMAN; NEAR INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; OCCIPITAL CORTEX; OXYGENATION; PARIETAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; STIMULUS; ADOLESCENT; FEMALE; MALE; NEUROIMAGING; OCCIPITAL LOBE; PHOTOSTIMULATION; PHYSIOLOGY; YOUNG ADULT;

OXYHEMOGLOBIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; DEPTH PERCEPTION; FEMALE; HEMODYNAMICS; HUMANS; MALE; NEUROIMAGING; OCCIPITAL LOBE; OXYHEMOGLOBINS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; SPECTROSCOPY, NEAR-INFRARED; VISION DISPARITY; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84959108424     PISSN: 08960267     EISSN: 15736792     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0476-4     Document Type: Article

References (77)

1. Allison RS, Howard IP (2000) Stereopsis with persisting and dynamic textures. Vis Res 40(28):3823–3827. doi:10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00223-6
2. Backus BT, Fleet DJ, Parker AJ, Heeger DJ (2001) Human cortical activity correlates with stereoscopic depth perception. J Neurophysiol 86:2054–2068
3. Baecke S, Lützkendorf R, Tempelmann C, Müller C, Adolf D, Scholz M, Bernarding J (2009) Event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (efMRI) of depth-by-disparity perception: additional evidence for right-hemispheric lateralization. Exp Brain Res 196(3):453–458. doi:10.1007/s00221-009-1844-z
4. Bohr I, Read JCA (2013) Stereoacuity with frisby and revised FD2 stereo tests. PLoS ONE 8(12):e82999. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0082999
5. Bridge H, Parker AJ (2007) Topographical representation of binocular depth in the human visual cortex using fMRI. J Vis 7(14):15.1–15.14
6. Brouwer GJ, van Ee R, Schwarzbach J (2005) Activation in visual cortex correlates with the awareness of stereoscopic depth. J Neurosci 25(45):10403–10413. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2408-05.2005
7. Buckthought A, Mendola JD (2011) A matched comparison of binocular rivalry and depth perception with fMRI. J Vis 11(6):1–15. doi:10.1167/11.6.3
8. Cardin V, Smith AT (2011) Sensitivity of human visual cortical area V6 to stereoscopic depth gradients associated with self-motion. J Neurophysiol 106(3):1240–1249. doi:10.1152/jn.01120.2010
9. Chandrasekaran C, Canon V, Dahmen JC, Kourtzi Z, Welchman AE (2007) Neural correlates of disparity-defined shape discrimination in the human brain. J Neurophysiol 97(2):1553–1565. doi:10.1152/jn.01074.2006
10. Cottereau BR, McKee SP, Norcia AM (2014) Dynamics and cortical distribution of neural responses to 2D and 3D motion in human. J Neurophysiol 111(3):533–543. doi:10.1152/jn.00549.2013
11. Cumming G (2012) Understanding the new statistics: effect sizes, confidence intervals, and meta-analysis. Taylor & Francis Group, Routledge
12. Cumming BG, Parker AJ (1997) Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature 389(6648):280–283. doi:10.1038/38487
13. Durand JB, Peeters R, Norman JF, Todd JT, Orban GA (2009) Parietal regions processing visual 3D shape extracted from disparity. NeuroImage 46(4):1114–1126. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.03.023
14. Durnford M, Kimura D (1971) Right hemisphere specialization for depth perception reflected in visual field differences. Nature 231:394–395
15. Fabiani M, Gordon BA, Maclin EL, Pearson MA, Brumback-Peltz CR, Low KA, McAuley E, Sutton BP, Kramer AF, Gratton G (2014) Neurovascular coupling in normal aging: a combined optical, ERP and fMRI study. NeuroImage 85(Pt 1):592–607. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.04.113
16. Fang F, He S (2005) Cortical responses to invisible objects in the human dorsal and ventral pathways. Nat Neurosci 8(10):1380–1385. doi:10.1167/5.8.15
17. Fantini S, Franceschini-Fantini MA, Maier JS, Walker SA, Barbieri B, Gratton E (1995) Frequency-domain multichannel optical detector for noninvasive tissue spectroscopy and oximetry. Opt Eng 34(1):32–42. http://opticalengineering.spiedigitallibrary.org/article.aspx?articleid=1073498
18. Fortin A, Ptito A, Faubert J, Ptito M (2002) Cortical areas mediating stereopsis in the human brain: a PET study. NeuroReport 13(6):895–898. doi:10.1097/00001756-200205070-00032
19. Freeman ED, Sterzer P, Driver J (2012) fMRI correlates of subjective reversals in ambiguous structure-from-motion. J Vis 12(6):35. doi:10.1167/12.6.35
