Degradation of Chlorinated Compounds

Biotechnology: Second Edition

Volumn 11, Issue , 2008, Pages 241-271

  Wischnak, Catrin ^a   Müller, Rudolf ^a  

^a HAMBURG UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENETIC ENGINEERING;

CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS;

BIOTECHNOLOGY;

EID: 84958675286     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9783527620951.ch10     Document Type: Chapter

References (157)

1. ABRAMOWICZ, D. A. (1990), Aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of PCBs: a review, Biotechnobgy 10, 241-251.
2. ADRIAN, L., MANZ, W., SZEWZYK, U., GÖRISCH, H. (1998), Physiological characterization of a bacterial consortium reductively dechlorinating 1,2,3-and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64,496-503.
3. ALEXANDER, M. (1973), Biotechnology report: Nonbiodegradable and other recalcitrant molecules, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 15, 611-647.
4. ALLARD, A. S., NEILSON, A. H. (1997), Bioremediation of organic waste sites: a critical review of microbiological aspects, Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad. 39, 253-285.
5. APAJALAHTI, J. H. A., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. S. (1986), Degradation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 25, 62-67.
6. APAJALAHTI, J. H. A., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. S. (1987), Dechlorination and para-hydroxylation of polychlorinated phenols by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus, J. Bacteriol. 169, 675-681.
7. ARMFIELD, S.J., SALLIS, P.J., BAKER, P.B., BULL, A.T., HARDMAN, D.J. (1995), Dehalogenation of haloalkanes by Rhodococcus erythropolis Y2, Biodegradation 6, 237-246.
8. BADER, R., LEISINGER, T. (1994), Isolation and characterization of the Melhylophilus sp. strain DM11 gene encoding dichloromethane dehalogenase/glutathione S-transferase, J. Bacteriol. 176, 3466-3473.
9. BALLERSTEDT, H., KRAUS, A., LECHNER, U. (1997), Reductive dechlorination of 1,2,3,4-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and its products by anaerobic mixed cultures from Saale river sediment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 1749-1753.
10. BARKOVSKII, A. L., ADRIAENS, P. (1996), Microbial dechlorination of historically present and freshly spiked chlorinated dioxins and diversity of dioxin-dechlorinating populations, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4556-4562.
11. BEDARD, D. L., QUENSEN III., J. F. (1995), Microbial reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls, in: Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (YOUNG, L.Y., CERNIGLIA, C.E., Eds.), pp. 127-216. New York: Wiley-Liss.
12. BEDARD, D. L., DORT, H. M. V. (1998), Complete reductive dehalogenation of brominated biphenyls by anaerobic microorganisms in sediment, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 940-947.
13. BENZET, H. J., MATSUMIIRA, F. (1973), Isomerization of γ-BHC to α-BHC in the environment, Nature (London) 243, 480-481.
14. BERENDES, F., SABARTH, N., AVERHOFF, B., GOTISCHALK, G. (1998), Construction and use of ipb DNA module to generate Pseudomonas strains with constitutive trichloroethene and isopropylbenzene oxidation activity, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 2454-2462.
15. BEURSKENS, J. E. M., TOUSSAINT, M., DE WOLF, J., VAN DER STEEN, J. M. D., SLOT, P. C. et al. (1995), Dechlorination of chlorinated dioxins by an anaerobic microbial consortium from sediment, Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14, 939-943.
16. BOUCHARD, B., BEAUDET, R., VILLEMUR, R., MCSWEEN, G., LEPINE, F., BISAILLON, J.-G. (1996), Isolation and characterization of Desulfitobacterium frupperi sp. nov., an anaerobic bacterium which reductively dechlorinates pentachlorophenol to 3-chlorophenol, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 46, 1010-1015.
17. BRUNNER, W., STAUB, D., LEISINGER, T. (1980), Bacterial degradation of dichloromethane, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 40, 950-958.
18. Bundesamt für Gesundheitswesen (1995), Fremdund Inhaltsstoffverordnung vom 26. Juni 1995, Schweiz, EDMZ, SR 817.021.23.
19. BÜNZ, P. V., COOK, A. M. (1993), Dibenzofuran 4,4α-dioxygenase from Sphingomonas sp. strain RW1: Angular dioxygenation by a three-component enzyme system, J. Bacteriol. 175, 6467-6475.
