REVIEW: Strategic management of livestock to improve biodiversity conservation in African savannahs: A conceptual basis for wildlife-livestock coexistence

Journal of Applied Ecology

Volumn 53, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 388-397

  Fynn, Richard W S ^a   Augustine, David J ^b   Peel, Michael J S ^c   de Garine Wichatitsky, Michel ^d,e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA   (Botswana)

^b AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^c AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

^d CIRAD   (France)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE   (Zimbabwe)

Author keywords

African savanna; Disease management; Ecosystem engineering; Ecosystem services; Functional heterogeneity; Herbivore coexistence; Pastoralism; Protected areas; Resource partitioning; Wildlife livestock interactions

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; COEXISTENCE; CONFLICT MANAGEMENT; DISEASE CONTROL; ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERING; ECOSYSTEM SERVICE; HABITAT FRAGMENTATION; HABITAT STRUCTURE; HERBIVORE; HETEROGENEITY; LIVESTOCK FARMING; NICHE PARTITIONING; PASTORALISM; PROTECTED AREA; SAVANNA; STRATEGIC APPROACH; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

AFRICA;

EID: 84958972056     PISSN: 00218901     EISSN: 13652664     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12591     Document Type: Review

References (86)

1. Andersson, J.A. & Cumming, D.H.M. (2013) Boundary formation and TFCAs in Southern Africa. Transfrontier Conservation Areas: People Living on the Edge (eds J.A. Andersson, M. de Garine-wichatitsky, D.H.M. Cumming, V. Dzingirai & K.E. Giller), pp. 25-61. Earthscan Publications, London.
2. Andersson, J.A., de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Cumming, D.H.M., Dzingirai, V. & Giller, K.E. (2013) Transfrontier Conservation Areas: People Living on the Edge. Earthscan Publications, London.
3. Arnold, S.G., Anderson, T.M. & Holdo, R.M. (2014) Edaphic, nutritive, and species assemblage differences between hotspots and matrix vegetation: two African case studies. Biotropica, 46, 387-394.
4. Arsenault, R. & Owen-Smith, N. (2008) Resource partitioning by grass height among grazing ungulates does not follow body size relation. Oikos, 117, 1711-1717.
5. Augustine, D.J. (2010) Response of native ungulates to drought in semi-arid Kenyan rangeland. African Journal of Ecology, 48, 1009-1020.
6. Augustine, D.J. & McNaughton, S.J. (2006) Interactive effects of ungulate herbivores, soil fertility, and variable rainfall on ecosystem processes in a semi-arid savanna. Ecosystems, 9, 1242-1256.
7. Augustine, D.J. & Springer, T.L. (2013) Competition and facilitation between a native and a domestic herbivore: trade-offs between forage quantity and quality. Ecological Applications, 23, 850-863.
8. Augustine, D.J., Veblen, K.E., Goheen, J.R., Riginos, C. & Young, T.P. (2011) Pathways for positive cattle - wildlife interactions in semiarid rangelands. Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes: Kenya's Ewaso Ecosystem (ed. N.J. Georgiadis), pp. 55-72. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, DC.
9. Baudron, F., Corbeels, M., Andersson, J.A., Sibanda, M. & Giller, K.E. (2011) Delineating the drivers of waning wildlife habitat: the predominance of cotton farming on the fringe of protected areas in the Mid-Zambezi Valley, Zimbabwe. Biological Conservation, 144, 1481-1493.
10. Bell, R.H.V. (1970) The use of the herb layer by grazing ungulates in the Serengeti. Animal Populations in Relation to their Food Resources (ed. A. Watson), pp. 111-124. Blackwell, Oxford.
11. Bengis, R.G., Kock, R.A. & Fischer, J. (2002) Infectious animal disease: the wildlife livestock interface. OIE Revue Scientifique et Technique, 21, 53-65.
