Residential patterns in older homeless adults: Results of a cluster analysis

Social Science and Medicine

Volumn 153, Issue , 2016, Pages 131-140

  Lee, Christopher Thomas ^a,b   Guzman, David ^b   Ponath, Claudia ^b   Tieu, Lina ^b   Riley, Elise ^a   Kushel, Margot ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Ageing; Cluster analysis; Environmental health; Gender; Homelessness; Housing; Social support; United States

Indexed keywords

AGING POPULATION; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL RISK; GENDER; HEALTH STATUS; HOMELESSNESS; RENTAL SECTOR; SOCIAL HOUSING;

ADULT; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; COHABITING PERSON; FAMILY; FEMALE; FRIEND; HOMELESSNESS; HOUSING; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; LOGISTIC REGRESSION ANALYSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; RECALL; SOCIAL SUPPORT; STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; UNITED STATES; AGED; CALIFORNIA; HOMELESS PERSON; MIDDLE AGED; STATISTICAL MODEL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY;

CALIFORNIA; OAKLAND; UNITED STATES;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CALIFORNIA; CLUSTER ANALYSIS; FEMALE; HOMELESS PERSONS; HOUSING; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIAL SUPPORT;

EID: 84958238285     PISSN: 02779536     EISSN: 18735347     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.004     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adlaf E.M., Zdanowicz Y.M. A cluster-analytic study of substance problems and mental health among street youths. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1999, 25:639-660.
2. Ahrentzen S. Double indemnity or double delight? the health consequences of shared housing and "Doubling up". J. Soc. Issues 2003, 59:547-568.
3. Akaike H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. Selected Papers of Hirotugu Akaike 1998, 199-213. Springer, New York. E. Parzen, K. Tanabe, G. Kitagawa (Eds.).
4. Alameda Countywide Homeless Count and Survey 2013 Summary Findings & Policy Implicatons 2013, EveryOne Home, Hayward, CA.
5. Barrow S.M., Herman D.B., Cordova P., Struening E.L. Mortality among homeless shelter residents in New York City. Am. J. Public Health 1999, 89:529-534.
6. Bassuk E.L. Social and economic hardships of homeless and other poor women. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry 1993, 63:340-347.
7. Brown R.T., Kiely D.K., Bharel M., Mitchell S.L. Geriatric syndromes in older homeless adults. J. Gen. Intern Med. 2012, 27:16-22.
8. Browning C.R., Cagney K.A. Moving beyond poverty: neighborhood structure, social processes, and health. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2003, 44:552-571.
9. Brusco M., Köhn H.-F. Exemplar-based clustering via simulated annealing. Psychometrika 2009, 74:457-475.
10. Buhrich N., Hodder T., Teesson M. Prevalence of cognitive impairment among homeless people in inner Sydney. Psychiatr. Serv. 2000, 51:520-521.
11. Burnam M.A., Koegel P. Methodology for obtaining a representative sample of homeless persons: the Los Angeles skid row study. Eval. Rev. 1988, 12:117-152.
12. Burt M.R. Homelessness : Programs and the People They Serve : Findings of the National Survey of Homeless Assistance Providers and Clients : Summary 1999, United States. Interagency Council on the Homeless, Urban InstituteUrban Institute, U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC.
13. Calinski T., Harabasz J. A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Commun. Statistics 1974, 3:1-27.
14. Carson E.A. Prisoners in 2013 2014, U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Washington, D. C.
15. Crawley J., Kane D., Atkinson-Plato L., Hamilton M., Dobson K., Watson J. Needs of the hidden homeless - no longer hidden: a pilot study. Public Health 2013, 127:674-680.
16. Culhane D.P., Metraux S., Bainbridge J. The Age Structure of Contemporary Homelessness: Risk Period or Cohort Effect? 2010, Penn School of Social Policy and Practice Working Paper.