20. CASTRO, C. E. (1998), Environmental dehalogenation: Chemistry and mechanism, Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 155, l-67.
21. CHANG, B.-V., SU, C.-J., YUAN, S.-Y. (1998), Microbial hexachlorobenzene dechlorination under three reducing conditions, Chemosphere 63, 2721-2730.
22. CHAUDHRY, G. R., CHAPALAMADIJGU, S. (1991), Biodegradation of halogenated organic compounds, Microbiol. Rev. 55, 59-79.
23. CHRISTIANSEN, N., AHRING, B. K. (1996), Desulfitobacterium hafniense sp. nov., an anaerobic reductively dechlorinating bacterium, Int. J. Syst. Bacterid. 46, 1010-1015.
24. COLBY, J., STIRLING, D.I., DALTON, H. (1977), The soluble methane monooxygenase of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath), Biochem. J. 165, 395-402.
25. COLE, J. R., CASCARELLI, A. L., MOHN, W., TIEDJE, J. M. (1994), Isolation and characterization of a novel bacterium growing via reductive dehalogenation of 2-chlorophenol, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 3536-3542.
26. COMMANDEUR, L. C. M., MAY, R. J., MOKROSS, H., BEDARD, D. L., REINECKE, W. et al. (1996), Aerobic degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls by Alcaligenes sp. JB1: metabolites and enzymes, Biodegradation 7, 435-443.
27. COPLEY, S. D. (1997), Diverse mechanistic approaches to difficult chemical transformation: microbial dehalogenation of chlorinated aromatic compounds, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 4, 169-174.
28. CRAWFORD, R. L., MOHN, W. W. (1985), Microbiological removal of pentachlorophenol from soil using a Flavobacterium, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 7, 617-620.
29. DE VOOGT, P. (1996), Ecotoxicology of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Chlorinated Organic Micropollutants (HESTER, R. E., HARRISON, R. M., Eds.), pp. 89-112. Cambridge: The Royal Society of Chemistry.
30. DEO, P. G., KARANTH, N. G., KARANTH, N. G. K. (1994), Biodegradation of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in soil and food environment, Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 57-78.
31. DEWEERD, K. A., MANDELCO, L., TANNER, R. S., WOESE, C. R., SUFLITA, J.M. (1990), Desulfomonile tiedje gen. nov., a novel anaerobic, dehalogenating, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Arch. Microbiol. 154, 23-30.
32. DOLFING, J., TIEDJE, J. M. (1987), Growth yield increase linked to reductive dechlorination in a defined 3-chlorobenzoate degrading methanogenic co-culture, Arch. Microbiol. 149, 102-105.
33. DORN, E., HELLWIG, M., REINEKE, W., KNACKMUSS, H. J. (1974), Isolation and characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading pseudomonad, Arch. Microbiol. 99, 61-70.
34. EDERER, M. M., CRAWFORD, R. L., HERWIG, R. P., ORSER, C. S. (1997), PCP degradation is mediated by closely related strains of the genus Sphingornonas, Mol. Ecol. 6, 39-49.
35. 2, by anaerobic bacteria is a nonenzymic process, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 68, 207-212.
36. EL FANTROUSSI, S., NAVEAU, H., AGATHOS, S. N. (1998), Anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria, Biotechnol. Prog. 14, 167-188.
37. FETZNER, S., LINGENS, F. (1994), Bacterial dehalogenases: Biochemistry, genetics, and biotechnological applications, Microbiol. Rev. 58, 641-685.
38. FETZNER, S., MÜLLER, R., LINGENS, F. (1991), Purification and some properties of 2-halobenzoate 1,2-dioxygenase, a two-component enzyme system from Pseudomonas cepacia 2CBS, J. Bacteriol. 174, 279-290.
39. FOCHT, D.D. (1993), Microbial degradation of chlorinated biphenyls, in: Soil Biochemistry (BOLLAG, J.-M., STROTZKY, G., Eds.), pp. 341-407. New York: Marcel Dekker.
40. FURUKAWA, K., TONOMURA, K., KAMIBAYASHI, A. (1979), Metabolism of 2,4,4'-trichlorobiphenyl by Acinetobacter sp. P6, Agric. Biol. Chem. 43, 1577-1583.
