Epidemiology and heritability of major depressive disorder, stratified by age of onset, sex, and illness course in generation Scotland: Scottish family health study (GS: SFHS)

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 2015, Pages

  Fernandez Pujals, Ana Maria ^a   Adams, Mark James ^a   Thomson, Pippa ^a   McKechanie, Andrew G ^b   Blackwood, Douglas H R ^a   Smith, Blair H ^c   Dominiczak, Anna F ^d   Morris, Andrew D ^b   Matthews, Keith ^c   Campbell, Archie ^a   Linksted, Pamela ^a   Haley, Chris S ^e   Deary, Ian J ^a   Porteous, David J ^a   MacIntyre, Donald J ^a   McIntosh, Andrew M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

^d UNIVERSITY OF GLASGOW   (United Kingdom)

^e UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; COHORT ANALYSIS; CONTROLLED STUDY; DISABILITY; DISEASE DURATION; FEMALE; GENETIC CORRELATION; GENETIC LINKAGE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; ONSET AGE; PEDIGREE; PREVALENCE; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL ISOLATION; UNEMPLOYMENT; UNITED KINGDOM; ADOLESCENT; AGED; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FAMILY HEALTH; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; KAPLAN MEIER METHOD; MIDDLE AGED; PHENOTYPE; QUESTIONNAIRE; REGISTER; SCOTLAND; SEX DIFFERENCE; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE OF ONSET; AGED; COHORT STUDIES; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; FAMILY HEALTH; FEMALE; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; KAPLAN-MEIER ESTIMATE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PEDIGREE; PHENOTYPE; PREVALENCE; REGISTRIES; RISK FACTORS; SCOTLAND; SEX FACTORS; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84957111265     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142197     Document Type: Article

References (63)

