메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2016, Pages

Development and virucidal activity of a novel alcohol-based hand disinfectant supplemented with urea and citric acid

Author keywords

Alcohol; Hand disinfectant; Virucidal activity; Viruses

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; CITRIC ACID; HAND SANITIZER; PROPANOL; UREA; ANTIVIRUS AGENT;

EID: 84957675636     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14712334     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1410-9     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (60)

References (54)
  • 1
    • 5644278740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs
    • Kampf G, Kramer A. Epidemiologic background of hand hygiene and evaluation of the most important agents for scrubs and rubs. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17(4):863-93.
    • (2004) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.17 , Issue.4 , pp. 863-893
    • Kampf, G.1    Kramer, A.2
  • 2
    • 0034945285 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nosocomial spread of viral disease
    • Aitken C, Jeffries DJ. Nosocomial spread of viral disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14(3):528-46.
    • (2001) Clin. Microbiol. Rev. , vol.14 , Issue.3 , pp. 528-546
    • Aitken, C.1    Jeffries, D.J.2
  • 3
    • 0031772592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virus resistance in a hospital environment: overview of the virucide activity of disinfectants used in liquid form
    • Soule H, Duc DL, Mallaret MR, Chanzy B, Charvier A, Gratacap-Cavallier B, et al. Virus resistance in a hospital environment: overview of the virucide activity of disinfectants used in liquid form. Annales de biologie clinique. 1998;56(6):693-703.
    • (1998) Annales de biologie clinique , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 693-703
    • Soule, H.1    Duc, D.L.2    Mallaret, M.R.3    Chanzy, B.4    Charvier, A.5    Gratacap-Cavallier, B.6
  • 4
    • 84861112140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Different virucidal activities of hyperbranched quaternary ammonium coatings on poliovirus and influenza virus
    • Tuladhar E, de Koning MC, Fundeanu I, Beumer R, Duizer E. Different virucidal activities of hyperbranched quaternary ammonium coatings on poliovirus and influenza virus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2012;78(7):2456-8.
    • (2012) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.78 , Issue.7 , pp. 2456-2458
    • Tuladhar, E.1    Koning, M.C.2    Fundeanu, I.3    Beumer, R.4    Duizer, E.5
  • 5
    • 47749112011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses on surfaces compared with other micro-organisms and impact of suboptimal disinfectant exposure
    • Howie R, Alfa MJ, Coombs K. Survival of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses on surfaces compared with other micro-organisms and impact of suboptimal disinfectant exposure. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69(4):368-76.
    • (2008) J Hosp Infect , vol.69 , Issue.4 , pp. 368-376
    • Howie, R.1    Alfa, M.J.2    Coombs, K.3
  • 6
    • 33748681343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review
    • Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infect Dis. 2006;6:130.
    • (2006) BMC Infect Dis , vol.6 , pp. 130
    • Kramer, A.1    Schwebke, I.2    Kampf, G.3
  • 8
    • 33947355414 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease
    • Boone SA, Gerba CP. Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(6):1687-96.
    • (2007) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.73 , Issue.6 , pp. 1687-1696
    • Boone, S.A.1    Gerba, C.P.2
  • 9
    • 20544469964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools
    • Fong TT, Lipp EK. Enteric viruses of humans and animals in aquatic environments: health risks, detection, and potential water quality assessment tools. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2005;69(2):357-71.
    • (2005) Microbiol Mol Biol Rev , vol.69 , Issue.2 , pp. 357-371
    • Fong, T.T.1    Lipp, E.K.2
  • 10
    • 84870704775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Computational tools for viral metagenomics and their application in clinical research
    • Fancello L, Raoult D, Desnues C. Computational tools for viral metagenomics and their application in clinical research. Virology. 2012;434(2):162-74.
    • (2012) Virology , vol.434 , Issue.2 , pp. 162-174
    • Fancello, L.1    Raoult, D.2    Desnues, C.3
  • 11
    • 79951855751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental survey to assess viral contamination of air and surfaces in hospital settings
    • Carducci A, Verani M, Lombardi R, Casini B, Privitera G. Environmental survey to assess viral contamination of air and surfaces in hospital settings. J Hosp Infect. 2011;77(3):242-7.
    • (2011) J Hosp Infect , vol.77 , Issue.3 , pp. 242-247
    • Carducci, A.1    Verani, M.2    Lombardi, R.3    Casini, B.4    Privitera, G.5
  • 12
    • 1942420222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbicides and the environmental control of nosocomial viral infections
    • Sattar SA. Microbicides and the environmental control of nosocomial viral infections. J Hosp Infect. 2004;56 Suppl 2:S64-9.
