Stereoscopic processing of absolute and relative disparity in human visual cortex

Journal of Neurophysiology

Volumn 92, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 1880-1891

  Neri, Peter ^a,c,d   Bridge, Holly ^b   Heeger, David J ^a,e  

^a STANFORD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e NEW YORK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSYCHOPHYSICS; STEREOSCOPIC VISION; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISUAL CORTEX; VISUAL STIMULATION;

DEPTH PERCEPTION; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHOTIC STIMULATION; VISION DISPARITY; VISUAL CORTEX;

EID: 4143070397     PISSN: 00223077     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1152/jn.01042.2003     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Backus BT. Stereoscopic vision: what's the first step? (Dispatch). Curr BM 10: R701-R703, 2000.
2. Backus BT, Fleet DJ, Parker AJ, and Heeger DJ. Human cortical activity correlates with stereoscopic depth perception. J Neurophysiol 86: 2054-2068, 2001.
3. Badcock C and Schor C. Depth-increment detection functions for individual spatial channels. J Opt Soc Am A 2: 1211-1216, 1985.
4. Barlow HB, Blakemore C, and Pettigrew JD. The neural mechanism of binocular depth discrimination. J Physiol 193: 327-342, 1967.
5. Blakemore CB. The range and scope of binocular depth discrimination. J Physiol 211: 599-622, 1970.
6. Braddick OJ and Atkinson J. Some recent findings on the development of human binocularity: a review. Behav Brain Res 10: 141-150, 1983.
7. Brefczynski JA and DeYoe EA. A physiological correlate of the 'spotlight' of visual attention. Nature Neurosci 2: 370-374, 1999.
8. Burkhalter A and Van Essen DC. Processing of color, form and disparity information in visual areas VP and V2 of ventral extrastriate cortex in the macaque monkey. J Neurosci 6: 2327-2351, 1986.
9. Cormack LK, Stevenson SB, and Schor CM. Disparity-tuned channels of the human visual system. Vis Neurosci 10: 585-596, 1993.
10. Cumming BG. Stereopsis: where depth is seen. Curr Biol 12: R93-R95, 2002.
11. Cumming BG and Parker AJ. Responses of primary visual cortical neurons to binocular disparity without depth perception. Nature 389: 280-283, 1997.
12. Cumming BG and Parker AJ. Binocular neurons in V1 of awake monkeys are selective for absolute, not relative, disparity. J Neurosci 19: 5602-5618, 1999.
13. Cumming BG and Parker AJ. Local disparity not perceived depth is signaled by binocular neurons in cortical area V1 of the macaque. J Neurosci 20: 4758-4767, 2000.
14. DeAngelis GC, Cumming BG, and Newsome WT. Cortical area MT and the perception of stereoscopic depth. Nature 394: 677-680, 1998.
15. DeAngelis GC and Newsome WT. Organization of disparity-selective neurons in macaque area MT. J Neurosci 19: 1398-1415, 1999.
16. DeYoe EA, Carman GJ, Bandettini P, Glickman S, Wieser J, Cox R, Miller D, and Neitz J. Mapping striate and extrastriate visual areas in human cerebral cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93: 2382-2386, 1996.
17. Efron B and Tibishirani R. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall, 1993.
18. Engel SA and Furmanski CS. Selective adaptation to color contrast in human primary visual cortex. J Neurosci 21: 3949-3954, 2001.
19. Engel SA, Glover GH, and Wandelt BA. Retinotopic organization in human visual cortex and the spatial precision of functional MRI. Cereb Cortex 1: 181-192, 1997.
20. Engel SA, Rumelhart DE, Wandell BA, Lee AT, Glover GH, Chichilnisky EJ, and Shadlen MN. fMRI of human visual cortex. Nature 369: 525, 1994.
21. Erkelens CJ and Collewijn H. Motion perception during dichoptic viewing of moving random-dot stereograms. Vision Res 25: 583-588, 1985.
22. Felleman DJ and Van Essen DC. Receptive field properties of neurons in area V3 of macaque monkey extrastriate cortex. J Neurophysiol 57: 889-920, 1987.
23. Ferraina S, Pare M, and Wurtz RII. Disparity sensitivity of frontal eye field neurons. J Neurophysiol 83: 625-629, 2000.
