Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short-rotation coppice

Biogeosciences

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 95-113

  Sabbatini, S ^a   Arriga, N ^b   Bertolini, T ^c   Castaldi, S ^c   Chiti, T ^a   Consalvo, C ^a   Njakou Djomo, S ^d,e   Gioli, B ^f   Matteucci, G ^g   Papale, D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TUSCIA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF ANTWERP   (Belgium)

^c SECOND UNIVERSITY OF NAPLES   (Italy)

^d HASSELT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^e AARHUS UNIVERSITY   (Denmark)

^f INSTITUTE OF BIOMETEOROLOGY   (Italy)

^g CNR   (Italy)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARABLE LAND; BIOENERGY; BIOMASS; CARBON DIOXIDE; COPPICE; CROP ROTATION; EDDY COVARIANCE; FOSSIL FUEL; GREENHOUSE GAS; LAND USE CHANGE; METHANE; NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE; PLANTATION FORESTRY; SOIL ORGANIC MATTER;

TRITICUM AESTIVUM;

EID: 84958729711     PISSN: 17264170     EISSN: 17264189     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5194/bg-13-95-2016     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abbasi, T., Abbasi, S. A. : Biomass energy and the environmental impacts associated with its production and utilization, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 14, 919-937, 2010.
2. Allard, V., Soussana, J. F., Falcimagne, R., Berbigier, P., Bonnefond, J. M., Ceschia, E., D'hour, P., Hénault, C., Laville, P., Martin, C., Pinarès-Patino, C. : The role of grazing management for the net biome productivity and greenhouse gas budget (CO2, N2O and CH4/of semi-natural grassland, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 47-58, 2007.
3. Alternative Fuels Data Center: Fuel properties comparison, available at: http://www. afdc. energy. gov/fuels/fuel-comparison-chart. pdf (last access: 10 March 2015), 2014.
4. Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., Davis, S. C., Masters, M. D., Delucia, E. H. : Changes in soil organic carbon under biofuel crops, Glob. Change Biol., 1, 75-96, doi:10. 1111/j. 1757-1707. 2008. 01001. x, 2009.
5. Anthoni, P., Freibauer, A., Kolle, O., Schulze, E. :Winter wheat carbon exchange in Thuringia, Germany, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 121, 55-67, 2004.
6. Arevalo, C., Bhatti, J. S., Chang, S. X., Sidders, D. : Land use change effects on ecosystem carbon balance: from agricultural to hybrid poplar plantation. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 141, 342-349, 2011.
7. Aubinet, M., Grelle, A., Ibrom, A., Rannik, Ü., Moncrieff, J., Foken, T., Kowalski, A. S., Martin, P. H., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Clement, R., Elbers, J., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Morgenstern, K., Pilegaard, K., Rebmann, C., Snijders, W., Valentini, R., Vesala, T. : Estimates of the annual net carbon and water exchange of forests: the EUROFLUX methodology, Adv Ecol Res, 30, 113-175, 2000.
8. Aubinet, M., Moureaux, C., Bodson, B., Dufranne, D., Heinesch, B., Suleau, M., Dufranne, D., Heinesch, B., Suleau, M., Vancutsem, F., Vilret, A. : Carbon sequestration by a crop over a 4-year sugar beet/winter wheat/seed potato/winter wheat rotation cycle, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 407-418, 2009.
9. Aubinet, M., Vesala, T., Papale, D. (Eds. ): Eddy covariance: a practical guide to measurement and data analysis, Springer, New York, USA, 438 pp., 2012.
10. Baldocchi, D., Detto, M., Sonnentag, O., Verfaillie, J., Teh, Y. A., Silver, W., Kelly, N. M. : The challenges of measuring methane fluxes and concentrations over a peatland pasture, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 153, 177-187, 2012.
11. Barber, A. : Seven case study farms: total energy & carbon indicators for New Zealand arable & outdoor vegetable production, AgriLINK New Zealand Ltd, 288 pp., 2004.
12. Bechis, S., Marangon, F. : Analisi delle emissioni di CO2 nelle diverse fonti energetiche, report, Department of Economy, Agricultural, Forest and Environmental Engineering, University of Turin, Italy, 38 pp., 2011.
13. Blasi, C. : Carta del fitoclima del Lazio. Regionalizzazione e caratterizzazione climatica, map, Regione Lazio, Assessorato Agricoltura e Foreste, Caccia e Pesca, Usi civici. Sapienza University, Dept of Vegetal Biology, Rome, 1993.