41. GERRITSE, J., RENARD, V., PEDRO GOMES, T.M., LAWSON, P. A., COLLINS, M. D., GOTTSCHAL, J. C. (1996), Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PCE1, an anaerobic bacterium that can grow by reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene or orthochlorinated phenols, Arch. Microbiol. 165, 132-140.
42. Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker (GDCh), Beratergremium für umweltrelevante Altstoffe (1985-1998), BUA-Stoffberichte. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
43. GISI, D., WILLI, L., TRABER, H., LEISINGER, T., VUILLEUMIER, S. (1998), Effects of bacterial host and dichloromethane dehalogenase on the competiveness of methylotrophic bacteria growing with dichloromethane, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1194-1202.
44. 2O, J. Geophys. Res. 91, 3985-4001.
45. GOLOVLEVA, L.A., ZABORINA, O., PERTSOVA, R., BASKUNOV, B., SCHURUKHIN, Y., KUZMIN, S. (1992), Degradation of polychlorinated phenols by Streptomyces rochei 303, Biodegradation 2, 201-208.
46. GRIBBLE, G.W. (1992), Naturally occurrring organohalogen compounds - a survey, J. Nat. Prod. (Lloydia) 55, 1353-1395.
47. HÄGGBLOM, M. M. (1992), Microbial breakdown of halogenated aromatic pesticides and related compounds. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103, 29-72.
48. HÄGGBLOM, M. M., JANKE, D., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. M. (1989), Hydroxylation and dechlorination of tetrachlorohydroquinone by Rhodococcus sp. strain CP-2 cell extracts, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 516-519.
49. HÄGGBLOM, M.M., NOHYNEK, L.J., PALLERONI, N.J., KRONQVIST, K., NURMIAHO-LASSILA, E.L., et al. (1994), Transfer of polychlorophenol-degrading Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus (APAJALATHI et al., 1986) to the genus Mycobacterium as Mycobacterium chlorophenolicum comb. nov., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44, 485-493.
50. HÄGGBLOM, M. M., NOHYNEK, L.J., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M.S. (1988), Degradation and O-methylation of chlorinated phenolic compounds by Rhodococcus and Mycobacterium strains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54, 3043-3052.
51. HÄGGBLOM, M. M., RIVERA, M. D., YOUNG, L. Y. (1993), Influence of alternative electron acceptors on the anaerobic biodegradability of chlorinated phenols and benzoic acids, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1162-1167.
52. HÄGGBLOM, M. M., VALO, R. J. (1995), Bioremediation of chlorophenol wastes, in: Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (YOUNG, L.Y., CERNIGLIA, C.E., Eds.), pp. 389-434. New York: Wiley-Liss
53. HANCOCK, T.L. C., COSTELLO, A. M., LIDSTROM, M.E., ORMELAND, R.S. (1998), Strain IMB-1, a novel bacterium for the removal of methyl bromide in fumigated agricultural soils, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 2899-2905.
54. HANSON, R. S., HANSON, T. E. (1996), Methanotrophic bacteria, Microbiol. Rev. 60, 439-471.
55. HARAYAMA, S., KOK, M., NEIDLE, E. L. (1992), Functional and evolutionary relationships among diverse oxygenases, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 46, 565-601.
56. HARDMAN, D. J. (1991), Biotransformation of halogenated compounds, Crit. Rev. Biotechnol. 11, 1-40.
57. HARTMAN, J., REINEKE, W., KNACKMUSS, H.J. (1979), Metabolism of 3-chloro-4-chloro- and 3,5-dichlorobenzoate by a pseudomonad, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37, 421-428.
58. HARTMANS, S., JANSEN, M. W., VAN DER WERF, M. J., DE BONT, J. A. (1991), Bacterial metabolism of 3-chloroacrylic acid, J. Gen. Microbiol. 137, 2025-2032.
59. HINES, M.E., CRILL, P.M., VARNER, R.K., TALBOT, R.W., SHORTER et al. (1998), Rapid consumption of low concentrations of methyl bromide by soil bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1864-1870.
60. HOLLIGER, C., HAHN, D., HARMSEN, H., LUDWIG, W., SCHUMACHER, W. et al. (1998), Dehalobacter restrictus gen. nov. and sp. nov., a strictly anaerobic bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetra-and trichloroethene in an anaerobic respiration, Arch. Microbiol. 169, 313-321.