24. Fiorentini A and Maffei L. Electrophysiological evidence for binocular disparity detectors in human visual system. Science 169: 208-209, 1970.
25. Fize D, Vanduffel W, Nelisson K, Denys K, Chef d'Hotel C, Faugeras O, and Orban GA. The retinotopic organization of primate dorsal V4 and surrounding areas: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study in awake monkeys. J Neurosci 23: 7395-7406, 2003.
26. Gandhi SP, Heeger DJ, and Boynton GM. Spatial attention affects brain activity in human primary visual cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 3314-3319, 1999.
27. Gilaie Dotan S, Ullman S, Kushnir T, and Malach R. Shape-selective stereo processing in human object-related visual areas. Hum Brain Map 15: 67-79, 2002.
28. Glover GH. Simple analytic spiral K-space algorithm. Magn Reson Med 42: 412-415, 1999.
29. Glover GH and Lai S. Self-navigated spiral fMRI: interleaved versus single-shot. Magn Reson Med 39: 361-368, 1998.
30. Gnadt J and Mays L. Neurons in monkey parietal area lip are tuned for eye-movement parameters in three-dimensional space. J Neurophysiol 73: 280-297, 1995.
31. Goodale MA and Milner AD. Separate visual pathways for perception and action. Trends Neurosci 15: 20-25, 1992.
32. Grill-Spector K, Kushnir T, Edelman S, Avidan-Carmel G, Itzchak Y, and Malach R. Differential processing of objects under various viewing conditions in the human lateral occipital complex. Neuron 24: 187-203, 1999.
33. Grill-Spector K and Malach R. fMR-adaptation: a tool for studying the functional properties of human cortical neurons. Acta Psychologica 107: 293-321, 2001.
34. Gulyas B and Roland PE. Binocular disparity discrimination in human cerebral cortex: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 1239-1243, 1994.
35. Hadjikhani N, Liu AK, Dale AM, Cavanagh P, and Tootell RB. Retinotopy and color sensitivity in human visual cortical area V8. Nat Neurosci 1: 235-241, 1998.
36. Heeger DJ, Boynton GM, Demb JB, Seidemann E, and Newsome WT. Motion opponency in visual cortex. J Neurosci 19: 7162-7174, 1999.
37. Hinkle D and Connor C. Disparity tuning in macaque area V4. Neuroreport 12: 365-369, 2000.
38. Howard IP and Rogers BJ. Binocular Vision and Stereopsis. New York: Oxford, 1995.
39. Huk AC, Dougherty RT, and Heeger DJ. Retinotopy and functional subdivision of human areas MT and MST. J Neurosci 22: 7195-7205, 2002.
40. Huk AC and Heeger DJ. Task-related modulation of visual cortex. J Neurophysiol 83: 3525-3536, 2000.
41. Huk AC and Heeger DJ. Pattern-motion responses in human visual cortex. Nat Neurosci 5: 72-75, 2002.
42. Huk AC, Ress D, and Heeger DJ. Neuronal basis of the motion aftereffect reconsidered. Neuron 32: 161-172, 2001.
43. Janssen P, Vogels R, Liu Y, and Orban GA. At least at the level of inferior temporal cortex, the stereo correspondence problem is solved. Neuron 37: 693-701, 2003.
44. Janssen P, Vogels R, and Orban GA. Selectivity for 3D shape that reveals distinct areas within macaque inferior temporal cortex. Science 288: 2054-2056, 2000.
45. Julesz B. Foundations of Cyclopean Perception. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press, 1971.
46. Kastner S, Pinsk MA, De Weerd P, Desimone R, and Ungerleider LG. Increased activity in human visual cortex during directed attention in the absence of visual stimulation. Neuron 22: 751-761, 1999.
47. Kourtzi Z and Kanwisher N. Representation of perceived object shape by the human lateral occipital complex. Science 293: 1506-1509, 2001.
48. Kwee IL, Fujii Y, Matsuzawa H, and Nakada T. Perceptual processing of Stereopsis in humans: high-field (3.0-tesla) functional MRI study. Neurology 53: 1599-1601, 1999.
49. Lehmann D and Julesz B. Lateralized cortical potentials evoked in humans by dynamic random-dot stereograms. Vision Res 18: 1265-1271, 1978.
