Hyaluronic acid as a non-invasive biomarker of liver fibrosis

Clinical Biochemistry

Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 302-315

  Neuman, Manuela G ^a   Cohen, Lawrence B ^a,b   Nanau, Radu M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b SUNNYBROOK RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Fibrosis; Histological activity index; Hyaluronic acid; Liver biopsy; Non invasive biomarkers

Indexed keywords

HYALURONIC ACID; METALLOPROTEINASE; BIOLOGICAL MARKER;

ALCOHOL LIVER DISEASE; ALGORITHM; AUTOIMMUNE HEPATITIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX; HUMAN; LIVER FIBROSIS; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; VIRUS HEPATITIS; BLOOD; CHRONIC HEPATITIS C; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; PROGNOSIS; REFERENCE VALUE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

BIOMARKERS; DISEASE PROGRESSION; HEPATITIS C, CHRONIC; HUMANS; HYALURONIC ACID; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; PROGNOSIS; REFERENCE VALUES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84957431396     PISSN: 00099120     EISSN: 18732933     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.07.019     Document Type: Review

References (125)

1. Knodell R.G., Ishak K.G., Black W.C., Chen T.S., Craig R., Kaplowitz N., et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1981, 1:431-435.
2. Ishak K., Baptista A., Bianchi L., Callea F., De Groote J., Gudat F., et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J. Hepatol. 1995, 22:696-699.
3. Kleiner D.E., Brunt E.M., Van Natta M., Behling C., Contos M.J., Cummings O.W., et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2005, 41:1313-1321.
4. Desmet V.J., Gerber M., Hoofnagle J.H., Manns M., Scheuer P.J. Classification of chronic hepatitis: diagnosis, grading and staging. Hepatology 1994, 19:1513-1520.
5. Batts K.P., Ludwig J. Chronic hepatitis. An update on terminology and reporting. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 1995, 19:1409-1417.
6. Bedossa P., Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology 1996, 24:289-293.
7. Zimmerman H.J., Ishak K.G. Hepatic injury due to drugs and toxins. Pathology of the Liver 1994, 563-634. Churchill-Livingstone, Edinburgh. 3rd ed. R.N.M. MacSween, P.P. Anthony, P.J. Scheuer, A.D. Burt, B.C. Portman (Eds.).
8. Rosenberg W.M., Voelker M., Thiel R., Becka M., Burt A., Schuppan D., et al. Serum markers detect the presence of liver fibrosis: a cohort study. Gastroenterology 2004, 127:1704-1713.
9. Gilmore I.T., Burroughs A., Murray-Lyon I.M., Williams R., Jenkins D., Hopkins A. Indications, methods, and outcomes of percutaneous liver biopsy in England and Wales: an audit by the British Society of Gastroenterology and the Royal College of Physicians of London. Gut 1995, 36:437-441.
10. Cadranel J.F., Rufat P., Degos F. Practices of liver biopsy in France: results of a prospective nationwide survey. For the Group of Epidemiology of the French Association for the Study of the Liver (AFEF). Hepatology 2000, 32:477-481.
11. Bravo A.A., Sheth S.G., Chopra S. Liver biopsy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 344:495-500.
12. Forns X., Ampurdanès S., Llovet J.M., Aponte J., Quintó L., Martínez-Bauer E., et al. Identification of chronic hepatitis C patients without hepatic fibrosis by a simple predictive model. Hepatology 2002, 36:986-992.
13. Regev A., Berho M., Jeffers L.J., Milikowski C., Molina E.G., Pyrsopoulos N.T., et al. Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2002, 97:2614-2618.
14. Rostami S., Parsian H. Hyaluronic acid: from biochemical characteristics to its clinical translation in assessment of liver fibrosis. Hepat. Mon. 2013, 13:e13787.
15. Meyer K., Palmer J.W. The polysaccharide of the vitreous humor. J. Biol. Chem. 1934, 107:629-634.
16. Robert L. Hyaluronan, a truly "youthful" polysaccharide. Its medical applications. Pathol. Biol. (Paris) 2015, 63:32-34.
17. Neuman M.G., Oruña L., Coto G., Lago G., Nanau R.M., Vincent M. Hyaluronic acid signals for repair in ethanol-induced apoptosis in cultured skin cells in vitro. Clin. Biochem. 2010, 43:822-826.
