Concept Creep: Psychology's Expanding Concepts of Harm and Pathology

Psychological Inquiry

Volumn 27, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 1-17

  Haslam, Nick ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE   (Australia)

Author keywords

bullying; concepts; moral psychology; prejudice; trauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 84958149479     PISSN: 1047840X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1047840X.2016.1082418     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. B.K.Alexander,, & A.R.F.Schweighofer, (1988). Defining “addiction.” Canadian Psychology, 29, 151–162.
2. G.Allport, (1954). The nature of prejudice. New York, NY: Addison-Wesley.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1952). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Washington, DC: Author.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1968). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed, revised). Washington, DC: Author.
7. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
8. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., Text revision). Washington, DC: Author.
9. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
10. H.R.Arkes,, & P.E.Tetlock, (2004). Attributions of implicit prejudice, or “Would Jesse Jackson ‘fail’ the Implicit Association Test?” Psychological Inquiry, 15, 257–274.
11. N.Breslau,, & R.C.Kessler, (2001). The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 699–704.
12. E.B.Carlson,, S.R.Smith,, & C.J.Dalenberg, (2013). Can sudden, severe emotional loss be a traumatic stressor? Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 14, 519–528.
13. M.Cascardi,, C.Brown,, M.Iannarone,, & N.Cardona, (2014). The problem of overly broad definitions of bullying: Implications for the schoolhouse, the statehouse and the ivory tower. Journal of School Violence, 13, 253–276.
14. D.Cicchetti,, & D.Barnett, (1991). Toward the development of a scientific nosology of child maltreatment. In D.Cicchetti, & W.M.Grove (Eds.), Thinking clearly about psychology: Essays in honor of Paul E. Meehl, Vol. 2: Personality and psychopathology (pp. 346–377). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
15. J.De Vos, (2010). From milgram to Zimbardo: The double birth of postwar psychology/ psychologization. History of the Human Sciences, 23, 156–175.
16. J.Dixon,, M.Levine,, S.Reicher,, & K.Durrheim, (2012). Beyond prejudice: Are negative evaluations the problem and is getting us to like each other more the solution? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 35, 411–425.
17. J.F.Dovidio,, & S.L.Gaertner, (2004). Aversive racism. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 1–52.
18. J.Dovidio,, K.Kawakami,, & S.L.Gaertner, (2002). Implicit and explicit prejudice and interracial interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 62–68.
19. S.Fox,, & L.E.Stallworth, (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 438–456.
20. A.Frances, (2013). Saving normal: An insider's revolt against out-of-control psychiatric diagnosis, DSM-5, big Pharma, and the medicalization of ordinary life. New York, NY: William Morrow.
21. F.Furedi, (2006). Culture of fear revisited: Risk-taking and the morality of low expectation (4th ed.). London, UK: Continuum.
22. S.L.Gable,, & J.Haidt, (2005). What (and why) is positive psychology? Review of General Psychology, 9, 103–110.
23. P.Glick,, & S.T.Fiske, (1996). The ambivalent sexism inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 491–512.
24. R.E.Goldsmith,, & J.J.Freyd, (2005). Awareness for emotional abuse. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5, 95–123.
25. A.Goodman, (1991). Addiction concept involves theoretical and practical issues. Psychiatric Times, 8, 29–33.
26. J.Graham,, J.Haidt,, & B.A.Nosek, (2009). Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 1029–1046.
27. J.Graham,, B.A.Nosek,, J.Haidt,, R.Iyer,, S.Koleva,, & P.H.Ditto, (2011). Mapping the moral domain. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101, 366–385
28. J.E.Grant,, M.N.Potenza,, A.Weinstein,, & D.A.Gorelick, (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36, 233–241.
29. H.M.Gray,, K.Gray,, & D.M.Wegner, (2007). Dimensions of mind perception. Science, 315, 619.
30. K.Gray,, & D.M.Wegner, (2009). Moral typecasting: Divergent perceptions of moral agents and moral patients. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96, 505–520.
31. I.Hacking, (1986). Making up people. In T.Heller, M.Sosna, & D.Wellberry (Eds.), Reconstructing individualism (pp. 161–171). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
32. I.Hacking, (1991). The making and molding of child abuse. Critical Inquiry, 17, 253–288.
33. I.Hacking, (1995). The looping effect of human kinds. In D.Sperber, D.Premack, & A.J.Premack (Eds.), Causal cognition: A multi-disciplinary debate (pp. 351–383). Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
34. N.Haslam,, E.Holland,, & P.Kuppens, (2012). Categories versus dimensions in personality and psychopathology: A quantitative review of taxometric research. Psychological Medicine, 42, 903–920.