20. Fujikado T, Hosohata J, Ohmi G, Asonuma S, Yamada T, Maeda N, Tano Y (1998) Use of dynamic and colored stereogram to measure stereopsis in strabismic patients. Jpn J Ophthalmol 42(2):101–107. doi:10.1016/S0021-5155(97)00120-2
21. Gatto R, Hoffman W, Mueller M, Flores A, Valyi-Nagy T, Charbel FT (2006) Frequency domain near-infrared spectroscopy technique in the assessment of brain oxygenation: a validation study in live subjects and cadavers. J Neurosci Methods 157(2):274–277. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.04.013
22. Georgieva S, Peeters R, Kolster H, Todd JT, Orban GA (2009) The processing of three-dimensional shape from disparity in the human brain. J Neurosci 29(3):727–742. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4753-08.2009
23. Gilaie-Dotan S, Ullman S, Kushnir T, Malach R (2002) Shape-selective stereo processing in human object-related visual areas. Hum Brain Mapp 15(2):67–79. doi:10.1002/hbm.10008
24. Goncalves NR, Ban H, Sanchez-Panchuelo RM, Francis ST, Schluppeck D, Welchman AE (2015a) 7 Tesla fMRI reveals systematic functional organization for binocular disparity in dorsal visual cortex. J Neurosci 35(7):3056–3072. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3047-14.2015
25. Goncalves NR, Zimmerman J, Ban H, Goebel R, Welchman AE (2015) A preference for stereopsis in deep layers of human primary visual cortex. In: European conference on visual perception
26. Gonzalez F, Relova JL, Prieto A, Peleteiro M (2005) Evidence of basal temporo-occipital cortex involvement in stereoscopic vision in humans: a study with subdural electrode recordings. Cereb Cortex 15(1):117–122. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhh114
27. Herpers MJ, Caberg HB, Mol JMF (1981) Human cerebral potentials evoked by moving dynamic random dot stereograms. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 52:50–56
28. Hirsch J, DeLaPaz RL, Relkin NR, Victor J, Kim K, Li T, Borden P, Rubin N, Shapley R (1995) Illusory contours activate specific regions in human visual cortex: evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92(14):6469–6473
29. Huppert TJ, Hoge RD, Diamond SG, Franceschini MA, Boas DA (2006) A temporal comparison of BOLD, ASL, and NIRS hemodynamic responses to motor stimuli in adult humans. NeuroImage 29(2):368–382. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.065
30. Iwaki S, Bonmassar G, Belliveau JW (2013) Dynamic cortical activity during the perception of three-dimensional object shape from two-dimensional random-dot motion. J Integr Neurosci 12(3):355–367. doi:10.1142/S0219635213500210
31. Iwami T, Nishida Y, Hayashi O, Kimura M, Sakai M, Kani K, Ito R, Shiino A, Suzuki M (2002) Common neural processing regions for dynamic and static stereopsis in human parieto-occipital cortices. Neurosci Lett 327(1):29–32. doi:10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00353-1
32. Jasper H (1958) Report of the committee on methods of clinical examination in electroencephalography. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 10(2):370–375. doi:10.1016/0013-4694(58)90053-1
33. Julesz B (1971) Foundations of Cycopean Perception. MIT Press, Cambridge
34. Koessler L, Maillard L, Benhadid A, Vignal JP, Felblinger J, Vespignani H, Braun M (2009) Automated cortical projection of EEG sensors: anatomical correlation via the international 10-10 system. NeuroImage 46(1):64–72. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.006
35. Lakens D (2013) Calculating and reporting effect sizes to facilitate cumulative science: a practical primer for t-tests and ANOVAs. Front Psychol 4:1–12. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00863
36. Leat SJ, Pierre JS, Hassan-Abadi S, Faubert J (2001) The moving Dynamic Random Dot Stereosize test: development, age norms, and comparison with the Frisby, Randot, and Stereo Smile tests. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 38(5):284–294
37. Lehmann D, Julesz B (1978) Lateralized cortical potentials evoked in humans by dynamic random-dot stereograms. Vis Res 18(10):1265–1271. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(78)90216-X
38. Likova LT, Tyler CW (2007) Stereomotion processing in the human occipital cortex. NeuroImage 38(2):293–305. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.06.039