    • (2004) J Hosp Infect. , vol.56 , pp. S64-S69
    • Sattar, S.A.1
  • 13
    • 7344239876 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viruswirksame Desinfektion: Die Prophylaxe nosokomialer Virusinfektionen
    • Thraenhart O. Viruswirksame Desinfektion: Die Prophylaxe nosokomialer Virusinfektionen. Dtsch Arztebl International. 1998;95(15):A-880.
    • (1998) Dtsch Arztebl International , vol.95 , Issue.15 , pp. A-880
    • Thraenhart, O.1
  • 14
    • 17144447540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force
    • Boyce JM, Pittet D. Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings: recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2002;23(12 Suppl):S3-40.
    • (2002) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.23 , Issue.12 , pp. S3-40
    • Boyce, J.M.1    Pittet, D.2
  • 15
    • 0034926549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some principles of virucidal testing
    • Steinmann J. Some principles of virucidal testing. J Hosp Infect. 2001;48 Suppl A:S15-7.
    • (2001) J Hosp Infect , vol.48 , pp. S15-S17
    • Steinmann, J.1
  • 16
    • 0036795179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hygienic hand antiseptics: should they not have activity and label claims against viruses?
    • Sattar SA, Springthorpe VS, Tetro J, Vashon R, Keswick B. Hygienic hand antiseptics: should they not have activity and label claims against viruses? Am J Infect Control. 2002;30(6):355-72.
    • (2002) Am J Infect Control , vol.30 , Issue.6 , pp. 355-372
    • Sattar, S.A.1    Springthorpe, V.S.2    Tetro, J.3    Vashon, R.4    Keswick, B.5
  • 17
    • 26744447074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard test method for determining the virus-eliminating effectiveness of liquid hygienic handwash and handrub agents using the fingerpads of adult volunteers
    • ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
    • ASTM Standard E1838-10. Standard test method for determining the virus-eliminating effectiveness of liquid hygienic handwash and handrub agents using the fingerpads of adult volunteers. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 2010.
    • (2010)
  • 18
    • 84865342519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standard test method for evaluation of handwashing formulations for virus-eliminating activity using the entire hand
    • ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA
    • ASTM Standard E2011-09. Standard test method for evaluation of handwashing formulations for virus-eliminating activity using the entire hand. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, USA. 2009.
    • (2009)
  • 19
    • 0037118214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The fingerpad protocol to assess hygienic hand antiseptics against viruses
    • Sattar SA, Ansari SA. The fingerpad protocol to assess hygienic hand antiseptics against viruses. J Virol Methods. 2002;103(2):171-81.
    • (2002) J Virol Methods , vol.103 , Issue.2 , pp. 171-181
    • Sattar, S.A.1    Ansari, S.A.2
  • 20
    • 68349141528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disinfection efficacy against parvoviruses compared with reference viruses
    • Eterpi M, McDonnell G, Thomas V. Disinfection efficacy against parvoviruses compared with reference viruses. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73(1):64-70.
    • (2009) J Hosp Infect , vol.73 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-70
    • Eterpi, M.1    McDonnell, G.2    Thomas, V.3
  • 22
    • 70349464749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guideline of "Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. "(DVV; German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases) and Robert Koch Institute (RKI; German Federal Health Authority) for testing the virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in the human medical area
    • Blümel J, Glebe D, Neumann-Haefelin D, Rabenau HF, Rapp I, von Rheinbaben F, et al. Guideline of "Deutsche Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten e.V. "(DVV; German Association for the Control of Virus Diseases) and Robert Koch Institute (RKI; German Federal Health Authority) for testing the virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in the human medical area. Hyg Med. 2009;34(7/8):293-9.
    • (2009) Hyg Med , vol.34 , Issue.7-8 , pp. 293-299
    • Blümel, J.1    Glebe, D.2    Neumann-Haefelin, D.3    Rabenau, H.F.4    Rapp, I.5    Rheinbaben, F.6
  • 23
    • 28444499622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) sowie des Fachausschusses "Virusdesinfektion" der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) und der Desinfektionsmittelkommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM)
    • Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz
    • Anonym. Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie beim Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) sowie des Fachausschusses "Virusdesinfektion" der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) und der Desinfektionsmittelkommission der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie (DGHM). Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2004; 47:62-6.
    • (2004) Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren , vol.47 , pp. 62-66
  • 24
    • 33847647186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suitability of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) for determining activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs against enveloped viruses
    • Kampf G, Steinmann J, Rabenau HF. Suitability of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) for determining activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs against enveloped viruses. BMC Infect Dis. 2007;7:5.