18. Riehl T.E., Ee X., Stenson W.F. Hyaluronic acid regulates normal intestinal and colonic growth in mice. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. 2012, 303:G377-G388.
19. Sherman L., Sleeman J., Herrlich Pl. Hyaluronate receptors: key players in growth, differentiation, migration and tumor progression. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1994, 6:726-733.
20. Guéchot J., Laudat A., Loria A., Serfaty L., Poupon R., Giboudeau J. Diagnostic accuracy of hyaluronan and type III procollagen amino-terminal peptide serum assays as markers of liver fibrosis in chronic viral hepatitis C evaluated by ROC curve analysis. Clin. Chem. 1996, 42:558-563.
21. Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. ADVIA Centaur Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) Test Specifications http://www.healthcare.siemens.com/siemens_hwem-hwem_ssxa_websites-context-root/wcm/idc/groups/public/@global/documents/download/mdaw/mtc2/~edisp/xc1_elf_spec_sheet-00046572.pdf.
22. Adams L.A., Bulsara M., Rossi E., DeBoer B., Speers D., George J., et al. Hepascore: an accurate validated predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C infection. Clin. Chem. 2005, 51:1867-1873.
23. Bedossa P., Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology 1996, 24:289-293.
24. Ishak K., Baptista A., Bianchi L., Callea F., De Groote J., Gudat F., et al. Histological grading and staging of chronic hepatitis. J. Hepatol. 1995, 22:696-699.
25. Knodell R.G., Ishak K.G., Black W.C., Chen T.S., Craig R., Kaplowitz N., et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1981, 1:431-435.
26. Ludwig J., Dickson E.R., McDonald G.S. Staging of chronic nonsuppurative destructive cholangitis (syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis). Virchows Arch. A Pathol. Anat. Histol. 1978, 379:103-112.
27. Arima Y., Kawabe N., Hashimoto S., Harata M., Nitta Y., Murao M., et al. Reduction of liver stiffness by interferon treatment in the patients with chronic hepatitis C. Hepatol. Res. 2010, 40:383-392.
28. Ávila R.E., Carmo R.A., Farah K de P., Teixeira A.L., Coimbra L.V., Antunes C.M., Lambertucci J.R. Hyaluronic acid in the evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with hepatitis C on haemodialysis. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 14:335-341.
29. Guéchot J., Lasnier E., Sturm N., Paris A., Zarski J.P. Automation of the Hepascore and validation as a biochemical index of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C from the ANRS HC EP 23 Fibrostar cohort. Clin. Chim. Acta 2010, 411:86-91.
30. Ichino N., Osakabe K., Nishikawa T., Sugiyama H., Kato M., Kitahara S., et al. A new index for non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16:4809-4816.
31. Fontana R.J., Dienstag J.L., Bonkovsky H.L., Sterling R.K., Naishadham D., Goodman Z.D., et al. Serum fibrosis markers are associated with liver disease progression in non-responder patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2010, 59:1401-1409.
32. Schiavon L.L., Carvalho-Filho R.J., Narciso-Schiavon J.L., Medina-Pestana J.O., Lanzoni V.P., Ferraz M.L., et al. YKL-40 and hyaluronic acid (HA) as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in kidney transplant patients with HCV chronic infection. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 45:615-622.
33. Andersen E.S., Moessner B.K., Christensen P.B., Kjær M., Krarup H., Lillevang S., et al. Lower liver stiffness in patients with sustained virological response 4 years after treatment for chronic hepatitis C. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011, 23:41-44.
34. Kalantari H., Hoseini H., Babak A., Yaran M. Validation of Hepascore as a predictor of liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Hepat. Res. Treat. 2011, 2011:972759.
35. Martinez S.M., Fernández-Varo G., González P., Sampson E., Bruguera M., Navasa M., et al. Assessment of liver fibrosis before and after antiviral therapy by different serum marker panels in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 2011, 33:138-148.
36. Park S.H., Kim C.H., Kim D.J., Suk K.T., Park J.H., Cheong J.Y., et al. Diagnostic value of multiple biomarker panel for prediction of significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Clin. Biochem. 2011, 44:1396-1399.
37. Valva P., Casciato P., Diaz Carrasco J.M., Gadano A., Galdame O., Galoppo M.C., et al. The role of serum biomarkers in predicting fibrosis progression in pediatric and adult hepatitis C virus chronic infection. PLoS One 2011, 6:e23218.