12. Bhola, N., Ogutu, J.O., Piepho, H., Said, M.Y., Reid, R.S., Hobbs, N.T. & Olff, H. (2012) Comparative changes in density and demography of large herbivores in the Masai-Mara and its surrounding human-dominated pastoral ranches in Kenya. Biodiversity and Conservation, 21, 1509-1530.
13. Bourn, D. & Blench, R. (eds) (1999) Can Livestock and Wildlife Co-Exist?: An Interdisciplinary Approach: Livestock, Wildlife and People in the Semi-Arid Rangeland of Eastern Africa. Overseas Development Institute, London.
14. Child, B.A. (2014) Parks in transition: adapting to a changing world. Oryx, 48, 469-470.
15. Codron, D., Brink, J.S., Rossouw, L., Clauss, M., Codron, J., Lee-Thorp, J.A. & Sponheimer, M. (2008) Functional differentiation of African grazing ruminants: an example of specialized adaptations to very small changes in diet. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 94, 755-764.
16. Coppolillo, P., Kashiaja, L., Moyer, D. & Knapp, E. (2003) Technical report on water availability in the Ruaha river and the state of the Usangu Game Reserve, November 2003. WWF/WCS.
17. Craigie, I., Baillie, J., Balmford, A., Carbone, C., Collen, B., Green, R. & Hutton, J. (2010) Large mammal population declines in Africa's protected areas. Biological Conservation, 143, 2221-2228.
18. Cromsigt, J.P.G.M. & te Beest, M. (2014) Restoration of a megaherbivore: landscape-level impacts of white rhinoceros in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Journal of Ecology, 102, 566-575.
19. Cumming, D., Dzingirai, V. & de Garine-Wichatitsky, M. (2013) Land-and natural resource-based livehood opportunities in TFCAs. Transfrontier Conservation Areas: People Living on the Edge (eds J.A. Andersson, M. de Garine-Wichatitsky, D.H.M. Cumming, V. Dzingirai & K.E. Giller), pp. 163-191. Earthscan Publications, London.
20. Derner, J.D., Detling, J.K. & Antolin, M.F. (2006) Are livestock weight gains affected by black-tailed prairie dogs? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 4, 459-464.
21. Engel, S., Pagiola, S. & Wunder, S. (2008) Designing payments for environmental services in theory and practice: an overview of the issues. Ecological Economics, 65, 663-674.
22. Everett, P., Perrin, M. & Rowe Rowe, D. (1991) Responses by oribi to different range management practices in natal. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 21, 114-118.
23. Frank, L. (2011) Living with lions: lessons from laikipia. Conserving Wildlife in African Landscapes: Kenya's Ewaso Ecosystem (ed. N. Georgiadis), pp. 73-84. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, Washington, DC.
24. Fritz, H., de Garine-Wichatitsky, M. & Letessier, G. (1996) Habitat use by sympatric wild and domestic herbivores in an African savanna woodland: the influence of cattle spatial behaviour. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33, 589-598.
25. Fryxell, J.M., Wilmshurst, J.F., Sinclair, A.R.E., Haydon, D.T., Holt, R.D. & Abrams, P.A. (2005) Landscape scale, heterogeneity, and the viability of Serengeti grazers. Ecology Letters, 8, 328-335.
26. Fuhlendorf, S.D., Engle, D.M., Kerby, J. & Hamilton, R. (2009) Pyric herbivory: rewilding landscapes through the recoupling of fire and grazing. Conservation Biology, 23, 588-598.
27. Fynn, R.W.S. (2012) Functional resource heterogeneity increases livestock and rangeland productivity. Rangeland Ecology and Management, 65, 319-329.
28. Fynn, R.W.S. & Bonyongo, M.C. (2011) Functional conservation areas and the future of Africa's wildlife. African Journal of Ecology, 49, 175-188.
29. Fynn, R.W.S., Murray-Hudson, M., Dhliwayo, M. & Scholte, P. (2015) African wetlands and their seasonal use by wild and domestic herbivores. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 23, 559-581.
