Chronic kidney disease and risk factors responsible for sudden cardiac death: A whiff of hope?

Kidney Research and Clinical Practice

Volumn 35, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 3-9

  Kiuchi, Márcio G ^a   Mion, Decio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Chronic renal insufficiency; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Sudden cardiac death; Sympathetic nervous system; Ventricular remodeling

Indexed keywords

ADRENERGIC ACTIVITY; ADRENERGIC SYSTEM; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; DISEASE EXACERBATION; END STAGE RENAL DISEASE; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; FEEDBACK SYSTEM; GLOMERULUS FILTRATION RATE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE MASS; HUMAN; KIDNEY FUNCTION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH; SYMPATHETIC TONE;

EID: 84956916682     PISSN: 22119132     EISSN: 22119140     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.krcp.2015.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (97)

1. A.J. Collins, R.N. Foley, B. Chavers, D. Gilbertson, C. Herzog, A. Ishani, K. Johansen, B.L. Kasiske, N. Kutner, J. Liu, W. St Peter, H. Guo, Y. Hu, A. Kats, S. Li, S. Li, J. Maloney, T. Roberts, M. Skeans, J. Snyder, C. Solid, B. Thompson, E. Weinhandl, H. Xiong, A. Yusuf, D. Zaun, C. Arko, S.C. Chen, F. Daniels, J. Ebben, E. Frazier, R. Johnson, D. Sheets, X. Wang, B. Forrest, D. Berrini, E. Constantini, S. Everson, P. Eggers, and L. Agodoa 2013 USRDS Annual Data Report: atlas of chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease in the United States Am J Kidney Dis 63 2014 e1 e478
2. A.S. Levey, R. Atkins, J. Coresh, E.P. Cohen, A.J. Collins, K.U. Eckardt, M.E. Nahas, B.L. Jaber, M. Jadoul, A. Levin, N.R. Powe, J. Rossert, D.C. Wheeler, N. Lameire, and G. Eknoyan Chronic kidney disease as a global public health problem: approaches and initiatives - a position statement from Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes Kidney Int 72 2007 247 259
3. J.E. Shaw, R.A. Sicree, and P.Z. Zimmet Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030 Diabetes Res Clin Pract 87 2010 4 14
4. P.M. Kearney, M. Whelton, K. Reynolds, P. Muntner, P.K. Whelton, and J. He Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data Lancet 365 2005 217 223
5. P.A. Sarafidis, S. Li, S.C. Chen, A.J. Collins, W.W. Brown, M.J. Klag, and G.L. Bakris Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in chronic kidney disease Am J Med 121 2008 332 340
6. D.S. Keith, G.A. Nichols, C.M. Gullion, J.B. Brown, and D.H. Smith Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization Arch Intern Med 164 2004 659 663
7. R.N. Foley, P.S. Parfrey, and M.J. Sarnak Epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease J Am Soc Nephrol 9 12 Suppl 1998 S16 S23
8. P.S. Parfrey, and R.N. Foley The clinical epidemiology of cardiac disease in chronic renal failure J Am Soc Nephrol 10 1999 1606 1615
9. P. Muntner, J. He, L. Hamm, C. Loria, and P.K. Whelton Renal insufficiency and subsequent death resulting from cardiovascular disease in the United States J Am Soc Nephrol 13 2002 745 753
10. A. Lindner, B. Charra, D.J. Sherrard, and B.H. Scribner Accelerated atherosclerosis in prolonged maintenance hemodialysis N Engl J Med 290 1974 697 701
11. M.G. Shlipak, M.J. Sarnak, R. Katz, L.F. Fried, S.L. Seliger, A.B. Newman, D.S. Siscovick, and C. Stehman-Breen Cystatin C and the risk of death and cardiovascular events among elderly persons N Engl J Med 352 2005 2049 2060