39. Livingstone M, Hubel D (1988) Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception. Science 240(4853):740–749. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1701543
40. McIntosh MA, Shahani U, Boulton RG, McCulloch DL (2010) Absolute quantification of oxygenated hemoglobin within the visual cortex with functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Investig Opthalmol Vis Sci 51(9):4856–4860. doi:10.1167/iovs.09-4940
41. Mehagnoul-Schipper JD, van der Kallen BFW, Colier WNJM, van der Sluijs MC, van Erning LJTO, Thijssen HOM, Oeseburg B, Hoefnagels WH, Jansen RW (2002) Simultaneous measurements of cerebral oxygenation changes during brain activation by near-infrared spectroscopy and functional magnetic resonance imaging in healthy young and elderly subjects. Hum Brain Mapp 16(1):14–23. doi:10.1002/hbm.10026
42. Mendola JD, Dale AM, Fischl B, Liu AK, Tootell RB (1999) The representation of illusory and real contours in human cortical visual areas revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 19(19):8560–8572
43. Merboldt K-D, Baudewig J, Treue S, Frahm J (2002) Functional MRI of self-controlled stereoscopic depth perception. NeuroReport 13(14):1721–1725. doi:10.1097/00001756-200210070-00006
44. Näsi T, Kotilahti K, Noponen T, Nissilä I, Lipiäinen L, Meriläinen P (2010) Correlation of visual-evoked hemodynamic responses and potentials in human brain. Exp Brain Res 202(3):561–570. doi:10.1007/s00221-010-2159-9
45. Negawa T, Mizuno S, Hahashi T, Kuwata H, Tomida M, Hoshi H, Era S, Kuwata K (2002) M pathway and areas 44 and 45 are involved in stereoscopic recognition based on binocular disparity. Jpn J Physiol 52(2):191–198. doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.52.191
46. Neri P, Bridge H, Heeger DJ (2004) Stereoscopic processing of absolute and relative disparity in human visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 92(3):1880–1891. doi:10.1152/jn.01042.2003
47. Nishida Y, Hayashi O, Iwami T, Kimura M, Kani K, Ito R, Shiino A, Suzuki M (2001) Stereopsis-processing regions in the human parieto-occipital cortex. NeuroReport 12(10):2259–2263. doi:10.1097/00001756-200107200-00043
48. Norcia AM, Tyler CW (1984) Temporal frequency limits for stereoscopic apparent motion processes. Vis Res 24(5):395–401. doi:10.1016/0042-6989(84)90037-3
49. Norman JF, Crabtree CE, Herrmann M, Thompson SR, Shular CF, Clayton AM (2006) Aging and the perception of 3-D shape from dynamic patterns of binocular disparity. Percept Psychophys 68(1):94–101. doi:10.3758/BF03193659
50. Odom JV, Bach M, Brigell M, Holder GE, McCulloch DL, Tormene AP (2010) ISCEV standard for clinical visual evoked potentials (2009 update). Doc Ophthalmol. doi:10.1007/s10633-009-9195-4
51. Orban GA, Claeys K, Nelissen K, Smans R, Sunaert S, Todd JT, Wardak C, Durand JB, Vanduffel W (2006) Mapping the parietal cortex of human and non-human primates. Neuropsychologia 44(13):2647–2667. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.001
52. Paradis AL, Cornilleau-Pérès V, Droulez J, Van De Moortele PF, Lobel E, Berthoz A, Le Bihan D, Poline JB (2000) Visual perception of motion and 3-D structure from motion: an fMRI study. Cereb Cortex 10:772–783. doi:10.1093/cercor/10.8.772
53. Parker AJ (2007) Binocular depth perception and the cerebral cortex. Nat Neurosci 8(5):379–391. doi:10.1038/nrn2131
54. Pernet CR, Wilcox R, Rousselet GA (2013) Robust correlation analyses: false positive and power validation using a new open source matlab toolbox. Front Psychol 3:1–18. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00606
55. Preston TJ, Li S, Kourtzi Z, Welchman AE (2008) Multivoxel pattern selectivity for perceptually relevant binocular disparities in the human brain. J Neurosci 28(44):11315–11327. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2728-08.2008
56. Prince SJD, Pointon AD, Cumming BG, Parker AJ (2002) Quantitative analysis of the responses of V1 neurons to horizontal disparity in dynamic random-dot stereograms. J Neurophysiol 87(1):191–208
57. Read JCA, Phillipson GP, Serrano-Pedraza I, Milner AD, Parker AJ (2010) Stereoscopic vision in the absence of the lateral occipital cortex. PLoS ONE 5(9):e12608. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012608