30. de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Caron, A., Kock, R.A., Tschopp, R., Munyeme, M., Hofmeyr, M. & Michel, A. (2013a) A review of bovine tuberculosis at the wildlife-livestock-human interface in sub-Saharan Africa. Epidemiology and Infection, 141, 1342-1356.
31. de Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Fritz, H., Chaminuka, P., Caron, A., Pfukenyi, D., Matema, C., Jori, F. & Murwira, A. (2013b) Consequences of animals crossing the edges of Transfrontier Parks. Transfrontier Conservation Areas: People Living on the Edge (eds J.A. Andersson, M. de Garine-Wichatitsky, D.H.M. Cumming, V. Dzingirai & K.E. Giller), pp. 137-162. Earthscan Publications, London.
32. Georgiadis, N.J., Olwero, N.J.G., Ojwang, G. & Romanach, S.S. (2007) Savanna herbivore dynamics in a livestock-dominated landscape: I. Dependence on land use, rainfall, density, and time. Biological Conservation, 137, 461-472.
33. Grobler, J.H. (1981) Feeding behaviour of sable Hippotragus niger niger (Harris, 1838) in the Rhodes Matopos National Park, Zimbabwe. South African Journal of Zoology, 16, 15-58.
34. Harris, G., Thirgood, S., Hopcraft, J.G.C., Cromsigt, J.P.G.M. & Berger, J. (2009) Global decline in aggregated migrations of large terrestrial mammals. Endangered Species Research, 7, 55-76.
35. Haveman, C.P. (2014) Population dynamics and foraging ecology of roan antelope in northern Botswana. MSc thesis, University of Pretoria.
36. Hensman, M.C., Owen-smith, N., Parrini, F. & Bonyongo, M. (2013) Home range occupation and habitat use of sable antelope in the Okavango Delta region of northern Botswana. African Journal of Ecology, 52, 237-245.
37. Hobbs, N.T., Galvin, K.A., Stokes, C.J., Lackett, J.M., Ash, A.J., Boone, R.B., Reid, R.S. & Thornton, P.K. (2008) Fragmentation of rangelands: implications for humans, animals, and landscapes. Global Environmental Change, 18, 776-785.
38. Homewood, K. (2008) Ecology of African Pastoral Societies. James Currey, Oxford.
39. Homewood, K. & Thompson, D.M. (2010) Social and economic challenges for conservation in East African rangelands: land use, livelihoods and wildlife change in Maasailand. Wild Rangelands (eds J.T. Du Toit, R. Kock & J.C. Deutsch), pp. 340-366. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
40. Hopcraft, J.G.C., Olff, H. & Sinclair, A.R.E. (2010) Herbivores, resources and risks: alternating regulation along primary environmental gradients in savannas. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 25, 119-128.
41. Illius, A.W. & Gordon, I.J. (1987) The allometry of food intake in grazing ruminants. Journal of Animal Ecology, 56, 989-999.
42. Jarman, P.J. (1974) The social-organization of antelope in relation to their ecology. Behaviour, 48, 215-267.
43. Jori, F., Caron, A., Thompson, P., Dwarka, R., Foggin, C., Garine-Wichatitsky, M., Hofmeyr, M., Van Heerden, J. & Heath, L. (2014) Characteristics of foot-and-mouth disease viral strains circulating at the wildlife/livestock interface of the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. doi:10.1111/tbed.12231.
44. Jungius, J. (1971) Studies on the food and feeding behaviour of the reedbuck Redunca arundinum Boddaert, 1785 in the Kruger National Park. Koedoe, 14, 65-97.
45. Kartzinel, T.R., Chen, P.A., Coverdale, T.C., Erickson, D.L., Kress, W.J., Kuzmina, M.L., Rubenstein, D.I., Wang, W. & Pringle, R.M. (2015) DNA metabarcoding illuminates dietary niche partitioning by African large herbivores. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112, 8019-8024.
46. Kassa, B., Libois, R. & Sinsin, B. (2007) Diet and food preference of the waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) in the Pendjari National Park, Benin. African Journal of Ecology, 46, 303-310.