12. M.J. Sarnak, R. Katz, C.O. Stehman-Breen, L.F. Fried, N.S. Jenny, B.M. Psaty, A.B. Newman, D. Siscovick, M.G. Shlipak Cardiovascular Health Study Cystatin C concentration as a risk factor for heart failure in older adults Ann Intern Med 142 2005 497 505
13. R. Deo, C.L. Fyr, L.F. Fried, A.B. Newman, T.B. Harris, S. Angleman, C. Green, S.B. Kritchevsky, G.M. Chertow, S.R. Cummings, M.G. Shlipak Health ABC study Kidney dysfunction and fatal cardiovascular disease - an association independent of atherosclerotic events: results from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) study Am Heart J 155 2008 62 68
14. W.B. Kannel, L.A. Cupples, and R.B. D'Agostino Sudden death risk in overt coronary heart disease: the Framingham Study Am Heart J 113 1987 799 804
15. W.G. Stevenson, L.W. Stevenson, H.R. Middlekauff, and L.A. Saxon Sudden death prevention in patients with advanced ventricular dysfunction Circulation 88 1993 2953 2961
16. A.E. Epstein, J.P. DiMarco, K.A. Ellenbogen, N.A. Estes 3rd, R.A. Freedman, L.S. Gettes, A.M. Gillinov, G. Gregoratos, S.C. Hammill, D.L. Hayes, M.A. Hlatky, L.K. Newby, R.L. Page, M.H. Schoenfeld, M.J. Silka, L.W. Stevenson, M.O. Sweeney, S.C. Smith Jr., A.K. Jacobs, C.D. Adams, J.L. Anderson, C.E. Buller, M.A. Creager, S.M. Ettinger, D.P. Faxon, J.L. Halperin, L.F. Hiratzka, S.A. Hunt, H.M. Krumholz, F.G. Kushner, B.W. Lytle, R.A. Nishimura, J.P. Ornato, R.L. Page, B. Riegel, L.G. Tarkington, C.W. Yancy American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices); American Association for Thoracic Surgery; Society of Thoracic Surgeons ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline update for implantation of cardiac pacemakers and antiarrhythmia devices): developed in collaboration with the American Association for Thoracic Surgery and Society of Thoracic Surgeons Circulation 117 2008 e350 e408 doi:10.1161/CIRCUALTIONAHA.108.189742 [Epub 2008 May 15]
17. R. Myerberg, and A. Castellanos Cardiac arrest and sudden death E. Braunwald, Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine 1997 Saunders Philadelphia 742 779
18. E.C. Stecker, C. Vickers, J. Waltz, C. Socoteanu, B.T. John, R. Mariani, J.H. McAnulty, K. Gunson, J. Jui, and S.S. Chugh Population-based analysis of sudden cardiac death with and without left ventricular systolic dysfunction: two year findings from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study J Am Coll Cardiol 47 2006 1161 1166
19. A.J. Moss, W. Zareba, W.J. Hall, H. Klein, D.J. Wilber, D.S. Cannom, J.P. Daubert, S.L. Higgins, M.W. Brown, M.L. Andrews Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial II Investigators Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction N Engl J Med 346 2002 877 883
20. I. Goldenberg, A.J. Moss, S. McNitt, W. Zareba, M.L. Andrews, W.J. Hall, H. Greenberg, R.B. Case Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II Investigators Relations among renal function, risk of sudden cardiac death, and benefit of the implanted cardiac defibrillator in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction Am J Cardiol 98 2006 485 490
21. M.R. Bristow, L.A. Saxon, J. Boehmer, S. Krueger, D.A. Kass, T. De Marco, P. Carson, L. DiCarlo, D. DeMets, B.G. White, D.W. DeVries, A.M. Feldman Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Investigators Cardiac resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure N Engl J Med 350 2004 2140 2150