50. Marr D. Vision. New York: Freeman, 1985.
51. Martinez A, Anllo-Vento L, Sereno MI, Frank LR, Buxton RB, Dubowitz DJ, Wong EC, Hinrichs H, Heinze HJ, and Hillyard SA. Involvement of striate and extrastriate visual cortical areas in spatial attention. Nat Neurosci 2: 364-369, 1999.
52. Maunsell JH and Van Essen DC. Functional properties of neurons in middle temporal visual area of the macaque monkey. II. Binocular interactions and sensitivity to binocular disparity. J Neurophysiol 49: 1148-1167, 1983.
53. McKee S, Levi D, and Bowne S. The imprecision of Stereopsis. Vision Res 30: 1763-1779, 1990.
54. Nakadomari S, Kitahara K, Kamada Y, Yoshida S, Kaito M, and Miyauchi S. The cuneus plays an important role in stereoscopic vision: a neuropsychological and fMRI study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci Abstr 40: S819, 1999.
55. Neri P, Parker AJ, and Blakemore C. Probing the human stereoscopic system with reverse correlation. Nature 401: 695-698, 1999.
56. Nestares O and Heeger DJ. Robust multiresolution alignment of MRI brain volumes. Magn Reson Med 43: 705-715, 2000.
57. Nguyenkim JD and DeAngelis GC. Disparity-based coding of three-dimensional surface orientation in macaque middle temporal neurons. J Neurosci 23: 7117-7128, 2003.
58. Nikara T, Bishop PO, and Pettigrew JD. Analysis of retinal correspondence by studying receptive fields of binocular single units in cat striate cortex. Exp Brain Res 6: 353-372, 1968.
59. Norcia AM, Sutler EE, and Tyler CW. Electrophysiological evidence for the existence of coarse and fine disparity mechanisms in human. Vision Res 25: 1603-1611, 1985.
60. Norcia AM and Tyler CW. Temporal frequency limits for stereoscopic apparent motion processes. Vision Res 24: 395-401, 1984.
61. Parker AJ and Cumming BG. Cortical mechanisms of binocular stereoscopic vision. In: Progress in Brain Research 134: 205-216, 2001.
62. Parker AJ, Cumming BG, and Dodd JV. Binocular neurons and the perception of depth. In: The Cognitive Neurosciences, edited by Gazzaniga M. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000, p. 263-278.
63. Pettigrew JD, Nikara T, and Bishop PO. Binocular interaction on single units in cat striate cortex: simultaneous stimulation by single moving slit with receptive fields in correspondence. Exp Brain Res 6: 391-410, 1968.
64. Poggio GF, Gonzalez F, and Krause F. Stereoscopic mechanisms in monkey visual cortex: binocular correlation and disparity selectivity. J Neurosci 8: 4531-4550, 1988.
65. Press WA, Brewer AA, Dougherty RF, Wade AR, and Wandell BA. Visual areas and spatial summation in human visual cortex. Vision Res 41: 1321-1332, 2001.
66. Prince SJD, Cumming BG, and Parker AJ. Range and mechanism of encoding in horizontal disparity in macaque V1. J Neurophysiol 87: 209-221, 2002a.
67. Prince SJD, Pointon AJ, Cumming BG, and Parker AJ. The prediction of single neuron responses in cortical area V1 during stereoscopic depth judgements. J Neurosci 20: 3387-3400, 2000.
68. Prince SJD, Pointon AJ, Cumming BG, and Parker AJ. Quantitative analysis of the responses of V1 neurons to horizontal disparity in random dot stereograms. J Neurophysiol 87: 191-208, 2002b.
69. Ptito A, Zatorre RJ, Petrides M, Frey S, Alivisatos B, and Evans AC. Localization and lateralization of stereoscopic processing in the human brain. Neuroreport 4: 1155-1158, 1993.
70. Regan D, Erkelens CJ, and Collewijn H. Necessary conditions for the perception of motion-in-depth. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sd 27 :584-597, 1986.
71. Regan D and Spekreijse H. EIectrophysiological correlate of binocular depth perception in man. Nature 255: 92-94, 1970.