47. Kissui, B.M. (2008) Livestock predation by lions, leopards, spotted hyenas, and their vulnerability to retaliatory killing in the Maasai steppe, Tanzania. Animal Conservation, 11, 422-432.
48. Kock, R.A., Kebkiba, B., Hienonen, R. & Bedane, B. (2002) Wildlife and pastoral society-Shifting paradigms in disease control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 969, 24-33.
49. Lewis, D.M. (1995) Importance of GIS to community-based management of wildlife: lessons from Zambia. Ecological Applications, 5, 861-871.
50. Michel, A. & Bengis, R.G. (2012) The African buffalo: a villain for inter-species spread of infectious diseases in southern Africa. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 79, 453, 5 pages. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ojvr.v79i2.453.
51. Michel, A.L., Bengis, R.G., Keet, D.F., Hofmeyr, M., de Klerk, L.M., Cross, P.C. et al. (2006) Wildlife tuberculosis in South African conservation areas: implications and challenges. Veterinary Microbiology, 112, 91-100.
52. Muchiru, A.N., Western, D.J. & Reid, R.S. (2008) The role of abandoned pastoral settlements in the dynamics of African large herbivore communities. Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 940-952.
53. Murray, M.G. & Illius, A.W. (2000) Vegetation modification and resource competition in grazing ungulates. Oikos, 89, 501-508.
54. Neumann, R.P. (2001) Africa's 'last wilderness': reordering space for political and economic control in colonial Tanzania. Africa, 71, 641-665.
55. Norton-Griffiths, M. & Said, M.Y. (2010) The future for wildlife on Kenya's rangelands: an economic perspective. Wild Rangelands (eds J.T. du Toit, R. Kock & J.C. Deutsch), pp. 367-392. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
56. Odadi, W., Okeyo-Owuor, J. & Young, T.P. (2009) Behavioral responses of cattle to shared foraging with wild herbivores in an East African rangeland. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 116, 120-125.
57. Odadi, W.O., Karachi, M.K., Abdulrazak, S.A. & Young, T.P. (2011) African wild ungulates compete with or facilitate cattle depending on season. Science, 333, 1753-1755.
58. Ogutu, J.O. & Owen-Smith, N. (2003) ENSO, rainfall and temperature influences on extreme population declines among African savanna ungulates. Ecology Letters, 6, 412-419.
59. Ogutu, J.O., Piepho, H.P., Dublin, H.T., Bhola, N. & Reid, R.S. (2009) Dynamics of Mara-Serengeti ungulates in relation to land use changes. Journal of Zoology, 278, 1-14.
60. Owen-Smith, N. (2002) Adaptive Herbivore Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
61. Owen-Smith, N. (2004) Functional heterogeneity in resources within landscapes and herbivore population dynamics. Landscape Ecology, 19, 761-771.
62. Pamo, E.T. (1998) Herders and wildgame behavior as a strategy against desertification in northern Cameroon. Journal of Arid Environments, 39, 179-190.
63. Parrini, F. & Owen-Smith, N. (2009) The importance of post-fire regrowth for sable antelope in a southern African savanna. African Journal of Ecology, 48, 526-534.
64. Porensky, L.M. & Veblen, K.E. (2015) Generation of ecosystem hotspots using short-term cattle corrals in an African savanna. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 68, 131-141.
65. Reid, R.S., Nkedianye, D., Said, M.Y., Kaelo, D., Neselle, M., Makui, O. et al. (2009) Evolution of models to support community and policy action with science: balancing pastoral livelihoods and wildlife conservation in savannas of East Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. www.pnas.org_cgi_doi_10.1073_pnas.0900313106.