17. Current Statistics on the Prevalence and Characteristics of People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States 2011, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Washington, D.C.
18. Curtis M.A., Corman H., Noonan K., Reichman N.E. Life shocks and homelessness. Demography 2013, 50:2227-2253.
19. Danseco E.R., Holden E.W. Are there different types of homeless families? a typology of homeless families based on cluster analysis. Fam. Relat. 1998, 47:159-165.
20. DeVerteuil G. Homeless mobility, institutional settings, and the new poverty management. Environ. Plan. A 2003, 35:361-379.
21. Dietz T.L. Predictors of reported current and lifetime substance abuse problems among a national sample of U.S. homeless. Subst. Use Misuse 2007, 42:1745-1766.
22. Dunn J.R., Hayes M.V. Social inequality, population health, and housing: a study of two Vancouver neighborhoods. Soc. Sci. Med. 2000, 51:563-587.
23. Everitt B.S., Landau S., Leese M., Stahl D. Cluster Analysis 2011, Wiley, Chichester, United Kingdom.
24. Farrow J.A., Deisher R.W., Brown R., Kulig J.W., Kipke M.D. Health and health needs of homeless and runaway youth. A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. J. Adolesc. Health 1992, 13:717-726.
25. Fazel S., Geddes J.R., Kushel M. The health of homeless people in high-income countries: descriptive epidemiology, health consequences, and clinical and policy recommendations. Lancet 2014, 384:1529-1540.
26. Fischer P.J., Shapiro S., Breakey W.R., Anthony J.C., Kramer M. Mental health and social characteristics of the homeless: a survey of mission users. Am. J. Public Health 1986, 76:519-524.
27. Gaetz S., Donaldson J., Richter T., Gulliver T. The State of Homelessness in Canada 2013 2013, Canadian Alliance to End Homelessness, Toronto, Canada.
28. Garibaldi B., Conde-Martel A., O'Toole T.P. Self-reported comorbidities, perceived needs, and sources for usual care for older and younger homeless adults. J. Gen. Intern Med. 2005, 20:726-730.
29. Gelberg L., Linn L.S., Mayer-Oakes S.A. Differences in health status between older and younger homeless adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 1990, 38:1220-1229.
30. Gielen A.C., O'Campo P.J., Faden R.R., Kass N.E., Xue X. Interpersonal conflict and physical violence during the childbearing year. Soc. Sci. Med. 1994, 39:781-787.
31. Greenberg G.A., Rosenheck R.A. Jail incarceration, homelessness, and mental health: a national study. Psychiatr. Serv. 2008, 59:170-177.
32. Griffiths K.M., Crisp D.A., Jorm A.F., Christensen H. Does stigma predict a belief in dealing with depression alone?. J. Affect Disord. 2011, 132:413-417.
33. Gubits D., Shinn M., Bell S., Wood M., Dastrup S., Solari C.D., et al. Family Options Study Short-term Impacts of Housing and Services Interventions for Homeless Families 2015, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
34. Hahn J.A., Kushel M.B., Bangsberg D.R., Riley E., Moss A.R. BRIEF REPORT: the aging of the homeless population: fourteen-year trends in San Francisco. J. Gen. Intern Med. 2006, 21:775-778.
35. Hair J.F., Black W.C., Babin B.J., Anderson R.E. Multivariate Data Analysis 1987, Macmillan, New York, (USA).
36. Hansen L., Penko J., Guzman D., Bangsberg D.R., Miaskowski C., Kushel M.B. Aberrant behaviors with prescription opioids and problem drug use history in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected individuals. J. Pain Symptom Manage 2011, 42:893-902.
37. Henry M., Cortes A., Shivji A., Buck K. The 2014 Annual Homeless Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress 2014, U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, D.C.
38. Hibbs J.R., Benner L., Klugman L., Spencer R., Macchia I., Mellinger A., et al. Mortality in a cohort of homeless adults in Philadelphia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331:304-309.
39. Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act of 2009 Definition of Homelessness 2009, 111-122. U.S. Congress, P.L., Sec. 1003.
40. Hopper K., Jost J., Hay T., Welber S., Haugland G. Homelessness, severe mental illness, and the institutional circuit. Psychiatr. Serv. 1997, 48:659-665.