38. El-Bassiouni N.E., Nosseir M.M., Madkour M.E., Zoheiry M.M., Bekheit I.W., Ibrahim R.A., et al. Role of fibrogenic markers in chronic hepatitis C and associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol. Biol. Rep. 2012, 39:6843-6850.
39. Ito K., Kuno A., Ikehara Y., Sugiyama M., Saito H., Aoki Y., et al. LecT-Hepa, a glyco-marker derived from multiple lectins, as a predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatology 2012, 56:1448-1456.
40. 13C-aminopyrine breath test and cytokeratin 18 fragment. Ann. Hepatol. 2013, 13:91-97.
41. El-Kamary S.S., Mohamed M.M., El-Raziky M., Shardell M.D., Shaker O.G., ElAkel W.A., et al. Liver fibrosis staging through a stepwise analysis of non-invasive markers (FibroSteps) in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Liver Int. 2013, 33:982-990.
42. El-Mezayen H.A., Toson el-SA, Shiha G.E. Role of hyaluronic acid, its degrading enzymes, degradation products, and ferritin in the assessment of fibrosis stage in Egyptian patients with chronic hepatitis C. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2013, 25:69-76.
43. Gümüşay O., Ozenirler S., Atak A., Sönmez C., Ozkan S., Tuncel A.F., et al. Diagnostic potential of serum direct markers and non-invasive fibrosis models in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol. Res. 2013, 43:228-237.
44. Lichtinghagen R., Pietsch D., Bantel H., Manns M.P., Brand K., Bahr M.J. The Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) score: normal values, influence factors and proposed cut-off values. J. Hepatol. 2013, 59:236-242.
45. Fernandes F.F., Ferraz M.L., Andrade L.E., Dellavance A., Terra C., Pereira G., et al. Enhanced liver fibrosis panel as a predictor of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C patients. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2015, 49:235-241.
46. Mera K., Uto H., Mawatari S., Ido A., Yoshimine Y., Nosaki T., et al. Serum levels of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage are associated with hepatic fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C. BMC Gastroenterol. 2014, 14:27.
47. Nishikawa T., Hashimoto S., Kawabe N., Harata M., Nitta Y., Murao M., et al. Factors correlating with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography in chronic hepatitis C. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:1289-1297.
48. Nassef Y.E., Shady M.M., Galal E.M., Hamed M.A. Performance of diagnostic biomarkers in predicting liver fibrosis among hepatitis C virus-infected Egyptian children. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2013, 108:887-893.
49. Lee H.H., Seo Y.S., Um S.H., Won N.H., Yoo H., Jung E.S., et al. Usefulness of non-invasive markers for predicting significant fibrosis in patients with chronic liver disease. J. Korean Med. Sci. 2010, 25:67-74.
50. Moghaddam F.M., Arrbabi H., Khajedaloei M. Determination of the relationship of serum hyaluronic Acid levels to the degree ofliver fibrosis in biopsies of patients with chronic viral hepatitis B and C. Hepat. Mon. 2010, 10:168-172.
51. Stibbe K.J., Verveer C., Francke J., Hansen B.E., Zondervan P.E., Kuipers E.J., et al. Comparison of non-invasive assessment to diagnose liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B and C patients. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 46:962-972.
52. Rossi E., Adams L.A., Ching H.L., Bulsara M., MacQuillan G.C., Jeffrey G.P. High biological variation of serum hyaluronic acid and Hepascore, a biochemical marker model for the prediction of liver fibrosis. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med. 2013, 51:1107-1114.
53. Gou Y.Z., Liu B., Jiang W., Yu H.T., Bai X.F. The diagnostic value of ultrasound elastography in patients with hepatitis B virus infection: a prospective study. J. Int. Med. Res. 2010, 38:2117-2125.
54. Lee K.G., Seo Y.S., An H., Um S.H., Jung E.S., Keum B., et al. Usefulness of non-invasive markers for predicting liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010, 25:94-100.
55. Arain S.A., Jamal Q., Omair A. "Liverscore" is predictive of both liver fibrosis and activity in chronic hepatitis C. World J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 17:4607-4613.
56. Osakabe K., Ichino N., Nishikawa T., Sugiyama H., Kato M., Kitahara S., et al. Reduction of liver stiffness by antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis B. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 46:1324-1334.