66. Schuette, J.R., Leslie, D.M., Lochmiller, R.L. & Jenks, A.J. (1998) Diets of hartebeest and roan antelope in Burkina Faso: support of the long-faced hypothesis. Journal of Mammalogy, 79, 426-436.
67. Serneels, S., Said, M.Y. & Lambin, E.F. (2001) Land cover changes around a major east African wildlife reserve: the Mara Ecosystem (Kenya). International Journal of Remote Sensing, 22, 3397-3420.
68. Shamhart, J., King, F. & Proffitt, K.M. (2012) Effects of a rest-rotation grazing system on wintering elk distributions at Wall Creek, Montana. Rangeland Ecology & Management, 65, 129-136.
69. Sinclair, A.R.E. & Arcese, P. (1995) Population consequences of predation-sensitive foraging: the Serengeti wildebeest. Ecology, 76, 882-891.
70. Smithers, R.H.N. (1983) The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
71. Smuts, G. (1978) Interrelations between predators, prey, and their environment. BioScience, 28, 316-320.
72. Steuer, P., Südekum, K.-H., Tütken, T., Müller, D.W.H., Kaandorp, J., Bucher, M., Clauss, M. & Hummel, J. (2014) Does body mass convey a digestive advantage for large herbivores? Functional Ecology, 28, 1127-1134.
73. Thomson, G.R., Penrith, M.-L., Atkinson, M.W., Thalwitzer, S., Mancuso, A., Atkinson, S.J. & Osofsky, S.A. (2013) International trade standards for commodities and products derived from animals: the need for a system that integrates food safety and animal disease risk management. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 60, 507-515.
74. Tinley, K.L. (1977) Framework of the Gorongosa Ecosystem. PhD thesis, University of Pretoria.
75. Valeix, M., Fritz, H., Sabatier, R., Murindagomo, F., Cumming, D. & Duncan, P. (2011) Elephant-induced structural changes in the vegetation and habitat selection by large herbivores in an African savanna. Biological Conservation, 144, 902-912.
76. Verweij, R.J.T., Verrelst, J., Loth, P.E., Heitkonig, I.M.A. & Brunsting, A.M.H. (2006) Grazing lawns contribute to the subsistence of mesoherbivores on dystrophic savannas. Oikos, 114, 108-116.
77. Vesey-FitzGerald, D.F. (1960) Grazing succession among East African game animals. Journal of Mammalogy, 41, 161-172.
78. Victurine, R. & Curtin, C. (2010) Financial incentives for rangeland conservation: addressing the "show-us-the-money" challenge. Wild Rangelands (eds J.T. du Toit, R. Kock & J.C. Deutsch), pp. 152-187. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
79. Waldram, M.S., Bond, W.J. & Stock, W.D. (2008) Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: white rhino impacts on a South African savanna. Ecosystems, 11, 101-112.
80. West, P., Igoe, J. & Brockington, D. (2006) Parks and peoples: the social impact of protected areas. Annual Review of Anthropology, 35, 251-277.
81. Western, D.J. (1973) The Structure, Dynamics and Changes of the Amboseli Ecosystem. PhD thesis, University of Nairobi.
82. Western, D.J. & Gichohi, H. (1993) Segregation effects and the impoverishment of savanna parks: the case for ecosystem viability analysis. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 269-281.
83. Western, D., Groom, R. & Worden, J. (2009) The impact of subdivision and sedentarization of pastoral lands on wildlife in an African savanna ecosystem. Biological Conservation, 142, 2538-2546.
84. Wilmshurst, J.F., Fryxell, J.M. & Bergman, C.M. (2000) The allometry of patch selection in ruminants. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 267, 345-349.
85. Young, T.P., Palmer, T.M. & Gadd, M.E. (2005) Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in Laikipia, Kenya. Biological Conservation, 122, 351-359.
86. Zinsstag, J., Schelling, E., Roth, F., Bonfoh, B., de Savigny, D. & Tanner, M. (2007) Human benefits of animal interventions for zoonosis control. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 13, 527-531.