41. Huntington N., Buckner J.C., Bassuk E.L. Adaptation in homeless children: an empirical examination using cluster analysis. Am. Behav. Sci. 2008, 51:737-755.
42. Hwang S.W. Homelessness and health. CMAJ 2001, 164:229-233.
43. Hwang S.W., Wilkins R., Tjepkema M., O'Campo P.J., Dunn J.R. Mortality among residents of shelters, rooming houses, and hotels in Canada: 11 year follow-up study. BMJ 2009, 339:b4036.
44. Jahiel R., Babor T.F. Toward a Typology of Homeless Families: Conceptual and Methodological Issues. Characteristics and Dynamics of Homeless Families with Children: Final Report to the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation 2011, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, D.C.
45. Kaufman L., Rousseeuw P.J. Finding Groups in Data: An Introduction to Cluster Analysis 1990, Wiley-Interscience, New York.
46. Kohn H.F., Steinley D., Brusco M.J. The p-median model as a tool for clustering psychological data. Psychol. Methods 2010, 15:87-95.
47. Kruskal W.H., Wallis W.A. Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1952, 47:583-621.
48. Kuhn R., Culhane D.P. Applying cluster analysis to test a typology of homelessness by pattern of shelter utilization: results from the analysis of administrative data. Am. J. Community Psychol. 1998, 26:207-232.
49. Kushel M.B. Older homeless adults: can we do more?. J. Gen. Intern Med. 2012, 27:5-6.
50. Kushel M.B., Evans J.L., Perry S., Robertson M.J., Moss A.R. No door to lock: victimization among homeless and marginally housed persons. Arch. Intern Med. 2003, 163:2492-2499.
51. Kushel M.B., Hahn J.A., Evans J.L., Bangsberg D.R., Moss A.R. Revolving doors: imprisonment among the homeless and marginally housed population. Am. J. Public Health 2005, 95:1747-1752.
52. Kushel M.B., Perry S., Bangsberg D., Clark R., Moss A.R. Emergency department use among the homeless and marginally housed: results from a community-based study. Am. J. Public Health 2002, 92:778-784.
53. Lan T.Y., Wu S.C., Chang W.C., Chen C.Y. Home environmental problems and physical function in Taiwanese older adults. Arch. Gerontol. Geriatr. 2009, 49:335-338.
54. Lazarus L., Chettiar J., Deering K., Nabess R., Shannon K. Risky health environments: women sex workers' struggles to find safe, secure and non-exploitative housing in Canada's poorest postal code. Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 73:1600-1607.
55. Maher L., Dunlap E., Johnson B.D., Hamid A. Gender, power, and alternative living arrangements in the inner-city crack culture. J. Res. Crime Delinquency 1996, 33:181-205.
56. Marr M.D., DeVerteuil G., Snow D. Towards a contextual approach to the place-homeless survival nexus: an exploratory case study of Los Angeles County. Cities 2009, 26:307-317.
57. McLellan A.T., Kushner H., Metzger D., Peters R., Smith I., Grissom G., et al. The fifth edition of the addiction severity Index. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 1992, 9:199-213.
58. Metraux S., Byrne T., Culhane D.P. Institutional discharges and subsequent shelter use among unaccompanied adults in New York City. J. Community Psychol. 2010, 38:28-38.
59. Metraux S., Eng N., Bainbridge J., Culhane D.P. The impact of shelter use and housing placement on mortality hazard for unaccompanied adults and adults in family households entering New York City shelters: 1990-2002. J. Urban Health 2011, 88:1091-1104.
60. Morrison D.S. Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: results from a retrospective cohort study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 38:877-883.
61. O'Flaherty B. Individual homelessness: entries, exits, and policy. J. Hous. Econ. 2012, 21:71-100.
62. Opening Doors Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness Update 2013 2014, United States Interagency Council on Homelessness, Washington, D.C.
63. Palar K., Kushel M., Frongillo E.A., Riley E.D., Grede N., Bangsberg D., et al. Food insecurity is longitudinally associated with depressive symptoms among homeless and marginally-housed individuals living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2015 Aug, 19(8):1527-1534.