1. Global health estimates 2014 summary tables: DALY by cause, age and sex, 2000-2012 [Internet]. 2014 [cited 20 February 2015]. Available from: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global-burden-disease/estimates/en/index2.html.
2. Andrade L, Caraveo-anduaga JJ, Berglund P, Bijl RV, Graaf RD, Vollebergh W, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive episodes: results from the International Consortium of Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE) Surveys. International journal of methods in psychiatric research. 2003; 12(1):3-21. PMID: 12830306
3. Bromet E, Andrade L, Hwang I, Sampson N, Alonso J, de Girolamo G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of DSM-IV major depressive episode. BMC Medicine. 2011; 9(1):90. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-9-90
4. Jenkins R, Bebbington P, Brugha TS, Farrell M, Lewis G, Meltzer H. British psychiatric morbidity survey. Br J Psychiatry. 1998; 173:4-7. PMID: 9850201.
5. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Koretz D, Merikangas KR, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Jama. 2003; 289(23):3095-105. PMID: 12813115
6. Hasin DS, Grant BF. Major depression in 6050 former drinkers: association with past alcohol dependence. Archives of General Psychiatry. 2002; 59(9):794-800. PMID: 12215078
7. Kendler KS, Gardner CO. Sex differences in the pathways to major depression: a study of opposite-sex twin pairs. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2014; 171(4):426-35. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2013. 13101375 PMID: 24525762
8. Sullivan PF, Neale MC, Kendler KS. Genetic epidemiology of major depression: review and meta-analysis. Genetic Epidemiology. 2000; 157(10).
9. Lubke GH, Hottenga JJ, Walters R, Laurin C, De Geus EJ, Willemsen G, et al. Estimating the genetic variance of major depressive disorder due to all single nucleotide polymorphisms. Biological psychiatry. 2012; 72(8):707-9. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.011 PMID: 22520966
10. Bosker F, Hartman C, Nolte I, Prins B, Terpstra P, Posthuma D, et al. Poor replication of candidate genes for major depressive disorder using genome-wide association data. Molecular psychiatry. 2011; 16(5):516-32. doi: 10.1038/mp.2010.38 PMID: 20351714
11. Flint J, Kendler KS. The genetics of major depression. Neuron. 2014; 81(3):484-503. doi: 10.1016/j. neuron.2014.01.027 PMID: 24507187
12. Ripke S, Wray NR, Lewis CM, Hamilton SP, Weissman MM, Breen G, et al. A mega-analysis of genome-wide association studies for major depressive disorder. Molecular psychiatry. 2013; 18 (4):497-511. doi: 10.1038/mp.2012.21 PMID: 22472876
13. Levinson DF, Mostafavi S, Milaneschi Y, Rivera M, Ripke S, Wray NR, et al. Genetic Studies of Major Depressive Disorder: Why Are There No Genome-wide Association Study Findings and What Can We Do About It? Biological Psychiatry. 2014; 76(7):510-2. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.07.029 PMID: 25201436
14. Levinson DF. The genetics of depression: a review. Biological psychiatry. 2006; 60(2):84-92. PMID: 16300747
15. Kendler KS, Prescott CA. A population-based twin study of lifetime major depression in men and women. Archives of general psychiatry. 1999; 56(1):39-44. PMID: 9892254
16. Kendler KS, Gatz M, Gardner CO, Pedersen NL. A Swedish national twin study of lifetime major depression. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2006; 163(1):109-14. PMID: 16390897
17. Kendler KS, Fiske A, Gardner CO, Gatz M. Delineation of two genetic pathways to major depression. Biological psychiatry. 2009; 65(9):808-11. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.015 PMID: 19103442
18. Power RA, Keers R, Ng MY, Butler AW, Uher R, Cohen-Woods S, et al. Dissecting the genetic heterogeneity of depression through age at onset. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics. 2012; 159(7):859-68.
19. Wray NR, Maier R. Genetic Basis of Complex Genetic Disease: The Contribution of Disease Heterogeneity to Missing Heritability. Current Epidemiology Reports. 2014; 1(4):220-7.
20. Lynch M, Walsh B. Genetics and analysis of quantitative traits. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer; 1998.
21. Tanzi RE, Bertram L. Twenty Years of the Alzheimer's Disease Amyloid Hypothesis: A Genetic Perspective. Cell. 2005; 120(4):545-55. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.008 PMID: 15734686
22. Smith BH, Campbell H, Blackwood D, Connell J, Connor M, Deary IJ, et al. Generation Scotland: the Scottish Family Health Study; a new resource for researching genes and heritability. BMC Medical Genetics. 2006; 7(1):74.
23. Smith BH, Campbell A, Linksted P, Fitzpatrick B, Jackson C, Kerr SM, et al. Cohort profile: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS: SFHS). The study, its participants and their potential for genetic research on health and illness. International journal of epidemiology. 2012; 42(2):689-700.
24. Health and Social Care Information Centre. Attribution Data Set GP-Registered Populations Scaled to ONS Population Estimates-2011. Standard Health and Social Care Information Centre, 2011.
25. Scottish Executive. Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 2011. Available from: http://www.scotland. gov.uk/Topics/Statistics/SIMD.
26. First MB, Spitzer RL, Gibbon M, Williams JB. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition. (SCID-I/P). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, 2002.
27. Rodriguez G, Goldman N. An assessment of estimation procedures for multilevel models with binary responses. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A. 1995; 1:73-89.
28. Hadfield JD. MCMC methods for multi-response generalized linear mixed models: The MCMCglmm R package. J Stat Softw. 2010; 33(2):1-22.
29. Wilson AJ. Why h[2] does not always equal V[A]/V[P]? J Evol Biol. 2008; 21(3):647-50. doi: 10.1111/j. 1420-9101.2008.01500.x PMID: 18266683
30. Plummer M, Best N, Cowles K, Vines K. CODA: Convergence Diagnosis and Output Analysis for MCMC. R News. 2006; 6:7-11.
31. Nakagawa S, Schielzeth H. Repeatability for Gaussian and non-Gaussian data: a practical guide for biologists. Biol Rev. 2010; 85(4):935-56. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-185X.2010.00141.x PMID: 20569253