14. Boone, R. D., Grigal, D. F., Sollins, P., Ahrens, R. J., Armstring, D. E. : Soil sampling, preparation, archiving, and quality control, in: Standard Soil methods for Long-term Ecological Research, edited by: Robertson, G. P., Coleman, D. C., Bledsoe, C. S., Sollins, P., Oxford University Press, New York, 3-28, 1999.
15. Boundy, B., Diegel, S. W., Wright, S. W. L., Davis, S. C. : Biomass energy data book: edition 4. Report #ORNL/TM-2011/446 by the Oak Ridge National Laboratory for the Office of the Biomass Program, US Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 2011.
16. Byrne, K. A., Kiely, G., Leahy, P. : Carbon sequestration determined using farm scale carbon balance and eddy covariance, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 357-364, 2007.
17. Budsberg, E., Rastogi, M., Puettmann, M. E., Caputo, J., Balogh, S., Volk, T. A., Gustafson, R., Johnson, L. : Life-cycle assessment for the production of bioethanol from willow biomass crops via biochemical conversion, Forest Prod. J., 62, 305-313, 2012.
18. Camp, C. R. : Subsurface drip irrigation: a review, Transactions of the ASAE, 41, 1353-1367, 1998.
19. Caputo, J., Balogh, S. B., Volk, T. A., Johnson, L., Puettmann, M., Lippke, B., Oneil, E. : Incorporating uncertainty into a life cycle assessment (LCA) model of short-rotation willow biomass (Salix spp. ) crops, BioEnerg. Res., 7, 48-59, 2014.
20. Castaldi, S., Aragosa, D. : Factors influencing nitrification and denitrification variability in a natural and fire-disturbed Mediterranean shrubland, Biol. Fert. Soils, 36, 418-425, 2002.
21. Castaldi, S., Carfora, A., Fiorentino, A., Natale, A., Messere, A., Miglietta, F., Cotrufo, M. F. : Inhibition of net nitrification activity in a Mediterranean woodland: possible role of chemicals produced by Arbutus unedo, Plant Soil, 315, 273-283, 2009.
22. Castaldi, S., Bertolini, T., Valente, A., Chiti, T., Valentini, R. : Nitrous oxide emissions from soil of an African rain forest in Ghana, Biogeosciences, 10, 4179-4187, doi::10. 5194/bg-10-4179-2013, 2013.
23. Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Dejoux, J. F., Aubinet, M., Bernhofer, C., Bodson, B., Buchmann, N., Carrara, A., Cellier, P., Di Tommasi, P., Elbers, J. A., Eugster, W., Grünwald, T., Jacobs, C. M. J., Jans, W. W. P., Jones, M., Kutsch, W., Lanigan, G., Magliulo, E., Marloie, O., Moors, E. J., Moureaux, C., Olioso, A., Osborne, B., Sanz, M. J., Saunders, M., Smith, P., Soegaard, H., Wattenbach, M. : Management effects on net ecosystem carbon and GHG budgets at European crop sites, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 363-383, 2010.
24. Cherubini, F., Bird, N. D., Cowie, A., Jungmeier, G., Schlamadinger, B., Woess-Gallasch, S. : Energy-and greenhouse gas-based LCA of biofuel and bioenergy systems: Key issues, ranges and recommendations, Resour. Conserv. Recy, 53, 434-447, 2009.
25. Chesworth,W. : Encyclopedia of soil science. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series, Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands, 902 pp., 2008.
26. Conen, F., Yakutin, V., Sambuu, A. D. : Potential for detecting changes in soil organic carbon concentrations resulting from climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 1515-1520, 2003
27. Crutzen, P. J., Mosier, A. R., Smith, K. A., Winiwarter, W. : N2O release from agro-biofuel production negates global warming reduction by replacing fossil fuels, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 389-395, doi:10. 5194/acp-8-389-2008, 2008.
28. Davis, S. C., Anderson-Teixeira, K. J., DeLucia, E. H. : Lifecycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels, Trends Plant. Sci., 14, 140-146, 2009.
29. Dengel, S., Levy, P. E., Grace, J., Jones, S. K., Skiba, U. M. : Methane emissions from sheep pasture, measured with an openpath eddy covariance system, Glob. Change Biol., 17, 3524-3533, 2011.