61. HOWARD, P.H. (1990), Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.
62. IUPAC (1989), Part II: Hydrocarbons C8 to C36. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
63. ANSSEN, D. B., SCHEPER, A., DIJKHUIZEN, L., WITHOLT, B. (1985), Degradation of halogenated aliphatic compounds by Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49, 673-677.
64. JANSSEN, D. B., PRIES, F., VAN DER PLOEG, J., KAZEMIER, B., TERPSTRA, P., WITHOLT, B. (1989), Cloning of 1,2-dichloroethane degradation genes of Xanthobacter autotrophicus GJ10 and expression and sequencing of the dhlA gene, J. Bacteriol. 171, 6791-6793.
65. JANSSEN, D.B., PRIES, F., VAN DER PLOEG, J.R. (1994), Genetics and biochemistry of dehalogenating enzymes, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 48, 163-191.
66. JOHNSON, T.L., FISH, W., GORBY, Y.A., TRATNYEK, P.G. (1998), Degradation of carbon tetrachloride by iron metal: Complexation effects on the oxide surface, J. Contam. Hydrol. 29, 379-398.
67. JOSHI, D. K., GOLD, M. H. (1993), Degradation of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol by the lignin-degrading basidiomycete Phanaerochaete chrysosporium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 1779-1785.
68. KARLSON, U., ROJO, F., VAN ELSAS, J. D., MOORE, E. (1995), Genetic and serological evidence for the recognation of four pentachlorophenol-degrading bacterial strains as a species of the genus Sphingomonas, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 18, 539-548.
69. KASAI, N., SUZUKI, T., FURUKAWA, Y. (1998), Chiral C3 epoxides and halohydrins: their preparation and synthetic application, J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzymat. 4, 237-252.
70. KASCHABEK, S. R., KASBERG, T., MÜLLER, D., MARS, A. E., JANSSEN, D. B., REINEKE, W. (1998), Degradation of chloroaromatics: Purification and characterization of a novel type of chlorocatechol 2,3-dioxygenase of Pseudomonas putida GJ31, J. Bacreriol. 180, 296-302.
71. KEUNING, S., JANSSEN, D. B., WITHOLT, B. (1985), Purification and characterization of hydrolytic haloalkane dehalogenase from Xunthobacter autotrophicus GJ10, J. Bacteriol. 163, 635-639.
72. KHINDARIA, A., GROVER, T. A., AUST, S. D. (1995), Reductive dehalogenation of aliphatic halocarbons by lignin peroxidase of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 719-725.
73. KOHLER-STAUB, B., HARTMANS, S., GÄLLI, R., SUTER, F., LEISINGER, T. (1986). Evidence for identical dichloromethane dehalogenases in different methylotrophic bacteria, J. Gen. Microbiol. 132, 2837-2843.
74. KOHLER-STAUB, D., LEISINGER, T. (1985), Dichloromethane dehalogenase of Hyphomicrobium sp. strain DM2, J. Bacteriol. 162, 676-681.
75. KREMER, S., STERNER, O., ANKE, H. (1992), Degradation of pentachlorophenol by Mycena avenacea TA 8480 - Identification of initial dechlorination metabolites, Z. Naturforsch. 47c, 561-566.
76. KRUMHOLZ, L. R., SHARP, R., FISHBAIN, S. S. (1996), A freshwater anaerobe coupling acetate oxidation to tetrachloroethylene dehalogenation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4108-4113.
77. LAINE, M. M., JØRGENSEN, K. S. (1996), Straw compost and bioremediated soil as inocula for the bioremediation of chlorophenol-contaminated soil, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 1507-1513.
78. LAINE, M. M., JØRGENSEN, K. S. (1997), Effective and safe composting of chlorophenol-contaminated soil in pilot scale, Environ. Sci. Technol. 31, 371-378.
79. LEISINGER, T. (1996), Biodegradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds, Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 7, 295-300.
80. LEISINGER, T., BADER, R. (1993), Microbial dehalogenation of synthetic organohalogen compounds: Hydrolytic dehalogenases, Chimia 47, 116-121.
81. LEUNG, K. T., CASSIDY, M. B., LEE, H., TREVORS, J. T., LOHMEIER-VOGEL, E. M., VOGEL, H. (1997), Pentachlorophenol biodegradation by Pseudomonas spp. UG25 and UG30. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13, 305-313.