    • (2007) BMC Infect Dis. , vol.7 , pp. 5
    • Kampf, G.1    Steinmann, J.2    Rabenau, H.F.3
  • 26
    • 84870714626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leitline der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e.V. zur Quantitativen Prüfung der viruziden Wirksamkeit chemischer Desinfektionsmittel auf nicht-porösen Oberflächen. Anwendung im Bereich Humanmedizin
    • Rabenau HF, Schwebke I, Steinmann J, Eggers M, Rapp I, Neumann-Haefelin D. Leitline der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e.V. zur Quantitativen Prüfung der viruziden Wirksamkeit chemischer Desinfektionsmittel auf nicht-porösen Oberflächen. Anwendung im Bereich Humanmedizin. Hyg Med. 2012;37(11):459-66.
    • (2012) Hyg Med , vol.37 , Issue.11 , pp. 459-466
    • Rabenau, H.F.1    Schwebke, I.2    Steinmann, J.3    Eggers, M.4    Rapp, I.5    Neumann-Haefelin, D.6
  • 27
    • 84957943245 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative non-porous surface test without mechanical action for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in the medical area - Test method and requirements
    • (Phase 2/Step 2)
    • prEN 16777:2014. Standard in Development. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics - Quantitative non-porous surface test without mechanical action for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in the medical area - Test method and requirements (Phase 2/Step 2). 2014.
    • (2014)
  • 28
    • 0034525181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virucidal efficacy of a combination of 0.2 % peracetic acid and 80 % (v/v) ethanol (PAA-ethanol) as a potential hand disinfectant
    • Wutzler P, Sauerbrei A. Virucidal efficacy of a combination of 0.2 % peracetic acid and 80 % (v/v) ethanol (PAA-ethanol) as a potential hand disinfectant. J Hosp Infect. 2000;46(4):304-8.
    • (2000) J Hosp Infect , vol.46 , Issue.4 , pp. 304-308
    • Wutzler, P.1    Sauerbrei, A.2
  • 29
    • 84876908150 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on hand hygiene
    • Boyce JM. Update on hand hygiene. Am J Infect Control. 2013;41(5 Suppl):S94-6.
    • (2013) Am J Infect Control , vol.41 , Issue.5 , pp. S94-S96
    • Boyce, J.M.1
  • 30
    • 30844460998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virucidal activity of a new hand disinfectant with reduced ethanol content: comparison with other alcohol-based formulations
    • Kramer A, Galabov AS, Sattar SA, Dohner L, Pivert A, Payan C, et al. Virucidal activity of a new hand disinfectant with reduced ethanol content: comparison with other alcohol-based formulations. J Hosp Infect. 2006;62(1):98-106.
    • (2006) J Hosp Infect , vol.62 , Issue.1 , pp. 98-106
    • Kramer, A.1    Galabov, A.S.2    Sattar, S.A.3    Dohner, L.4    Pivert, A.5    Payan, C.6
  • 31
    • 84899913188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of a virucidal quantitative carrier test for surface disinfectants
    • Rabenau HF, Steinmann J, Rapp I, Schwebke I, Eggers M. Evaluation of a virucidal quantitative carrier test for surface disinfectants. PloS one. 2014;9(1):e86128.
    • (2014) PloS one , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. e86128
    • Rabenau, H.F.1    Steinmann, J.2    Rapp, I.3    Schwebke, I.4    Eggers, M.5
  • 32
    • 84979120254 scopus 로고
    • The method of right and wrong cases (constant stimuli) without Gauss's formulae
    • Spearman C. The method of right and wrong cases (constant stimuli) without Gauss's formulae. Brit J Psychol. 1908;2:227-42.
    • (1908) Brit J Psychol. , vol.2 , pp. 227-242
    • Spearman, C.1
  • 33
    • 34250971354 scopus 로고
    • Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche [article in German]
    • Kärber G. Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche [article in German]. Arch Exp Path Pharma. 1931;162:480-3.
    • (1931) Arch Exp Path Pharma. , vol.162 , pp. 480-483
    • Kärber, G.1
  • 34
    • 84941797214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leitlinie der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e. V. und des Robert Koch-Instituts (RKI) zur Prüfung von chemischen Desinfektionsmitteln auf Wirksamkeit gegen Viren in der Humanmedizin
    • Rabenau HF, Schwebke I, Blümel J, Eggers M, Glebe D, Rapp I, et al. Leitlinie der Deutschen Vereinigung zur Bekämpfung der Viruskrankheiten (DVV) e. V. und des Robert Koch-Instituts (RKI) zur Prüfung von chemischen Desinfektionsmitteln auf Wirksamkeit gegen Viren in der Humanmedizin. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz. 2015;58(4-5):493-504.