22. L.A. Saxon, M.R. Bristow, J. Boehmer, S. Krueger, D.A. Kass, T. De Marco, P. Carson, L. DiCarlo, A.M. Feldman, E. Galle, and F. Ecklund Predictors of sudden cardiac death and appropriate shock in the Comparison of Medical Therapy, Pacing, and Defibrillation in Heart Failure (COMPANION) Trial Circulation 114 2006 2766 2772
23. R. Deo, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, Z.H. Tseng, S.B. Hulley, and M.G. Shlipak Kidney dysfunction and sudden cardiac death among women with coronary heart disease Hypertension 51 2008 1578 1582
24. P.H. Pun, T.R. Smarz, E.F. Honeycutt, L.K. Shaw, S.M. Al-Khatib, and J.P. Middleton Chronic kidney disease is associated with increased risk of sudden cardiac death among patients with coronary artery disease Kidney Int 76 2009 652 658
25. R. Deo, N. Sotoodehnia, R. Katz, M.J. Sarnak, L.F. Fried, M. Chonchol, B. Kestenbaum, B.M. Psaty, D.S. Siscovick, and M.G. Shlipak Cystatin C and sudden cardiac death risk in the elderly Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 3 2010 159 164
26. A.S. Levey, J.A. Beto, B.E. Coronado, G. Eknoyan, R.N. Foley, B.L. Kasiske, M.J. Klag, L.U. Mailloux, C.L. Manske, K.B. Meyer, P.S. Parfrey, M.A. Pfeffer, N.K. Wenger, P.W. Wilson, and J.T. Wright Jr. Controlling the epidemic of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease: what do we know? What do we need to learn? Where do we go from here? National Kidney Foundation Task Force on Cardiovascular Disease Am J Kidney Dis 32 1998 853 906
27. C.A. Herzog, S. Li, E.D. Weinhandl, J.W. Strief, A.J. Collins, and D.T. Gilbertson Survival of dialysis patients after cardiac arrest and the impact of implantable cardioverter defibrillators Kidney Int 68 2005 818 825
28. R.S. Parekh, L.C. Plantinga, W.H. Kao, L.A. Meoni, B.G. Jaar, N.E. Fink, N.R. Powe, J. Coresh, and M.J. Klag The association of sudden cardiac death with inflammation and other traditional risk factors Kidney Int 74 2008 1335 1342
29. A.Y. Wang, C.W. Lam, I.H. Chan, M. Wang, S.F. Lui, and J.E. Sanderson Sudden cardiac death in end-stage renal disease patients: a 5-year prospective analysis Hypertension 56 2010 210 216
30. R.S. Parekh, C.E. Carroll, R.A. Wolfe, and F.K. Port Cardiovascular mortality in children and young adults with end-stage kidney disease J Pediatr 141 2002 191 197
31. G. Cerasola, E. Nardi, G. Mulè, A. Palermo, P. Cusimano, M. Guarneri, R. Arsena, G. Giammarresi, A. Carola Foraci, and S. Cottone Left ventricular mass in hypertensive patients with mild-to-moderate reduction of renal function Nephrology (Carlton) 15 2010 203 210
32. A. Levin, C.R. Thompson, J. Ethier, E.J. Carlisle, S. Tobe, D. Mendelssohn, E. Burgess, K. Jindal, B. Barrett, J. Singer, and O. Djurdjev Left ventricular mass index increase in early renal disease: impact of decline in hemoglobin Am J Kidney Dis 34 1999 125 134
33. E. Paoletti, D. Bellino, P. Cassottana, D. Rolla, and G. Cannella Left ventricular hypertrophy in nondiabetic predialysis CKD Am J Kidney Dis 46 2005 320 327
34. A. Moran, R. Katz, N.S. Jenny, B. Astor, D.A. Bluemke, J.A. Lima, D. Siscovick, A.G. Bertoni, and M.G. Shlipak Left ventricular hypertrophy in mild and moderate reduction in kidney function determined using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and Cystatin C: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA) Am J Kidney Dis 52 2008 839 848