82. CAM: Substrate binding and catalysis, Biochemistry 32, 9355-9361.
83. LIU, J. Q., KURIHARA, T., MIYAGI, M., ESAKI, N., SODA, K. (1995), Reaction mechanism of L-2-haloacid dehalogenase of Pseudomonas sp. YL, Biol. Chem. 270, 18309-18312.
84. LIU, J. Q., KURIHARA, T., ESAKI, N., SODA, K. (1994), Reconsideration of the essential role of a histidine residue of L-2-halo acid dehalogenase, J. Biochem. 116, 248-249.
85. LÖFFLER, F., MÜLLER, R., LINGENS, F. (1991), Dehalogenation of 4-chlorobcnzoate by 4-chlorobenzoate dehalogenase from Pseudomonas sp. CBS3: an ATP/coenzyme A dependent reaction, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 176, 1106-1111.
86. LÖFFLER, F. E., CHAMPINE, J. E., RITALAHTI, K. M., SPRAGUE, S. J., TIEDJE, J. M. (1997), Complete reductive dechlorination of 1,2-dichloropropane by anaerobic bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 2870-2875.
87. LONTOH, S., SEMRAU, J. D. (l998), Methane and trichloroethylene degradation by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b expressing particulate methane monooxygenase, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1106-1114.
88. MÄGLI, A., MESSMER, M., LEISINGER, T. (1998), Metabolism of dichloromethane by the strict anaerobe Dehalobacterium formicoaceticum, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 646-650.
89. MARKUS, A., KLAGES, U., KRAUSS, S., LINGENS, F. (1984), Oxidation and dehalogenation of 4-chlorophenylacetate by a two-component system from Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3, J. Bacteriol. 160, 618-621.
90. MARKUS, A., KREKEL, D., LINGENS, F. (1986), Purification and some properties of component A of the 4-chlorophenylacetatc 3,4-dioxygenase from a Pseudomonas species strain CBS, J. Bid. Chem. 261, 12883-12888.
91. MARS, A. E., PRINS, G. T., WIETZES, P., DE KONING, W., JANSSEN, D. B. (1998), Effect of trichloroethylene on the competitive behavior of toluene-degrading bacteria, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 208-215.
92. MAYMO-GATELL, X., CHIEN, Y., GOSSETT, J. M., ZINDER, S. H. (1997), Isolation of a bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to ethene, Science 276, 1568-1571.
93. MCALLISTER, K. A., LEE, H., TREVORS, J. T. (1996), Microbial degradation of pentachlorophenol, Biodegradation 7, l.
94. MESSMER, M., REINHARDT, S., WOHLFARTH, G., DIEKERT, G. (1996), Studies on methy chloride dehalogenase and O-demethylase in cell extracts of the homoacetogen strain MC based on a newly developed coupled enzyme assay, Arch. Microbiol. 165, 18-25.
95. MIDDELDORP, P. J. M. (1997), Microbial transformation of highly persistent chlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, Thesis, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands.
96. MIKESELL, M. D., BOYD, S. A. (1986), Complete reductive dechlorination and mineralization of pentachlorophenol by anaerobic microorganisms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52, 861-865.
97. MIYAUCHI, K., SUH, S. K., NAGATA, Y., TAKAGI, M. (1998), Cloning and sequencing of a 2,5-dichlorohydroquinone reductive dehydrogenase gene whose product is involved in dcgradation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane by Sphingomonus paucimobilis, J. Bacteriol. 180, 1354-1359.
98. MOHN, W.W., TIEDJE, J.M. (1990), Strain DCB-1 conserves energy for growth from reductive dechlorination coupled to formate oxidation, Arch. Microbiol. 153, 267-271.
99. MOHN, W. W., TIEDJE, J. M. (1992), Microbial reductive dehalogenation, Microbiol. Rev. 56, 482-507.
100. MONTZKA, S. A., BUTLER, J. H., MYERS, R. C. (1996), Decline in the tropospheric abundance of halogen from halocarbons: Implications for stratospheric ozone depletion, Science 272, 1318-1322.
101. MORAN, B. N., HICKEY, W. J. (1997), Trichloroethylene biodegradation by mesophilic and psychrophilic ammonia oxidizers and methanotrophs in groundwater microcosms, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 3866-3871.
102. MÖRSBERGER, F.-M., MÜLLER, R., OTIO, M. K., LINGENS, F., KULBE, K. D. (1991), Purification and characterization of 2-haloacid dehalogenase II from Pseudomonus spec. CBS3, Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 372, 915-922.