64. Rapid Re-Housing: Creating Programs that Work 2009, The National Alliance to End Homelessness, Washington, DC.
65. Riley E.D., Weiser S.D., Sorensen J.L., Dilworth S., Cohen J., Neilands T.B. Housing patterns and correlates of homelessness differ by gender among individuals using San Francisco free food programs. J. Urban Health 2007, 84:415-422.
66. Samuel L.J., Glass T.A., Thorpe R.J., Szanton S.L., Roth D.L. Household and neighborhood conditions partially account for associations between education and physical capacity in the National Health and Aging Trends Study. Soc. Sci. Med. 2015, 128:67-75.
67. Shinn M., Gottlieb J., Wett J.L., Bahl A., Cohen A., Baron Ellis D. Predictors of homelessness among older adults in New York city: disability, economic, human and social capital and stressful events. J. Health Psychol. 2007, 12:696-708.
68. StataCorp Stata Statistical Software: Release 11 2009, StataCorp LP, College Station, TX.
69. Tsai J., Rosenheck R.A., Kasprow W.J., McGuire J.F. Homelessness in a national sample of incarcerated veterans in state and federal prisons. Adm. Policy Ment. Health 2014, 41:360-367.
70. Tsemberis S., McHugo G., Williams V., Hanrahan P., Stefancic A. Measuring homelessness and residential stability: the residential time-line follow-back inventory. J. Community Psychol. 2007, 35:29-42.
71. Tucker J.S., Kennedy D., Ryan G., Wenzel S.L., Golinelli D., Zazzali J. Homeless Women's personal Networks: Implications for understanding risk behavior. Hum. Organ 2009, 68:129-140.
72. US Department of Housing and Urban Development The 2010 Annual Homeless Assessment Report to Congress 2011.
73. van Laere I.R., de Wit M.A., Klazinga N.S. Pathways into homelessness: recently homeless adults problems and service use before and after becoming homeless in Amsterdam. BMC Public Health 2009, 9:3.
74. Verbrugge L.M., Jette A.M. The disablement process. Soc. Sci. Med. 1994, 38:1-14.
75. Vijayaraghavan M., Penko J., Bangsberg D.R., Miaskowski C., Kushel M.B. Opioid analgesic misuse in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2013, 173:235-237.
76. Vijayaraghavan M., Penko J., Vittinghoff E., Bangsberg D., Miaskowski C., Kushel M. Smoking behaviors in a community-based cohort of HIV-infected indigent adults. AIDS Behav. 2013, 1-9.
77. Vogenthaler N.S., Kushel M.B., Hadley C., Frongillo E.A., Riley E.D., Bangsberg D.R., et al. Food insecurity and risky sexual behaviors among homeless and marginally housed HIV-infected individuals in San Francisco. AIDS Behav. 2013, 17:1688-1693.
78. Waldbrook N. Exploring opportunities for healthy aging among older persons with a history of homelessness in Toronto, Canada. Soc. Sci. Med. 2015, 128:126-133.
79. Ward J.H. Hierarchical grouping to optimize an objective function. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1963, 58:236-244.
80. Weiser S.D., Frongillo E.A., Ragland K., Hogg R.S., Riley E.D., Bangsberg D.R. Food insecurity is associated with incomplete HIV RNA suppression among homeless and marginally housed HIV-infected individuals in San Francisco. J. Gen. Intern Med. 2009, 24:14-20.
81. Weiser S.D., Hatcher A., Frongillo E.A., Guzman D., Riley E.D., Bangsberg D.R., et al. Food insecurity is associated with greater acute care utilization among HIV-infected homeless and marginally housed individuals in San Francisco. J. Gen. Intern Med. 2013, 28:91-98.
82. Weiser S.D., Yuan C., Guzman D., Frongillo E.A., Riley E.D., Bangsberg D.R., et al. Food insecurity and HIV clinical outcomes in a longitudinal study of urban homeless and marginally housed HIV-infected individuals. Aids 2013, 27:2953-2958.
83. Weitzman B.C., Knickman J.R., Shinn M. Pathways to homelessness among New York city families. J. Soc. Issues 1990, 46:125-140.
84. Wolch J.R., Dear M., Akita A. Explaining homelessness. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 1988, 54:443-453.
85. Wright B.R.E., Caspi A., Moffitt T.E., Silva P.A. Factors associated with doubled-up housing- a common precursor to homelessness. Soc. Serv. Rev. 1998, 72:92-111.