58. Rees G, Howseman A, Josephs O, Frith CD, Friston KJ, Frackowiak RS, Turner R (1997) Characterizing the relationship between BOLD contrast and regional cerebral blood flow measurements by varying the stimulus presentation rate. NeuroImage 6(4):270–278. doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0300
59. Rees G, Kreiman G, Koch C (2002) Neural correlates of consciousness in humans. Nat Rev Neurosci 3(4):261–270. doi:10.1038/nrn783
60. Shikata E, Tanaka Y, Nakamura H, Taira M, Sakata H (1996) Selectivity of the parietal visual neurones in 3D orientation of surface of stereoscopic stimuli. NeuroReport 7:2389–2394
61. Skrandies W (2009) Assessment of depth perception using psychophysical thresholds and stereoscopically evoked brain activity. Doc Ophthalmol 119(3):209–216. doi:10.1007/s10633-009-9202-9
62. Smith AT, Wall MB (2008) Sensitivity of human visual cortical areas to the stereoscopic depth of a moving stimulus. J Vis 8:1–12. doi:10.1167/8.10.1.Introduction
63. Taira M, Nose I, Inoue K, Tsutsui K (2001) Cortical areas related to attention to 3D surface structures based on shading: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 14(5):959–966. doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0895
64. Tanabe S, Doi T, Umeda K, Fujita I (2005) Disparity-tuning characteristics of neuronal responses to dynamic random-dot stereograms in macaque visual area V4. J Neurophysiol 94(4):2683–2699. doi:10.1152/jn.00319.2005
65. Thiyagesh SN, Farrow TFD, Parks RW, Accosta-Mesa H, Young C, Wilkinson ID, Hunter MD, Woodruff PWR (2009) The neural basis of visuospatial perception in Alzheimer’s disease and healthy elderly comparison subjects: an fMRI study. Psychiatry Res 172(2):109–116. doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.11.002
66. Toronov VY, Zhang X, Webb AG (2007) A spatial and temporal comparison of hemodynamic signals measured using optical and functional magnetic resonance imaging during activation in the human primary visual cortex. NeuroImage 34(3):1136–1148. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.08.048
67. Tsao DY, Vanduffel W, Sasaki Y, Fize D, Knutsen TA, Mandeville JB, Wald LL, Dale AM, Tootell RBH (2003) Stereopsis activates V3A and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans. Neuron 39(3):555–568. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00459-8
68. Tyler CW, Likova LT, Kontsevich LL, Wade AR (2006) The specificity of cortical region KO to depth structure. NeuroImage 30(1):228–238. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.09.067
69. Uka T, DeAngelis GC (2004) Contribution of area MT to stereoscopic depth perception: choice-related response modulations reflect task strategy. Neuron 42(2):297–310. doi:10.1016/S0896-6273(04)00186-2
70. Villringer A, Planck J, Hock C, Schleinkofer L, Dirnagl U (1993) Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS): a new tool to study hemodynamic changes during activation of brain function in human adults. Neurosci Lett 154(1–2):101–104. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8361619
71. Ward LM, Aitchison RT, Tawse M, Simmers AJ, Shahani U (2015) Reduced haemodynamic response in the ageing visual cortex measured by absolute fNIRS. PLoS ONE 10(4):e0125012. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125012
72. Watanabe Y, Kezuka T, Harasawa K, Usui M, Yaguchi H, Shioiri S (2008) A new method for assessing motion-in-depth perception in strabismic patients. Br J Ophthalmol 92(1):47–50. doi:10.1136/bjo.2007.117507
73. Welchman AE, Deubelius A, Conrad V, Bülthoff HH, Kourtzi Z (2005) 3D shape perception from combined depth cues in human visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 8(6):820–827. doi:10.1038/nn1461
74. Wijeakumar S (2011) Exploring neuro-vascular responses in the brain to visual stimulation. Dissertation, Glasgow Caledonian University
75. Wijeakumar S, Shahani U, McCulloch DL, Simpson WA (2012a) Neural and vascular responses to fused binocular stimuli: a VEP and fNIRS study. Investig Opthalmol Vis Sci 53(9):5881–5889. doi:10.1167/iovs.12-10399
76. Wijeakumar S, Shahani U, Simpson WA, McCulloch DL (2012b) Localization of hemodynamic responses to simple visual stimulation: an fNIRS study. Investig Opthalmol Vis Sci 53(4):2266–2273. doi:10.1167/iovs.11-8680
77. Wilcox RR (2005) Introduction to robust estimation and hypothesis testing. Technometrics, vol 47, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Waltham. doi:10.1198/tech.2005.s334