57. Park S.H., Kim C.H., Kim D.J., Suk K.T., Cheong J.Y., Cho S.W., et al. Usefulness of multiple biomarkers for the prediction of significant fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B. J. Clin. Gastroenterol. 2011, 45:361-365.
58. Kim B.K., Kim H.S., Park J.Y., Kim do Y., Ahn S.H., Chon C.Y., et al. Prospective validation of ELF test in comparison with Fibroscan and FibroTest to predict liver fibrosis in Asian subjects with chronic hepatitis B. PLoS One 2012, 7:e41964.
59. Li F., Zhu C.L., Zhang H., Huang H., Wei Q., Zhu X., et al. Role of hyaluronic acid and laminin as serum markers for predicting significant fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Braz. J. Infect. Dis. 2012, 16:9-14.
60. Chen J., Liu C., Chen H., Liu Q., Yang B., Ou Q. Study on noninvasive laboratory tests for fibrosis in chronic HBV infection and their evaluation. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 2013, 27:5-11.
61. Nunes D., Fleming C., Offner G., Craven D., Fix O., Heeren T., et al. Noninvasive markers of liver fibrosis are highly predictive of liver-related death in a cohort of HCV-infected individuals with and without HIV infection. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 105:1346-1353.
62. Resino S., Bellón J.M., Asensio C., Micheloud D., Miralles P., Vargas A., et al. Can serum hyaluronic acid replace simple non-invasive indexes to predict liver fibrosis in HIV/Hepatitis C coinfected patients?. BMC Infect. Dis. 2010, 10:244.
63. Resino S., Micheloud D., Miralles P., Bellón J.M., Vargas A., Catalán P., et al. Diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in HIV and hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients via a new noninvasive index: the HGM-3 index. HIV Med. 2010, 11:64-73.
64. Peters L., Mocroft A., Soriano V., Rockstroh J., Rauch A., Karlsson A., et al. Hyaluronic acid levels predict risk of hepatic encephalopathy and liver-related death in HIV/viral hepatitis coinfected patients. PLoS One 2013, 8:e64283.
65. Patel K., Remlinger K.S., Walker T.G., Leitner P., Lucas J.E., Gardner S.D., et al. Multiplex protein analysis to determine fibrosis stage and progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, (in press). 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.037.
66. Friedrich-Rust M., Rosenberg W., Parkes J., Herrmann E., Zeuzem S., Sarrazin C. Comparison of ELF, FibroTest and FibroScan for the non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. BMC Gastroenterol. 2010, 10:103.
67. Ikeda K., Izumi N., Tanaka E., Yotsuyanagi H., Takahashi Y., Fukushima J., et al. Discrimination of fibrotic staging of chronic hepatitis C using multiple fibrotic markers. Hepatol. Res. 2014, 44:1047-1055.
68. Hu X.R., Cui X.N., Hu Q.T., Chen J. Value of MR diffusion imaging in hepatic fibrosis and its correlations with serum indices. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20:7964-7970.
69. Cheong J.Y., Kim D.J., Hwang S.G., Yang J.M., Kim Y.B., Park Y.N., et al. Serum markers for necroinflammatory activity in patients with chronic viral hepatitis and normal or mildly elevated aminotransferase levels. Liver Int. 2011, 31:1352-1358.
70. Suk K.T., Kim D.J., Kim C.H., Park S.H., Cheong J.Y., Cho S.W., et al. Diagnostic accuracy of biomarkers measured in the hepatic vein and peripheral vein in the prediction of advanced fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. Clin. Biochem. 2012, 45:1075-1080.
71. Koo J.H., Lee M.H., Kim S.S., Kim D.H., Kim I.S., Lee K.M., et al. Changes in serum histologic surrogate markers and procollagen III N-terminal peptide as independent predictors of HBeAg loss in patients with chronic hepatitis B during entecavir therapy. Clin. Biochem. 2012, 45:31-36.
72. Peters L., Neuhaus J., Mocroft A., Soriano V., Rockstroh J., Dore G., et al. Hyaluronic acid levels predict increased risk of non-AIDS death in hepatitis-coinfected persons interrupting antiretroviral therapy in the SMART Study. Antivir. Ther. 2011, 16:667-675.
73. Peters L., Neuhaus J., Duprez D., Neaton J.D., Tracy R., Klein M.B., et al. Biomarkers of inflammation, coagulation and microbial translocation in HIV/HCV co-infected patients in the SMART study. J. Clin. Virol. 2014, 60:295-300.