    • (2015) Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz , vol.58 , Issue.4-5 , pp. 493-504
    • Rabenau, H.F.1    Schwebke, I.2    Blümel, J.3    Eggers, M.4    Glebe, D.5    Rapp, I.6
  • 36
    • 0037878191 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Handbuch der viruswirksamen Desinfektion
    • Berlin: Springer Verlag
    • von Rheinbaben F, Wolff MH. Handbuch der viruswirksamen Desinfektion. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 2002.
    • (2002)
    • von Rheinbaben, F.1    Wolff, M.H.2
  • 37
    • 84958026557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Virucidal Composition
    • Organization WIP, WO/2008/049454, editor
    • Biering H, Denzin S, von Rheinbaben F, Meyer B. Virucidal Composition. Organization WIP, WO/2008/049454, editor. 2006.
    • (2006)
    • Biering, H.1    Denzin, S.2    von Rheinbaben, F.3    Meyer, B.4
  • 38
    • 0025078475 scopus 로고
    • Virucidal activity of disinfectants: studies with the poliovirus
    • Tyler R, Ayliffe GA, Bradley C. Virucidal activity of disinfectants: studies with the poliovirus. J Hosp Infect. 1990;15(4):339-45.
    • (1990) J Hosp Infect , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 339-345
    • Tyler, R.1    Ayliffe, G.A.2    Bradley, C.3
  • 39
    • 84875405365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of alcohols and alcohol-based hand disinfectants against human enterovirus 71
    • Chang SC, Li WC, Huang KY, Huang YC, Chiu CH, Chen CJ, et al. Efficacy of alcohols and alcohol-based hand disinfectants against human enterovirus 71. J Hosp Infect. 2013;83(4):288-93.
    • (2013) J Hosp Infect , vol.83 , Issue.4 , pp. 288-293
    • Chang, S.C.1    Li, W.C.2    Huang, K.Y.3    Huang, Y.C.4    Chiu, C.H.5    Chen, C.J.6
  • 40
    • 0019566974 scopus 로고
    • Virucidal activity of alcohols. Virucidal efficiency of alcohols against viruses in liquid phase [(author's transl)]
    • Noda N, Watanabe M, Yamada F, Fujimoto S. Virucidal activity of alcohols. Virucidal efficiency of alcohols against viruses in liquid phase [(author's transl)]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 1981;55(5):355-66.
    • (1981) Kansenshogaku Zasshi , vol.55 , Issue.5 , pp. 355-366
    • Noda, N.1    Watanabe, M.2    Yamada, F.3    Fujimoto, S.4
  • 41
    • 0037388239 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antimicrobial activity of a new intact skin antisepsis formulation
    • Russo A, Viotti PL, Vitali M, Clementi M. Antimicrobial activity of a new intact skin antisepsis formulation. Am J Infect Control. 2003;31(2):117-23.
    • (2003) Am J Infect Control , vol.31 , Issue.2 , pp. 117-123
    • Russo, A.1    Viotti, P.L.2    Vitali, M.3    Clementi, M.4
  • 42
    • 84958026558 scopus 로고
    • Virucidal (Rabies and Poliomyelitis) Activity of Aqueous Urea Soltutions
    • MacKay EM, Schroeder CR. Virucidal (Rabies and Poliomyelitis) Activity of Aqueous Urea Soltutions. Exp Biol Med. 1936;35:74-6.
    • (1936) Exp Biol Med. , vol.35 , pp. 74-76
    • MacKay, E.M.1    Schroeder, C.R.2
  • 44
    • 78650424012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus
    • Park GW, Barclay L, Macinga D, Charbonneau D, Pettigrew CA, Vinje J. Comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and GII.4 norovirus. J Food Prot. 2010;73(12):2232-8.
    • (2010) J Food Prot , vol.73 , Issue.12 , pp. 2232-2238
    • Park, G.W.1    Barclay, L.2    Macinga, D.3    Charbonneau, D.4    Pettigrew, C.A.5    Vinje, J.6
  • 45
    • 77149154318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of hand sanitizers with and without organic acids for removal of rhinovirus from hands
    • Turner RB, Fuls JL, Rodgers ND. Effectiveness of hand sanitizers with and without organic acids for removal of rhinovirus from hands. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(3):1363-4.