72. Ress D, Backus BT, and Heeger DJ. Activity in primary visual cortex predicts performance in a visual detection task. Nat Neurosci 3: 940-945, 2000.
73. Roy JP, Komatsu H, and Wurtz RH. Disparity sensitivity of neurons in monkey extrastriate area MST. J Neurosci 12: 2478-2492, 1992.
74. Rutschmann R and Greenlee M. Human cortical areas responding to disparity: an fMRI study. Perception 28(suppl): 134, 1999.
75. Sereno MI, Dale AM, Reppas JB, Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Brady TJ, Rosen BR, and Tootell RBH. Borders of multiple human visual areas in humans revealed by functional MRI. Science 268: 889-893, 1995.
76. Shikata E, Tanaka Y, Nakamura H, Taira M, and Sakata H. Selectivity of the parietal visual neurons in 3D orientation of surface of stereoscopic stimuli. Neuroreport 1: 2389-2394, 1996.
77. Siderov J and Harwerth R. Stereopsis, spatial frequency and retinal eccentricity. Vision Res 35: 2329-2337, 1995.
78. Smith AM, Lewis BK, Ruttimann UE, Ye FQ, Sinnwell TM, Yang Y, Duyn JH, and Frank JA. Investigation of low frequency drift in fMRI signal. Neuroimage 9: 526-533, 1999.
79. Stevenson SB, Cormack LK, Schor CM, and Tyler CW. Disparity tuning in mechanisms of human stereopsis. Vision Res 32: 1685-1694, 1992.
80. Taira M, Tsutsui KI, Jiang M, Yara K, and Sakata H. Parietal neurons represent surface orientation from the gradient of binocular disparity. J Neurophysiol 83: 3140-3146, 2000.
81. Teo P, Sapiro G, and Wandelt BA. Creating connected representations of cortical gray matter for functional MRI visualization. IEEE Med Trans 16: 852-863, 1998.
82. Thomas OM, Cumming BG, and Parker AJ. A specialization for relative disparity in V2. Nature Neurosci 5: 472-478, 2002.
83. Tootell RB, Hadjikhani N, Hall EK, Marrett S, Vanduffel W, Vaughan DT, and Dale AM. The retinotopy of visual spatial attention. Neuron 21: 1409-1422, 1998.
84. Tootell RB, Reppas JB, Kwong KK, Malach R, Born RT, Brady TJ, Rosen BR, and Belliveau JW. Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosci 15: 3215-3240, 1995.
85. Tsao DY, Vanduffel W, and Sasaki Y. Stereopsis activates V3A and caudal intraparietal areas in macaques and humans. Neuron 39: 555-568, 2003.
86. Tyler CW. A stereoscopic view of visual processing streams. Vision Res 30: 1877-1895, 1990.
87. Uka T and DeAngelis GC. MT neurons do not signal relative disparity. J Vision 2: 37a, 2002.
88. Wade AR, Brewer AA, Rieger JW, and Wandell BA. Functional measurements of human ventral occipital cortex: retinotopy and colour. Phil Trans Roy Soc B Land 257: 963-973, 2002.
89. Wandell BA, Chial S, and Backus BT. Visualization and measurement of the cortical surface. J Cogn Neurosci 12: 739-752, 2000.
90. Wandell BA and Wade AR. Functional imaging of the visual pathways. Neural Clin North Am 21: 417-443, 2003.
91. Watanabe M, Tanaka H, Uka T, and Fujita I. Disparity-selective neurons in area V4 of macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol 87: 1960-1973, 2002.
92. Westheimer G. Cooperative neural processes involved in stereoscopic acuity. Exp Brain Res 36: 585-597, 1979.
93. Wheatstone C. Contributions to the physiology of vision: part the first. On some remarkable, and hitherto unobserved, phenomena of binocular vision. Phil Trans Roy Soc B Lond 128: 371-394, 1838.
94. Zeki S and Bartels A. The clinical and functional measurement of cortical (in-) activity in the visual brain, with special reference to the two subdivisions (V4 and V4α) of the human colour center. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond B 354: 1371-1382, 1999.
95. Zeki S, Watson JC, Lueck CJ, Fristen KJ, Kennard D, and Frackowiak RS. A direct demonstration of functional specialization in human visual cortex. J Neurosci 11: 641-549, 1991.