35. P.B. Mark, N. Johnston, B.A. Groenning, J.E. Foster, K.G. Blyth, T.N. Martin, T. Steedman, H.J. Dargie, and A.G. Jardine Redefinition of uremic cardiomyopathy by contrast-enhanced cardiacmagnetic resonance imaging Kidney Int 69 2006 1839 1845
36. G. Cioffi, L. Tarantini, R. Frizzi, C. Stefenelli, T.E. Russo, A. Selmi, C. Toller, F. Furlanello, and G. de Simone Chronic kidney disease elicits excessive increase in left ventricular mass growth in patients at increased risk for cardiovascular events J Hypertens 29 2011 565 573
37. A.P. Schroeder, B.O. Kristensen, C.B. Nielsen, and E.B. Pedersen Heart function in patients with chronic glomerulonephritis and mildly to moderately impaired renal function. An echocardiographic study Blood Press 6 1997 286 293
38. J.J. Hunter, and K.R. Chien Signaling pathways for cardiac hypertrophy and failure N Engl J Med 341 1999 1276 1283
39. K. Amann, G. Kronenberg, F. Gehlen, S. Wessels, S. Orth, K. Münter, H. Ehmke, G. Mall, and E. Ritz Cardiac remodelling in experimental renal failure - an immunohistochemical study Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 1998 1958 1966
40. G. Mall, W. Huther, J. Schneider, P. Lundin, and E. Ritz Diffuse intermyocardiocytic fibrosis in uraemic patients Nephrol Dial Transplant 5 1990 39 44
41. A.W. Haider, M.G. Larson, E.J. Benjamin, and D. Levy Increased left ventricular mass and hypertrophy are associated with increased risk for sudden death J Am Coll Cardiol 32 1998 1454 1459
42. K. Reinier, C. Dervan, T. Singh, A. Uy-Evanado, S. Lai, K. Gunson, J. Jui, and S.S. Chugh Increased left ventricular mass and decreased left ventricular systolic function have independent pathways to ventricular arrhythmogenesis in coronary artery disease Heart Rhythm 8 2011 1177 1182
43. A.T. Yan, A.J. Shayne, K.A. Brown, S.N. Gupta, C.W. Chan, T.M. Luu, M.F. Di Carli, H.G. Reynolds, W.G. Stevenson, and R.Y. Kwong Characterization of the peri-infarct zone by contrast enhanced cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is a powerful predictor of postmyocardial infarction mortality Circulation 114 2006 32 39
44. R.E. Schmieder, K.F. Hilgers, M.P. Schlaich, and B.M. Schmidt Renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular risk Lancet 369 2007 1208 1219
45. S.D. Roes, C.J. Borleffs, R.J. van der Geest, J.J. Westenberg, N.A. Marsan, T.A. Kaandorp, J.H. Reiber, K. Zeppenfeld, H.J. Lamb, A. de Roos, M.J. Schalij, and J.J. Bax Infarct tissue heterogeneity assessed with contrast-enhanced MRI predicts spontaneous ventricular arrhythmia in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and implantable cardioverterdefibrillator Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2 2009 183 190
46. A.S. Pai, and C.M. Giachelli Matrix remodeling in vascular calcification associated with chronic kidney disease J Am Soc Nephrol 21 2010 1637 1640
47. M. Briet, C. Collin, A. Karras, S. Laurent, E. Bozec, C. Jacquot, B. Stengel, P. Houillier, M. Froissart, P. Boutouyrie Nephrotest Study Group Arterial remodeling associates with CKD progression J Am Soc Nephrol 22 2011 967 974
48. M.C. Hu, M. Shi, J. Zhang, H. Quiñones, C. Griffith, M. Kuro-o, and O.W. Moe Klotho deficiency causes vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease J Am Soc Nephrol 22 2011 124 136
49. R. Shroff, and C.M. Shanahan Klotho: an elixir of youth for the vasculature? J Am Soc Nephrol 22 2011 5 7
50. F. Perticone, R. Maio, G. Tripepi, and C. Zoccali Endothelial dysfunction and mild renal insufficiency in essential hypertension Circulation 110 2004 821 825