30. Deckmyn, G., Muys, B., Garcia Quijano, J., Ceulemans, R. : Carbon sequestration following afforestation of agricultural soils: comparing oak/beech forest to short-rotation poplar coppice combining a process and a carbon accounting model, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1482-1491, 2004.
31. Dillen, S. Y., Djomo, S. N., Al Afas, N., Vanbeveren, S., Ceulemans, R. : Biomass yield and energy balance of a short-rotation poplar coppice with multiple clones on degraded land during 16 years, Biomass Bioenerg., 56, 157-165, 2013.
32. Djomo, S. N., El Kasmioui, O., Ceulemans, R. : Energy and greenhouse gas balance of bioenergy production from poplar and willow: a review, Glob. Change Biol., 3, 181-197, doi:10. 1111/j. 1757-1707. 2010. 01073. x, 2011.
33. Djomo, S. N., El Kasmioui, O., De Groote, T., Broeckx, L. S., Verlinden, M. S., Berhongaray, G., Fichot, R., Zona, D., Dillen, S. Y., King, J. S., Janssens, I. A., Ceulemans, R. : Energy and climate benefits of bioelectricity from low-input short rotation woody crops on agricultural land over a two-year rotation, Appl Energ, 111, 862-870, 2013.
34. Don, A., Osborne, B., Hastings, A., Skiba, U., Carter, M. S., Drewer, J., Flessa, H., Freibauer, A., Hyvönen, N., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G. J., Mander, Ü., Monti, A., Djomo, S. N., Valentine, J., Walter, K., Zegada-Lizarazu, W., Zenone, T. : Land-use change to bioenergy production in Europe: implications for the greenhouse gas balance and soil carbon, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 372-391, 2012.
35. Dong, H., Mangino, J., McAllister, T. A. : Emissions from livestock and manure management, in: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Prepared by the National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Programme edited by: Eggleston, H. S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., Tanabe, K., Hayama, Japan, 10. 1-10. 89., 2006.
36. Dougherty, T. C., Hall, A. W. : Environmental impact assessment of irrigation and drainage projects, Irrigation and Drainage Paper 53, FAO, Rome, 74, 1995.
37. Edwards, R., Larivé, J. F., Mahieu, V., Rouveirolles, P. :Well-towheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context, Tank-to-Wake Report Version 2c, EUCAR, CONCAWE, & JRC, Ispra, Italy, 182 pp., 2007.
38. El Kasmioui, O., Ceulemans, R. : Financial analysis of the cultivation of poplar and willow for bioenergy, Biomass Bioenerg., 43, 52-64, 2012.
39. El Kasmioui, O., Ceulemans, R. : Financial Analysis of the Cultivation of Short RotationWoody Crops for Bioenergy in Belgium: Barriers and Opportunities, BioEnerg. Res., 6, 336-350, 2013.
40. European Commission: Renewable energy road map-renewable energies in the 21st century: building a more sustainable future, COM(2006) 848 final, Brussels, Belgium, 20 pp., 2007.
41. European Commission: 2020 by 2020-Europe's climate change opportunity. COM(2008) 30, Brussels, Belgium, 12 pp., 2008.
42. European Commission: Directive 2009/28/Ec Of The European Parliament And Of The Council of 23 April 2009, The promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources and amending and subsequently repealing, Directives 2001/77/EC and 2003/30/EC Official Journal of the European Union, L 140/16-62, EU, Brussels, Belgium, 2009.
43. Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., Hawthorne, P. : Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt, Science, 319, 1235-1238, 2008.
44. Fisher, R. : The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance, T. Rse. Earth, 52, 399-433, 1919.
45. Foken, T. : Micrometeorology, edited by: Nappo C. J., Springer Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, Germany, 308 pp., 2008.
46. Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., Van Dorland, R. : Changes in Atmospheric Constituents and in Radiative Forcing, in: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, edited by: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen. Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M., Miller, H. L., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 129-234, 2007.
47. Gash, J. H. C., Culf, A. D. : Applying a linear detrend to eddy correlation data in realtime, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 79, 301-306, 1996.
48. Gauder, M., Butterbach-Bahl, K., Graeff-Hönninger, S., Claupein, W., Wiegel, R. : Soil-derived trace gas fluxes from different energy crops-results from a field experiment in Southwest Germany, Glob. Change Biol., 4, 289-301, 2012.
49. Gelfand, I., Zenone, T., Jasrotia, P., Chen, J., Hamilton, S. K., Robertson, G. P. : Carbon debt of Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) grasslands converted to bioenergy production, P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 108, 13864-13869, 2011.