74. Grint D., Peters L., Rockstroh J.K., de Wit S., Mitsura V.M., Knysz B., et al. Increased incidence of antiretroviral drug discontinuation among patients with viremic hepatitis C virus coinfection and high hyaluronic acid, a marker of liver fibrosis. AIDS 2014, 28:577-587.
75. Mima K., Beppu T., Ishiko T., Chikamoto A., Nakagawa S., Hayashi H., et al. Preoperative serum hyaluronic acid level as a prognostic factor in patients undergoing hepatic resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Br. J. Surg. 2014, 101:269-276.
76. Voumvouraki A., Koulentaki M., Notas G., Sfakianaki O., Kouroumalis E. Serum surrogate markers of liver fibrosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Eur. J. Intern. Med. 2011, 22:77-83.
77. Corpechot C., Carrat F., Poujol-Robert A., Gaouar F., Wendum D., Chazouillères O., et al. Noninvasive elastography-based assessment of liver fibrosis progression and prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis. Hepatology 2012, 56:198-208.
78. Corpechot C., Gaouar F., El Naggar A., Kemgang A., Wendum D., Poupon R., et al. Baseline values and changes in liver stiffness measured by transient elastography are associated with severity of fibrosis and outcomes of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Gastroenterology 2014, 146:970-979.
79. Honsawek S., Chayanupatkul M., Chongsrisawat V., Theamboonlers A., Praianantathavorn K., Udomsinprasert W., et al. Serum adiponectin and transient elastography as non-invasive markers for postoperative biliary atresia. BMC Gastroenterol. 2011, 11:16.
80. Alkhouri N., Carter-Kent C., Lopez R., Rosenberg W.M., Pinzani M., Bedogni G., et al. A combination of the pediatric NAFLD fibrosis index and enhanced liver fibrosistest identifies children with fibrosis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011, 9:150-155.
81. Nobili V., Alisi A., Torre G., De Vito R., Pietrobattista A., Morino G., et al. Hyaluronic acid predicts hepatic fibrosis in children with nonalcoholic fatty liverdisease. Transl. Res. 2010, 156:229-234.
82. Lebensztejn D.M., Wierzbicka A., Socha P., Pronicki M., Skiba E., Werpachowska I., et al. Cytokeratin-18 and hyaluronic acid levels predict liver fibrosis in children with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Acta Biochim. Pol. 2011, 58:563-566.
83. Tomita K., Teratani T., Yokoyama H., Suzuki T., Irie R., Ebinuma H., et al. Serum immunoglobulin a concentration is an independent predictor of liver fibrosis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis before the cirrhotic stage. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2011, 56:3648-3654.
84. Younossi Z.M., Page S., Rafiq N., Birerdinc A., Stepanova M., Hossain N., et al. A biomarker panel for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and NASH-related fibrosis. Obes. Surg. 2011, 21:431-439.
85. Hyogo H., Yamagishi S., Maeda S., Kimura Y., Ishitobi T., Chayama K. Increased insulinogenic index is an independent determinant of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score in patients with normal glucose tolerance. Dig. Liver Dis. 2012, 44:935-939.
86. Williamson R.M., Price J.F., Hayes P.C., Glancy S., Frier B.M., Johnston G.I., et al. Prevalence and markers of advanced liver disease in type 2 diabetes. QJM 2012, 105:425-432.
87. Khoo E.Y., Stevenson M.C., Leverton E., Cross R., Eriksson J.W., Poucher S.M., et al. Elevation of alanine transaminase and markers of liver fibrosis after a mixed meal challenge in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2012, 57:3017-3025.
88. Kälsch J., Bechmann L.P., Kälsch H., Schlattjan M., Erhard J., Gerken G., et al. Evaluation of biomarkers of NAFLD in a cohort of morbidly obese patients. J. Nutr. Metab. 2011, 2011:369168.
89. Sowa J.P., Heider D., Bechmann L.P., Gerken G., Hoffmann D., Canbay A. Novel algorithm for non-invasive assessment of fibrosis in NAFLD. PLoS One 2013, 8:e62439.
90. Fitzpatrick E., Mitry R.R., Quaglia A., Hussain M.J., DeBruyne R., Dhawan A. Serum levels of CK18 M30 and leptin are useful predictors of steatohepatitis and fibrosis in paediatric NAFLD. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 2010, 51:500-506.