103. MÜLLER, R., LINGENS, F. (1986), Mikrobieller Abbau halogenierter Kohlenwasserstoffe: Ein Beitrag zur Lösung vieler Umweltprobleme, Angew. Chem. 98, 778-787.
104. NAGATA, Y., NARIYA, T., OHTOMO, R., FUKUDA, M., YANO, K., TAKAGI, M. (1993), Cloning and sequencing of a dehalogenase gene encoding an enzyme with hydrolase activity involved in the degradation of γ-hexachlorocyclohexane in Pseudomonas paucimobilis, J. Bacteriol. 175, 6403-6410.
105. NI, S., FREDRICKSON, J. K., XUN, L. (1995), Purification and characterization of a novel 3-chlorobenzoate-reductive dehalogenase from the cytoplasmic membrane of Desulfomonile tiedjei DCB-1, J. Bacteriol. 177, 5135-5139.
106. NOHYNEK, L. J., SUHONEN, E. L., NURMIAHO-LASSILA, E.-L., HANTULA, J., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. S. (1995), Description of four pentachlorophenoldegrading bacterial strains as Sphingomonas chlorophenolica sp. nov., Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 18, 527-538.
107. NOHYNEK, L.J., HÄGGBLOM, M.M., PALLERONI, N.J., KRONQVIST, K., NURMIAHO-LASSILA, E.-L., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. S. (1993), Characterization of a Mycobacterium fortuicum strain capable of degrading polychlorinated phenolic compounds. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 16, 126-134.
108. OLDENHUIS, R., VINK, R. L. J. M., JANSSEN, D. B., WITHOLT, B. (1989), Degradation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b expressing soluble methane monooxygenase, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55, 2810-2826.
109. ORSER, C. S., LANGE, C. C. (1994), Molecular analysis of pentachlorophenol degradation, Biodegradation 5, 277-288.
110. PERLINGER, J.A. (1994), Reduction of polyhalogenated alkanes by electron transfer mediators in aqueous solution, Thesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich.
111. PIEPER, D. H., REINEKE, W., ENGESSER, K. H., KNACKMUSS, H. J. (1988), Metabolism of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-chloro-2-methyl-phenoxyacetic acid and 2-methylphenoxyacetic acid by Alculigenes eutrophus JMP 134, Arch. Microbiol. 150, 95-102.
112. RADEHAUS, P. M., SCHMIDT, S.K. (1992), Characterization of a novel Pseudomonas sp. that mineralizes high concentrations of pentachlorophenol, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 2879-2885.
113. RASCHE, M. E., HICKS, R. E., HYMAN, M. R., ARP, D. J. (1990), Oxidation of monohalogenated ethanes and n-chlorinated alkanes by whole cells of Nitrosornonas europuea, J. Bacteriol. 172, 5368-5373.
114. REINEKE, W., KNACKMUSS, H. J. (1988), Microbial degradation of haloaromatics, Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 42, 263-287.
115. RESNIK, S. M., CHAPMAN, P. J. (1994), Physiological properties and substrate specifity of a pentachlorophenol degrading Pseudomonus species, Biodegradation 5, 47-54.
116. ROZEBOOM, H. J., KINGMA, J., JANSSEN, D. B., DIJKSTRA, B. W. (1988), Crystallization of haloalkane dehalogenase from Xunthobacter autotrophicus GJ10, J. Mol. Biol. 200, 611-612.
117. SAHU, S. K., PATNAIK, K. K., BHUYAN, S., SREEDHARAN, B., KURIHARA, N. et al. (1995), Mineralization of α-, γ- and β-isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane by a soil bacterium under aerobic conditions, J. Agric. Food Chem. 43, 833-837.
118. SANDER, P., WITTICH, R. M., FORTNAGEL, P., WILKES, H., FRANCKE, W. (1991), Degradation of 1,2,4-trichloro- and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene by Pseudomonas strains, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57, 1430-1440.
119. SANFORD, R. A., COLE, J. R., LÖFFLER, F. E., TIEDJE, J. M. (1996), Characterization of Desulfitobacterium chlororespiruns sp. now., which grows by coupling the oxidation of lactate to the reductive dechlorination of 3-chloro-4-hydroxybenzoate, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 3800-3808.