50. Gielen, B., De Vos, B., Campioli, M., Neirynck, J., Papale, D., Verstraeten, A., Ceulemans, R., Janssens, I. A. : Biometric and eddy covariance-based assessment of decadal carbon sequestration of a temperate Scots pine forest, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 174, 135-143, 2013.
51. Gilmanov, T. G., Soussana, J. F., Aires, L., Allard, V., Ammann, C., Balzarolo, M., Barcza, Z., Bernhofer, C., Campbell, C. L., Cernusca, A., Cescatti, A., Clifton-Brown, J., Dirks, B. O. M., Dore, S., Eugster, W., Fuhrer, J., Gimeno, C., Gruenwald, T., Haszpra, L., Hensen, A., Ibrom, A., Jacobs, A. F. G., Jones, M. B., Lanigan, G., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Manca, G., Marcolla, B., Nagy, Z., Pilegaard, K., Pinter, K., Pio, C., Raschi, A., Rogiers, N., Sanz, M. J., Stefani, P., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Valentini, R., Williams, M. L., Wohlfahrt, G. : Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 93-120, 2007.
52. Goodman, L. A. : On the exact variance of products, J. Am. Stat. Assoc., 55, 708-713, 1960.
53. Grigal, D. F., Berguson, W. E. : Soil carbon changes associated with short-rotation systems, Biomass Bioenerg., 14, 371-377, 1998.
54. Gundersen, P., Christiansen, J. R., Alberti, G., Brüggemann, N., Castaldi, S., Gasche, R., Kitzler, B., Klemedtsson, L., Lobo-do-Vale, R., Moldan, F., Rütting, T., Schleppi, P., Weslien, P., Zechmeister-Boltenstern, S. : The response of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes to forest change in Europe, Biogeosciences, 9, 3999-4012, doi:10. 5194/bg-9-3999-2012, 2012.
55. Hansen, E. : Soil carbon sequestration beneath hybrid poplar plantations in the north central United States, Biomass Bioenergy, 5, 431-436, 1993.
56. Ibrom, A., Dellwik, E, Flyvbjerg, H., Jensen, N. O., Pilegaard, K. : Strong low-pass filtering effects on water vapour flux measurements with closed-path eddy correlation systems, Agric. Forest Meteorol., 147, 140-156, 2007.
57. Italian Ministry of Interior: Bilancio energetico nazionale 2012, Dipartimento per l'energia, Direzione generale per la sicurezza dell'approvvigionamento e le infrastrutture energetiche, available at: http://dgerm. sviluppoeconomico. gov. it/dgerm/ben. asp, (last access: 25 February 2015), 2013.
58. IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, World Soil Resources Reports, 106, FAO, Rome, Italy, 181 pp., 2014.
59. Jassal, R. S., Black, T. A., Arevalo, C., Jones, H., Bhatti, J. S., Sidders, D. : Carbon sequestration and water use of a young hybrid poplar plantation in north-central Alberta, Biomass Bioenerg., 56, 323-333, 2013.
60. Jaoudé, R. A., Lagomarsino, A., De Angelis, P. : Impacts of nitrogen fertilisation and coppicing on total and heterotrophic soil CO2 efflux in a short rotation poplar plantation, Plant Soil, 339, 219-230, 2011.
61. Jungmeier, G., Spitzer, J. : Greenhouse gas emissions of bioenergy from agriculture compared to fossil energy for heat and electricity supply, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys., 60, 267-273, 2001.
62. Kandeler, E. : Nitrification during long term incubation, in: Methods in soil biology, edited by: Schinner, F., Kandeler, E., Ohlinger, R., Margesin, R., Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, USA, 149-151, 1996.
63. Laganiere, J., Angers, D. A., Pare, D. : Carbon accumulation in agricultural soils after afforestation: a meta-analysis. Glob. Change Biol., 16, 439-453, 2010.
64. Latium Region, Regional Direction of Agriculture and Rural Development, Hunting and Fishing: Rural Development Program of Latium 2007-2013, Reg. (CE) n. 1698/05, Rome, available at: http://www. agricoltura. regione. lazio. it/psr/programma/?vms=5&ref=Il-testo-integrale-psr, last access: 20 October 2015.
65. Liu, Y., Langer, V., Høgh-Jensen, H., Egelyng, H. : Life cycle assessment of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions in Chinese pear production, J. Clean. Prod., 18, 1423-1430, 2010.