35. N.Haslam,, & E.Kvaale, (2015). Biogenetic explanations of mental disorder: The mixed blessings model. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 399–404.
36. A.V.Horwitz,, & J.C.Wakefield, (2007). The loss of sadness: How psychiatry transformed normal sorrow into depressive disorder. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
37. A.V.Horwitz,, & J.C.Wakefield, (2012). All we have to fear: Psychiatry's transformation of natural anxieties into mental disorders. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
38. S.M.Laham, (2009). Expanding the moral circle: inclusion and exclusion mindsets and the circle of moral regard. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 250–253.
39. C.Lane, (2008). Shyness: How normal behavior became a sickness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
40. M.S.Lebowitz, (2014). Biological conceptualizations of mental disorders among affected individuals: A review of correlates and consequences. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 21, 67–83.
41. M.E.Long,, & J.D.Elhai, (2009). Posttraumatic stress disorder's traumatic stressor criterion: history, controversy, clinical and legal implications. Psychological Injury and Law, 2, 167–178.
42. J.B.McConahay, (1986). Modern racism, ambivalence, and the modern racism scale. In J.F.Dovidio & S.L.Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 91–125). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
43. R.J.McNally, (2004). Conceptual problems with the DSM-IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder. In G.M.Rosen (Ed.), Posttraumatic stress disorder: Issues and controversies (pp. 1–14). New York, NY: Wiley.
44. J.-B.Michel,, Y.K.Shen,, A.P.Aiden,, A.Veres,, M.K.Gray,, Google Books Team, … E.L.Aiden, (2011). Quantitative analysis of culture using millions of digitized books. Science, 331, 176–182.
45. F.Mishna, (2012). Bullying: A guide to research, intervention, and prevention. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
46. D.P.Moynihan, (1993). Defining deviancy down. American Scholar, 6, 17–30.
47. A.Neary,, & S.Joseph, (1994). Peer victimisation and its relationship to self-concept and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 183–186.
48. D.Olweus, (1989). The Olweus bully/victim questionnaire. Bergen, Norway: Department of Psychology, University of Bergen.
49. D.Olweus, (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751–780.
50. N.M.Petry, (2006). Should the scope of addictive behaviors be broadened to include pathological gambling? Addiction, 101, 152–160.
51. S.Pinker, (2011). The better angels of our nature: A history of violence and humanity. London, UK: Penguin.
52. M.N.Potenza, (2006). Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions? Addiction, 101, 142–151.
53. D.Salin, (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56, 1213–1232.
54. D.O.Sears,, P.J.Henry,, & R.Kosterman, (2000). Egalitarian values and contemporary racial politics. In D.O.Sears, J.Sidanius, & L.Bobo (Eds.), Racialized politics: The debate about racism in America (pp. 75–117). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
55. E.Shorter, (2013). How everyone became depressed: The rise and fall of the nervous breakdown. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
56. P.Singer, (1981). The expanding circle. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
57. P.K.Smith,, C.del Barrio,, & R.Tokunaga, (2012). Definitions of bullying and cyberbullying: How useful are the terms? In S.Bauman, D.Cross, & J.Walker (Eds.), Principles of cyberbullying research: Definitions, measures, and methods (pp. 29–40). Philadelphia, PA: Routledge.
58. P.M.Sniderman,, & P.E.Tetlock, (1986). Symbolic racism: Problems of motive attribution in political analysis. Journal of Social Issues, 42, 129–150.
59. C.H.Sommers,, & S.Satel, (2005). One nation under therapy: How the helping culture is eroding self-reliance. New York, NY: St Martin's Press.
60. D.W.Sue,, C.M.Capodilupo,, G.C.Torino,, J.M.Bucceri,, A.M.B.Holder,, K.L.Nadal,, & M.Esquilin, (2007). Racial microaggressions in everyday life: Implications for clinical practice. American Psychologist, 62, 271–286.
61. A.E.Thompson,, & C.A.Kaplan, (1996). Childhood emotional abuse. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168, 143–148.
62. J.C.Wakefield,, M.F.Schmitz,, M.B.First,, & A.V.Horwitz, (2007). Extending the bereavement exclusion for major depression to other losses: Evidence from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 433–440.
63. F.W.Weathers,, & T.M.Keane, (2007). The criterion A problem revisited: Controversies and challenges in defining and measuring psychological trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 107–121.
64. J.Wright, (2006). The soft addiction solution: Break free of the seemingly harmless habits that keep you from the life you want. New York: J. P. Tarcher/Penguin.
65. L.A.Zoellner,, M.A.Bedard-Gilligan,, J.J.Jun,, L.H.Marks,, & N.M.Garcia, (2013). The evolving construct of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): DSM-5 criteria changes and legal implications. Psychological Injury and Law, 6, 277–289.