120. SCHENK, T., MÜLLER, R., MÖRSBERGER, F., OTTO, K., LINGENS, F. (1989), Enzymatic dehalogenation of pentachlorophenol by extracts from Arthrobacter sp. strain ATCC 33790, J. Bacteriol. 171, 5487-5491.
121. SCHNEIDER, B., MÜLLER, R., FRANK, R., LINGENS, F., (1993), Site-directed mutagenesis of the 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenase I gene from Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS3 and its effect on catalytic activity, Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 374, 489-496.
122. SCHNEIDER, B., MÜLLER, R., FRANK, R., LINGENS, F. (1991), Complete nucleotide sequences and comparison of the structural genes of two 2-haloalkanoic acid dehalogenases from Pseudomonas sp. CBS3, J. Bacteriol. 173, 1530-1535.
123. SCHOLTZ, R., SCHMUCKLE, A., COOK, A. M., LEISINGER, T. (1987), Degradation of eighteen 1-monohaloalkanes by Arthrobacter sp. strain HA 1, J. Gen. Microbiol. 133, 267-274.
124. SCHOLZ-MURAMATSU, H., NEUMANN, A., MESSMER, M., MOORE, E., DIEKERT, G. (1995), Isolation and characterization of Dehalospirillum multivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a tetrachloroethene-utilizing, strictly anaerobic bacterium, Arch. Microbiol. 163, 48-56.
125. SCHWARZE, R., BROKAMP, A., SCHMIDT, F. R. (1997), Isolation and characterization of dehalogenases from 2,2-dichloropropionate-degrading soil bacteria, Curr. Microbiol. 34, 103-109.
126. SEECH, A. G., MARVAN, I. J., TREVORS, J. T. (1994), On-site/ex-situ bioremediation of industrial soils containing chlorinated phenols and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Compounds (HINCHEE, A. L., Ed.), pp. 451-455. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.
127. SHARMA, P.K., MCCARTY, P.L. (1996), Isolation and characterization of a facultatively aerobic bacterium that reductively dehalogenates tetrachloroethene to cis-1,2-dichloroethene, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 761-765.
128. SIUDA, J.F., DEBERNARDIS, J.F. (1973), Naturally occurring halogenated organic compounds, Lloydia 36, 107-143.
129. SLATER, J. H., BULL, A. T., HARDMAN, D. (1995), Microbial dehalogenation, Biodegradation 6, 181-189.
130. SLATER, J. H., BULL, A. T., HARDMAN, D. J. (1997), Microbial dehalogenation of halogenated alkanoic acids, alcohols and alkanes, Adv. Microb. Physiol. 38, 133-176.
131. SLATER, J. H., LOVATT, D., WEIGHTMAN, A. J., SENIOR, E., BULL, A. T. (1979), The growth of Pseudomonus putida on chlorinated aliphatic acids and its dehalogenase activity, J. Gen. Microbiol. 114, 125-136.
132. 12,Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60, 4111-4115.
133. STUCKI, G., GÄLLI, R., EBERSOLD, H. R., LEISINGER, T. (1981), Dehalogenation of dichloromethane by cell extracts of Hyphomicrobium DM 2, Arch. Microbiol. 130, 366-371.
134. STUCKI, G., THÜER, M. (1995), Experiences of a largescale application of 1,2-dichloroethane degrading microorganism for groundwater treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2339-2345.
135. SUSARLA, S., YONEZAWA, Y., MASUNAGA, S. (1997), Reductive dehalogenation of chloroanilines in anaerobic estuarine sediment, Environ. Technol. 18, 75-83.
136. TAKADA, S., NAKAMURA, M., MATSUEDA, T., KONDO, R., SAKAI, K. (1996), Degradation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans by the white rot fungus Phanerochaete sordida YK-624, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4323-4328.
137. TANABE, S. (1988), PCB problems in the future: Foresight from current knowledge, Environ. Pollut. 50, 5-28.
138. UOTILA, J. S., KITUNEN, V. H., APAJALAHTI, J. H. A., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. S. (1992), Environmentdependent mechanism of dehalogenation by Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus PCP-1, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37, 408-412.
139. UOTILA, J. S., SALKINOJA-SALONEN, M. S., APAJALAHTI, J. H. A. (1991), Dechlorination of pentachlorophenol by membrane bound enzymes of Rhodococcus chlorophenolicus PCP-1, Biodegradation 2, 25-31.