66. Marble, S. C., Prior, S. A., Runion, G. B., Torbert, H. A., Gilliam, C. H., Fain, G. B., Sibley, J. L., Knight, P. R. : Trace gas emissions from nursery crop production using different fertilization methods, Acta Hortic., 1014, 401-405, 2013.
67. Mareschi, L. : Piantagioni da bioenergia: sostenibilita' produttiva ed ambientale di nuovi cloni ibridi di pioppo (Populus spp. ), Ph. D. thesis, University of Tuscia, Italy, 142 pp., 2008.
68. Martiniello, P. : Effects of irrigation and harvest management on dry-matter yield and seed yield of annual clovers grown in pure stand and in mixtures with graminaceous species in a Mediterranean environment, Grass. Forage. Sci., 54, 52-61, 1999.
69. Migliavacca, M., Meroni, M., Manca, G., Matteucci, G., Montagnani, L., Grassi, G., Zenone, T., Teobaldelli, M., Goded, I., Colombo, R., Seufert, G. : Seasonal and interannual patterns of carbon and water fluxes of a poplar plantation under peculiar eco-climatic conditions, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 149, 1460-1476, 2009.
70. Mikutta, R., Kleber, M., Kaiser, K., Jahn, R. : Review: Organic Matter Removal from Soils using Hydrogen Peroxide, Sodium Hypochlorite, and Disodium Peroxodisulfate, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 6, 120-135, 2005.
71. Mitchell, C. P., Stevens, E. A., Watters, M. P. : Short-rotation forestry-operations, productivity and costs based on experience gained in the UK, Forest Ecol. Manag., 121, 123-136, 1999.
72. Moncrieff, J. B., Massheder, J. M., De Bruin, H., Elbers, J., Friborg, T., Heusinkveld, B., Kabat, P., Scotta, S., Soegaard, H., Verhoef, A. : A system to measure surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, water vapour and carbon dioxide, J. Hydrol., 188, 589-611, 1997.
73. Nassi o Di Nasso, N., Guidi, W., Ragaglini, G., Tozzini, C., Bonari, E. : Biomass production and energy balance of a 12-yearold short-rotation coppice poplar stand under different cutting cycles, Glob. Change Biol., 2, 89-97, 2010.
74. Nassi o Di Nasso, N., Bosco, S., Di Bene, C., Coli, A., Mazzoncini, M., Bonari, E. : Energy efficiency in long-term Mediterranean cropping systems with different management intensities, Energy, 36, 1924-1930, 2011.
75. Osborne, B., Saunders, M., Walmsley, D., Jones, M., Smith, P. : Key questions and uncertainties associated with the assessment of the cropland greenhouse gas balance, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 293-301, 2010.
76. Pearson, K. : On the criterion that a given system of deviations from the probable in the case of a correlated system of variables is such that it can be reasonably supposed to have arisen from random sampling, The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science, 50, 157-175, 1900.
77. Papale, D., Reichstein, M., Aubinet, M., Canfora, E., Bernhofer, C., Kutsch, W., Longdoz, B., Rambal, S., Valentini, R., Vesala, T., Yakir, D. : Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeosciences, 3, 571-583, doi:10. 5194/bg-3-571-2006, 2006.
78. Paris, P., Mareschi, L., Sabatti, M., Pisanelli, A., Ecosse, A., Nardin, F., Scarascia-Mugnozza, G. : Comparing hybrid Populus clones for SRF across northern Italy after two biennial rotations: Survival, growth and yield, Biomass Bioenerg., 35, 1524-1532, 2011.
79. Pihlatie, M., Pumpanen, J., Rinne, J., Ilvesniemi, H., Simojoki, A., Hari, P., Vesala, T. : Gas concentration driven fluxes of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide in boreal forest soil, Tellus B, 59, 458-469, 2007.
80. Post, W., Kwon, K. : Soil carbon sequestration and land-use change: processes and potential, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 317-328, 2000.
81. Price, D., Orchansky, A., Jassal, R., Arevalo, C., Thomas, B. : Soil respiration in a hybrid poplar plantation located in central Alberta, Alberta Soil Science Workshop 2009, Edmonton, Alberta, CA, 2009.