32. Visscher PM, Hill WG, Wray NR. Heritability in the genomics era-concepts and misconceptions. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2008; 9(4):255-66. doi: 10.1038/nrg2322 PMID: 18319743
33. Falconer DS. The inheritance of liability to certain diseases, estimated from the incidence among relatives. Annals of Human Genetics. 1965; 29(1):51-76.
34. Tenesa A, Haley CS. The heritability of human disease: estimation, uses and abuses. Nature Reviews Genetics. 2013; 14(2):139-49. doi: 10.1038/nrg3377 PMID: 23329114
35. Gelman A, Hill J. Data analysis using regression and multilevel/hierarchical models. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2007.
36. Cadoret RJ, Winokur G, Dorzab J, Baker M. Depressive disease: Life events and onset of illness. Archives of General Psychiatry. 1972; 26(2):133-6. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750200037008 PMID: 5060399
37. Mendlewicz J, Baron M. Morbidity risks in subtypes of unipolar depressive illness: differences between early and late onset forms1981. 463-6 p.
38. Winokur G. Unipolar depression: Is it divisible into autonomous subtypes? Archives of General Psychiatry. 1979; 36(1):47-52. PMID: 760696
39. Susser E, Shrout P. Two plus two equals three? Do we need to rethink lifetime prevalence? Psychological medicine. 2010; 40(06):895-7.
40. Moffitt TE, Caspi A, Taylor A, Kokaua J, Milne B, Polanczyk G, et al. How common are common mental disorders? Evidence that lifetime prevalence rates are doubled by prospective versus retrospective ascertainment. Psychological medicine. 2010; 40(06):899-909.
41. Stan Development Team. Stan: A C++ Library for Probability and Sampling. 2.7.0 ed2015.
42. Bijl R, Ravelli A, Van Zessen G. Prevalence of psychiatric disorder in the general population: results of The Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 1998; 33(12):587-95. PMID: 9857791
43. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Nelson CB, Hughes M, Swartz M, Blazer DG. Sex and depression in the National Comorbidity Survey. II: Cohort effects. Journal of affective disorders. 1994; 30(1):15-26. PMID: 8151045
44. Pedersen CB, Mors O, Bertelsen A, Waltoft BL, Agerbo E, McGrath JJ, et al. A comprehensive nationwide study of the incidence rate and lifetime risk for treated mental disorders. JAMA psychiatry. 2014; 71(5):573-81. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.16 PMID: 24806211
45. Takayanagi Y, Spira AP, Roth KB, Gallo JJ, Eaton WW, Mojtabai R. Accuracy of reports of lifetime mental and physical disorders: Results from the baltimore epidemiological catchment area study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014; 71(3):273-80. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3579 PMID: 24402003
46. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and ageof-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of general psychiatry. 2005; 62(6):593-602. PMID: 15939837
47. Chen Y, Li H, Li Y, Xie D, Wang Z, Yang F, et al. Resemblance of Symptoms for Major Depression Assessed at Interview versus from Hospital Record Review. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7(1):e28734. doi: 10. 1371/journal.pone.0028734 PMID: 22247760
48. Susser E, Schwartz S, Morabia A, Bromet EJ. Psychiatric epidemiology: searching for the causes of mental disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2006.
49. Miettinen O. Estimability and estimation in case-referent studies. American journal of epidemiology. 1976; 103(2):226-35. PMID: 1251836
50. Rothman KJ, Greenland S, Lash TL. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2008.
51. Pilia G, Chen W-M, Scuteri A, Orrú Marco, Albai G, Dei M, et al. Heritability of cardiovascular and personality traits in 6,148 Sardinians. PLoS Genet. 2006; 2:e132. PMID: 16934002
52. Martin JGA, Nussey DH, Wilson AJ, Réale D. Measuring individual differences in reaction norms in field and experimental studies: a power analysis of random regression models. Methods Ecol Evol. 2011; 2(4):362-74.
53. Bouchard TJ. Genetic Influence on Human Psychological Traits A Survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2004; 13(4):148-51.
54. Hill WG, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. Data and theory point to mainly additive genetic variance for complex traits. PLoS Genetics. 2008; 4(2):e1000008. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000008 PMID: 18454194
55. Weissman MM, Bland RC, Canino GJ, Faravelli C, Greenwald S, Hwu H-G, et al. Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Jama. 1996; 276(4):293-9. PMID: 8656541
56. Office for Disability Issues. Disability: Equality Act 2010-Guidance on matters to be taken into account in determining questions relating to the definition of disability. London2011.
57. Anda RF, Williamson DF, Escobedo LG, Mast EE, Giovino GA, Remington PL. Depression and the dynamics of smoking: a national perspective. Jama. 1990; 264(12):1541-5. PMID: 2395193
58. Berg CJ, Wen H, Cummings JR, Ahluwalia JS, Druss BG. Depression and substance abuse and dependency in relation to current smoking status and frequency of smoking among nondaily and daily smokers. The American Journal on Addictions. 2013; 22(6):581-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013. 12041.x PMID: 24131166
59. VanRaden P. Efficient methods to compute genomic predictions. J Dairy Sci. 2008; 91(11):4414-23. doi: 10.3168/jds.2007-0980 PMID: 18946147
60. Yang J, Lee SH, Goddard ME, Visscher PM. GCTA: a tool for genome-wide complex trait analysis. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2011; 88(1):76-82. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.11.011 PMID: 21167468
61. Klerman GL, Weissman MM. Increasing rates of depression. Jama. 1989; 261(15):2229-35. PMID: 2648043
62. McGuffin P, Katz R, Watkins S, Rutherford J. A hospital-based twin register of the heritability of DSM-IV unipolar depression. Archives of general psychiatry. 1996; 53(2):129-36. PMID: 8629888
63. Glahn DC, Curran JE, Winkler AM, Carless MA, Kent JW, Charlesworth JC, et al. High dimensional endophenotype ranking in the search for major depression risk genes. Biological psychiatry. 2012; 71 (1):6-14. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.022 PMID: 21982424