    • (2010) Antimicrob Agents Chemother , vol.54 , Issue.3 , pp. 1363-1364
    • Turner, R.B.1    Fuls, J.L.2    Rodgers, N.D.3
  • 46
    • 50049135244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer
    • Macinga DR, Sattar SA, Jaykus LA, Arbogast JW. Improved inactivation of nonenveloped enteric viruses and their surrogates by a novel alcohol-based hand sanitizer. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(16):5047-52.
    • (2008) Appl Environ Microbiol , vol.74 , Issue.16 , pp. 5047-5052
    • Macinga, D.R.1    Sattar, S.A.2    Jaykus, L.A.3    Arbogast, J.W.4
  • 47
    • 84930575382 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reducing viral contamination from finger pads: handwashing is more effective than alcohol-based hand disinfectants
    • Tuladhar E, Hazeleger WC, Koopmans M, Zwietering MH, Duizer E, Beumer RR. Reducing viral contamination from finger pads: handwashing is more effective than alcohol-based hand disinfectants. J Hosp Infect. 2015;90(3):226-34.
    • (2015) J Hosp Infect , vol.90 , Issue.3 , pp. 226-234
    • Tuladhar, E.1    Hazeleger, W.C.2    Koopmans, M.3    Zwietering, M.H.4    Duizer, E.5    Beumer, R.R.6
  • 48
    • 84958026559 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Hygiene hand disinfection
    • (Phase 2, Step 2)
    • EN 1500:2013. Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Hygiene hand disinfection. Test method and requirements (Phase 2, Step 2). 2013.
    • (2013) Test method and requirements
  • 49
    • 84869162909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo
    • Steinmann J, Paulmann D, Becker B, Bischoff B, Steinmann E, Steinmann J. Comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo. J Hosp Infect. 2012;82(4):277-80.
    • (2012) J Hosp Infect , vol.82 , Issue.4 , pp. 277-280
    • Steinmann, J.1    Paulmann, D.2    Becker, B.3    Bischoff, B.4    Steinmann, E.5    Steinmann, J.6
  • 50
    • 0033841104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activity of an alcohol-based hand gel against human adeno-, rhino-, and rotaviruses using the fingerpad method
    • Sattar SA, Abebe M, Bueti AJ, Jampani H, Newman J, Hua S. Activity of an alcohol-based hand gel against human adeno-, rhino-, and rotaviruses using the fingerpad method. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2000;21(8):516-9.
    • (2000) Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 516-519
    • Sattar, S.A.1    Abebe, M.2    Bueti, A.J.3    Jampani, H.4    Newman, J.5    Hua, S.6
  • 51
    • 0025375805 scopus 로고
    • Experiments on antiviral activity of hand disinfectants. Some theoretical and practical considerations
    • Eggers HJ. Experiments on antiviral activity of hand disinfectants. Some theoretical and practical considerations. Zentralbl Bakteriol. 1990;273(1):36-51.
    • (1990) Zentralbl Bakteriol , vol.273 , Issue.1 , pp. 36-51
    • Eggers, H.J.1
  • 52
    • 84860231396 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of the efficacy of hand disinfection for prevention of rhinovirus infection
    • Turner RB, Fuls JL, Rodgers ND, Goldfarb HB, Lockhart LK, Aust LB. A randomized trial of the efficacy of hand disinfection for prevention of rhinovirus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(10):1422-6.
    • (2012) Clin Infect Dis , vol.54 , Issue.10 , pp. 1422-1426
    • Turner, R.B.1    Fuls, J.L.2    Rodgers, N.D.3    Goldfarb, H.B.4    Lockhart, L.K.5    Aust, L.B.6
  • 53
    • 0030048080 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urea-containing moisturizers influence barrier properties of normal skin
    • Loden M. Urea-containing moisturizers influence barrier properties of normal skin. Arch Dermatol Res. 1996;288(2):103-7.
    • (1996) Arch Dermatol Res , vol.288 , Issue.2 , pp. 103-107
    • Loden, M.1
  • 54
    • 84861194891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Urea uptake enhances barrier function and antimicrobial defense in humans by regulating epidermal gene expression
    • Grether-Beck S, Felsner I, Brenden H, Kohne Z, Majora M, Marini A, et al. Urea uptake enhances barrier function and antimicrobial defense in humans by regulating epidermal gene expression. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132(6):1561-72.
    • (2012) J Invest Dermatol , vol.132 , Issue.6 , pp. 1561-1572
    • Grether-Beck, S.1    Felsner, I.2    Brenden, H.3    Kohne, Z.4    Majora, M.5    Marini, A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.