82. Reichstein, M., Falge, E., Baldocchi, D., Papale, D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Buchmann, N., Gilmanov, T., Granier, A., Grünwald, T., Havránková, K., Ilvesniemi, H., Janous, D., Knohl, A., Laurila, T., Lohila, A., Loustau, D., Matteucci, G., Meyers, T., Miglietta, F., Ourcival, J. M., Pumpanen, J., Rambal, S., Rotenberg, E., Sanz, M., Tenhunen, J., Seufert, G., Vaccari, F., Vesala, T., Yakir, D., Valentini, R. : On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration, review and improved algorithm, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1424-1439, 2005.
83. Robertson, G. P., Paul, E. A., Harwood, R. R. : Greenhouse gases in intensive agriculture: contributions of individual gases to the radiative forcing of the atmosphere, Science, 289, 1922-1925, 2000.
84. Romano, D., Arcarese, C., Bernetti, A., Caputo, A., Cóndor, R. D., Contaldi, M., De Lauretis, R., Di Cristofaro, E., Gagna, A., Gonella, B., Lena, F., Liburdi, R., Taurino, E., Vitullo, M. : Italian Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2012, National Inventory Report 2014, ISPRA-Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Rome, 507 pp., 2014.
85. Saidur, R., Abdelaziz, E. A., Demirbas, A., Hossain, M. S., Mekhilef, S. : A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers, Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev., 15, 2262-2289, 2011.
86. Scholz, V., Ellerbrock, R. : The growth productivity, and environmental impact of the cultivation of energy crops on sandy soil in Germany, Biomass Bioenerg., 23, 81-92, 2002.
87. Smith, P., Lanigan, G., Kutsch, W. L., Buchmann, N., Eugster, W., Aubinet, M., Ceschia, E., Béziat, P., Yeluripati, J. B., Osborne, B., Moors, E. J., Brut, A., Wattenbach, M., Saunders, M., Jones, M. : Measurements necessary for assessing the net ecosystem carbon budget of croplands, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 139, 302-315, 2010.
88. Soussana, J. F., Allard, V., Pilegaard, K., Ambus, P., Amman, C., Campbell, C., Ceschia, E., Clifton-Brown, J., Czobel, S., Domingues, R., Flechard, C., Fuhrer, J., Hensen, A., Horvath, L., Jones, M., Kasper, G., Martin, C., Nagy, Z., Neftel, A., Raschi, A., Baronti, S., Rees, R. M., Skiba, U., Stefani, P., Manca, G., Sutton, M., Tuba, Z., Valentini, R. : Full accounting of the greenhouse gas (CO2, N2O, CH4) budget of nine European grassland sites, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ., 121, 121-134, 2007.
89. Soussana, J. F., Tallec, T., Blanfort, V. : Mitigating the greenhouse gas balance of ruminant production systems through carbon sequestration in grasslands, Animal, 4, 334-350, 2010.
90. Strauss, C. H., Grado, S. C. : Economics of producing Populus biomass for energy and fiber systems, in: Micropropagation, genetic engineering, molecular biology of Populus, edited by: Klopfenstein, N. B., Chun, Y. W., Kim, M.-S., Ahuja, M. R., USDA Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, 241-248, 1997.
91. Vickers, D., Mahrt, L. : Quality control and flux sampling problems for tower and aircraft data, J. Atmos. Ocean Tech., 14, 512-526, 1997.
92. Webb, E. K., Pearman, G. I., Leuning, R. : Correction of flux measurements for density effects due to heat and water vapour transfer, Q. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 106, 85-100, 1980.
93. Weslien, P., Kasimir Klemedtsson, Å., Börjesson, G., Klemedtsson, L. : Strong pH influence on N2O and CH4 fluxes from forested organic soils, Eur. J. Soil. Sci., 60, 311-320, 2009.
94. Wilczak, J. M., Oncley, S. P., Stage, S. A. : Sonic anemometer tilt correction algorithms, Bound.-Lay. Meteorol., 99, 127-150, 2001.
95. Wood, S. W., Cowie, A. : A review of greenhouse gas emission factors for fertiliser production, International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 38, 1-20, 2004.
96. Zhou, J., Zhang, Z., Sun, G., Fang, X., Zha, T., McNulty, S., Chen, J., Jin, Y., Noormets, A. : Response of ecosystem carbon fluxes to drought events in a poplar plantation in Northern China, Forest Ecol. Manag., 300, 33-42, 2013.
97. Zona, D., Janssens, I. A., Aubinet, M., Vicca, S., Gioli, B., Fichot, R., Ceulemans, R. : Fluxes of the greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4 and N2O) above a short-rotation poplar plantation after conversion from agricultural land, Agr. Forest Meteorol., 169, 100-110, 2013.