91. Yoneda M., Suzuki K., Kato S., Fujita K., Nozaki Y., Hosono K., et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: US-based acoustic radiation force impulse elastography. Radiology 2010, 256:640-647.
92. Stachowska E., Maciejewska D., Ossowski P., Drozd A., Ryterska K., Banaszczak M., et al. Apolipoprotein E4 allele is associated with substantial changes in the plasma lipids and hyaluronic acid content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2013, 64:711-717.
93. Toyoda H., Kumada T., Kiriyama S., Tanikawa M., Hisanaga Y., Kanamori A., et al. Higher hepatic gene expression and serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 are associated with steatohepatitis in non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Biomarkers 2013, 18:82-87.
94. Osaki A., Kubota T., Suda T., Igarashi M., Nagasaki K., Tsuchiya A., et al. Shear wave velocity is a useful marker for managing nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 16:2918-2925.
95. Sanyal A.J., Abdelmalek M.F., Suzuki A., Cummings O.W., Chojkier M. No significant effects of ethyl-eicosapentanoic acid on histologic features of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in a phase 2 trial. Gastroenterology 2014, 147:377-384.
96. Ishitobi T., Hyogo H., Tokumo H., Arihiro K., Chayama K. Efficacy of probucol for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia: an open-label pilot study. Hepatol. Res. 2015, (in press). 10.1111/hepr.12135.
97. Morling J.R., Fallowfield J.A., Guha I.N., Nee L.D., Glancy S., Williamson R.M., et al. Using non-invasive biomarkers to identify hepatic fibrosis in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Edinburgh type 2 diabetes study. J. Hepatol. 2014, 60:384-391.
98. Calès P., Boursier J., Chaigneau J., Lainé F., Sandrini J., Michalak S., et al. Diagnosis of different liver fibrosis characteristics by blood tests in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver Int. 2010, 30:1346-1354.
99. Sowa J.P., Atmaca Ö., Kahraman A., Schlattjan M., Lindner M., Sydor S., et al. Non-invasive separation of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease with predictive modeling. PLoS One 2014, 9:e101444.
100. Tuomi H., Kultti J., Danielsson J., Kangastupa P., Akerman K., Niemelä O. Serum soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in alcoholics: relation toliver disease severity, fibrogenesis and alcohol use. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2014, 29:1991-1995.
101. Malik R., Lai M., Sadiq A., Farnan R., Mehta S., Nasser I., et al. Comparison of transient elastography, serum markers and clinical signs for the diagnosis of compensated cirrhosis. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010, 25:1562-1568.
102. Rath T., Roderfeld M., Güler C., Wenzel C., Graf J., Beitinger F., et al. YKL-40 and transient elastography, a powerful team to assess hepatic fibrosis. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 46:1369-1380.
103. Toshima T., Shirabe K., Takeishi K., Motomura T., Mano Y., Uchiyama H., et al. New method for assessing liver fibrosis based on acoustic radiation force impulse: a special reference to the difference between right and left liver. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 46:705-711.
104. Seidler S., Zimmermann H.W., Weiskirchen R., Trautwein C., Tacke F. Elevated circulating soluble interleukin-2 receptor in patients with chronic liver diseases is associated with non-classical monocytes. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012, 12:38.
105. Lee C.K., Perez-Atayde A.R., Mitchell P.D., Raza R., Afdhal N.H., Jonas M.M. Serum biomarkers and transient elastography as predictors of advanced liver fibrosis in a United States cohort: the Boston Children's Hospital experience. J. Pediatr. 2013, 163. 1058-64.e2. [Epub 2013 Jun 5]. 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.04.044.
106. Marinho C.C., Bretas T., Voieta I., Queiroz L.C., Ruiz-Guevara R., Teixeira A.L., et al. Serum hyaluronan and collagen IV as non-invasive markers of liver fibrosis in patients from an endemic area for schistosomiasis mansoni: a field-based study in Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 2010, 105:471-478.
107. Silva C.C., Domingues A.L., Lopes E.P., Morais C.N., Santos R.B., Luna C.F., et al. Schistosomiasis mansoni: ultrasound-evaluated hepatic fibrosis and serum concentrations of hyaluronic acid. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 2011, 105:233-239.
108. Hou X.Y., Ellis M.K., McManus D.P., Wang Y.Y., Li S.D., Williams G.M., et al. Diagnostic value of non-invasive bio-markers for stage-specific diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica. Int. J. Parasitol. 2011, 41:325-332.