140. UTKIN, I., WOESE, C., WIEGEL, J. (1994), Isolation and characterization of Desulfilobacterium dehalogenans gen. nov. sp., an anaerobic bacterium which reductively dechlorinates chlorophenolic compounds, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 44, 612-619.
141. VAND EN TWEEL, W. J. J., KOK, J. B., DE BONT, J. A. M. (1987), Reductive dechlorination of 2,4-dichlorobenzoate to 4-chlorobenzoate and hydrolytic dehalogenation of 4-chloro-4-bromo- and 4-iodobenzoate by Alcaligenes denitrificans NTB-1, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 810-815.
142. VAN DER MEER, J. R., DE VOS, W. M., HARAYAMA, S., ZEHNDER, A. J. B. (1992), Molecular mechanisms of genetic adaptation to xenobiotic compounds, Microbiol. Rev. 56, 677-694.
143. VANNELLI, T., STUDER, A., KERTESZ, M., LEISINGER, T. (1998), Chlormethane metabolism by Methylobacterium sp. strain CM4, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1933-1936.
144. VERSCHUEREN, K. H. G., SELJEE, F., ROZEBOOM, H. J., KALK K. H., DIJKSTRA, B. W. (1993), Crystallographic analysis of the catalytic mechanism of haloalkane dehalogenase, Nature 363, 693-698.
145. VOGEL, T. M., CRIDDLE, C. S., MCCARTY, P. L. (1987), Transformations of halogenated aliphatic compounds, Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 722-736.
146. VOGEL, T. M., MCCARTHY, P. L. (1985), Biotransformation of tetrachlorethylene to trichloroethylene, dichlorethylene, vinylchloride and carbon dioxide under methanogenic conditions, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49, 1080-1083.
147. WACKETT, L. P. (1995), Bacterial co-metabolism of halogenated organic compounds, in: Microbial Transformation and Degradation of Toxic Organic Chemicals (YOUNG, L. Y., CERNIGLIA, C. E., Eds.), pp. 217-241. New York: Wiley-Liss.
148. WILD, A., HERMANN, R., LEISINGER, T. (1996), Isolation of an anaerobic bacterium which reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene, Biodegradation 7, 507-511.
149. WILLERSHAUSEN, H. (1998), Sanierung des Geländes Dr. Freund, Sandhausen, in: Workshop: Abbau chlorierter Kohlenwasserstoffe (BRYNIOK, D., Ed.). Stuttgart: Fraunhofer IGB.
150. WISCHNAK, C., LÖFFLER, F. E., LI, J., URBANCE, J. W., MÜLLER, R. (1998), Pseudomonas sp. strain 273, an aerobic α,ω-dichloroalkane-degrading bacterium, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 3507-3511.
151. WITTICH, R.-M. (1998), Aerobic degradation by bacteria of dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, diphenyl ethers and their halogenated derivatives, in: Biodegradation of Dioxins and Furans (WITTICH, R.-M., Ed.), pp. 1-28. Austin, TX: Landes Bioscience.
152. WU, Q., SOWERS, K. R., MAY, H. D. (1998), Microbial reductive dechlorination of Aroclor 1260 in anaerobic slurries of estuarine sediments, Appl. Environ Microbiol. 64, 1052-1058.
153. XUN, L., ORSER, C. S. (1991), Purification and properties of pentachlorophenol hydroxylase, a flavoprotein from Flavohacterium sp. strain ATCC 39 723, J. Bacteriol. 173, 4447-4453.
154. XUN, L., TOPP, E., ORSER, C. S. (1992), Purification and characterization of a tetrachloro-p-hydroquinone reductive dehalogenase from a Flavobacterium sp., J. Bacteriol. 174, 8003-8007.
155. YOKOTA, T., OMORI, T., KODAMA, T. (1987), Purification and properties of haloalkane dehalogenase from Corynebacterium sp. strain m15-3, J. Bacteriol. 169, 4049-4054.
156. You, I. S., BARTHA, R. (1982), Metabolism of 3,4-dichloroaniline by Pseudomonas putida, J. Agric. Food Chem. 30, 276-277.
157. ZEYER, J., WASSERFALLEN, A., TIMMIS, K. N. (1985), Microbial mineralization of ring-substituted anilines through an ortho-cleavage pathway, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 50, 447-453.