109. Wu Y.M., Xu N., Hu J.Y., Xu X.F., Wu W.X., Gao S.X., et al. A simple noninvasive index to predict significant liver fibrosis in patients with advanced schistosomiasis japonica. Parasitol. Int. 2013, 62:283-288.
110. Galal G.M., Amin N.F., Abdel Hafeez H.A., El-Baz M.A. Can serum fibrosis markers predict medium/large oesophageal varices in patients with liver cirrhosis?. Arab. J. Gastroenterol. 2011, 12:62-67.
111. Sadik N.A., Ahmed A., Ahmed S. The significance of serum levels of adiponectin, leptin, and hyaluronic acid in hepatocellular carcinoma of cirrhotic and noncirrhotic patients. Hum. Exp. Toxicol. 2012, 31:311-321.
112. Carrión J.A., Fernández-Varo G., Bruguera M., García-Pagán J.C., García-Valdecasas J.C., Pérez-Del-Pulgar S., et al. Serum fibrosis markers identify patients with mild and progressive hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology 2010, 138:147-158.
113. Fernández-Yunquera A., Ripoll C., Bañares R., Puerto M., Rincón D., Yepes I., et al. Everolimus immunosuppression reduces the serum expression of fibrosis markers in liver transplant recipients. World J. Transplant. 2014, 4:133-140.
114. He J., Wang P., Zhu J.Q., Wu G., Ji J.M., Xue Y. Role of urinary biomarkers of N, N-dimethylformamide in the early detection of hepatic injury among occupational exposed workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2010, 83:399-406.
115. Maruyama T., Murata S., Takahashi K., Tamura T., Nozaki R., Ikeda N., et al. Platelet transfusion improves liver function in patients with chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Tohoku J. Exp. Med. 2013, 229:213-220.
116. Dechêne A., Sowa J.P., Gieseler R.K., Jochum C., Bechmann L.P., El Fouly A., et al. Acute liver failure is associated with elevated liver stiffness and hepatic stellate cell activation. Hepatology 2010, 52:1008-1016.
117. Li H., Hu Y., Li N., Zhou Y. Liver fibrosis and five year survival of hepatocellular cancer cases undergoing transcatheter arterial chemo embolization using small doses. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 2012, 13:1589-1593.
118. Imai K., Beppu T., Yamao T., Okabe H., Hayashi H., Nitta H., et al. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of preoperative serum zinc status in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after initial hepatectomy. Ann. Surg. Oncol. 2014, 21:3817-3826.
119. Papastamataki M., Delaporta P., Premetis E., Kattamis A., Ladis V., Papassotiriou I. Evaluation of liver fibrosis in patients with thalassemia: the important role ofhyaluronic acid. Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 2010, 45:215-218.
120. El-Shabrawi M.H., Zein El Abedin M.Y., Omar N., Kamal N.M., Elmakarem S.A., Khattab S., et al. Predictive accuracy of serum hyaluronic acid as a non-invasive marker of fibrosis in a cohort of multi-transfused Egyptian children with β-thalassaemia major. Arab. J. Gastroenterol. 2012, 13:45-48.
121. Abignano G., Cuomo G., Buch M.H., Rosenberg W.M., Valentini G., Emery P., et al. The enhanced liver fibrosis test: a clinical grade, validated serum test, biomarker of overall fibrosis in systemic sclerosis. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2014, 73:420-427.
122. Della-Torre E., Feeney E., Deshpande V., Mattoo H., Mahajan V., Kulikova M., et al. B-Cell depletion attenuates serological biomarkers of fibrosis and myofibroblast activation in IgG4-related disease. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 2015, (in press). 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205799.
123. Hayashi T., Inuzuka R., Shindo T., Hirata Y., Shimizu N., Oka A. Serum hyaluronic acid concentration in Fontan circulation: correlation with hepatic function and portal vein hemodynamics. Pediatr. Cardiol. 2014, 35:608-615.
124. Yagmur E., Koch A., Haumann M., Kramann R., Trautwein C., Tacke F. Hyaluronan serum concentrations are elevated in critically ill patients and associated with disease severity. Clin. Biochem. 2012, 45:82-87.
125. Janciauskiene S., Wallmark A., Piitulainen E., Köhnlein T., Welte T., Sveger T. Performance of enhanced liver fibrosis plasma markers in asymptomatic individuals with ZZ α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2011, 23:716-720.