51. F. Perticone, R. Maio, M. Perticone, A. Sciacqua, E. Shehaj, P. Naccarato, and G. Sesti Endothelial dysfunction and subsequent decline in glomerular filtration rate in hypertensive patients Circulation 122 2010 379 384
52. B.A. Kingwell, T.K. Waddell, T.L. Medley, J.D. Cameron, and A.M. Dart Large artery stiffness predicts ischemic threshold in patients with coronary artery disease J Am Coll Cardiol 40 2002 773 779
53. G. Schlieper, A. Aretz, S.C. Verberckmoes, T. Krüger, G.J. Behets, R. Ghadimi, T.E. Weirich, D. Rohrmann, S. Langer, J.H. Tordoir, K. Amann, R. Westenfeld, V.M. Brandenburg, P.C. D'Haese, J. Mayer, M. Ketteler, M.D. McKee, and J. Floege Ultrastructural analysis of vascular calcifications in uremia J Am Soc Nephrol 21 2010 689 696
54. S.K. Ganesh, A.G. Stack, N.W. Levin, T. Hulbert-Shearon, and F. Port Association of elevated serum PO(4), Ca x PO(4) product, and parathyroid hormone with cardiac mortality risk in chronic hemodialysis patients J Am Soc Nephrol 12 2001 2131 2138
55. A.L. Waldo, V.J. Plumb, J.G. Arciniegas, W.A. MacLean, T.B. Cooper, M.F. Priest, and T.N. James Transient entrainment and interruption of the atrioventricular bypass pathway type of paroxysmal atrial tachycardia. A model for understanding and identifying reentrant arrhythmias Circulation 67 1983 73 83
56. A. Schmidt, C.F. Azevedo, A. Cheng, S.N. Gupta, D.A. Bluemke, T.K. Foo, G. Gerstenblith, R.G. Weiss, E. Marbán, G.F. Tomaselli, J.A. Lima, and K.C. Wu Infarct tissue heterogeneity by magnetic resonance imaging identifies enhanced cardiac arrhythmia susceptibility in patients with left ventricular dysfunction Circulation 115 2007 2006 2014
57. M.A. Morales, C. Gremigni, P. Dattolo, M. Piacenti, T. Cerrai, A. Fazi, G. Pelosi, R. Vergassola, and Q. Maggiore Signal-averaged ECG abnormalities in haemodialysis patients. Role of dialysis Nephrol Dial Transplant 13 1998 668 673
58. R.K. Patel, P.B. Mark, C. Halliday, T. Steedman, H.J. Dargie, S.M. Cobbe, and A.G. Jardine Microvolt T-wave alternans in end-stage renal disease patients - associations with uremic cardiomyopathy Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 6 2011 519 527
59. S.T. Morris, E. Galiatsou, G.A. Stewart, R.S. Rodger, and A.G. Jardine QT dispersion before and after hemodialysis J Am Soc Nephrol 10 1999 160 163
60. I. Lorincz, J. Mátyus, Z. Zilahi, C. Kun, Z. Karányi, and G. Kakuk QT dispersion in patients with end-stage renal failure and during hemodialysis J Am Soc Nephrol 10 1999 1297 1302
61. A.J. Bleyer, G.B. Russell, and S.G. Satko Sudden and cardiac death rates in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 55 1999 1553 1559
62. A.J. Bleyer, J. Hartman, P.C. Brannon, A. Reeves-Daniel, S.G. Satko, and G. Russell Characteristics of sudden death in hemodialysis patients Kidney Int 69 2006 2268 2273
63. R.N. Foley, D.T. Gilbertson, T. Murray, and A.J. Collins Long interdialytic interval and mortality among patients receiving hemodialysis N Engl J Med 365 2011 1099 1107
64. J. Perl, and C.T. Chan Timing of sudden death relative to the hemodialysis procedure Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 2 2006 668 669
65. D.J. Brotman, L.D. Bash, R. Qayyum, D. Crews, E.A. Whitsel, B.C. Astor, and J. Coresh Heart rate variability predicts ESRD and CKD-related hospitalization J Am Soc Nephrol 21 2010 1560 1570
66. R.L. Converse Jr., T.N. Jacobsen, R.D. Toto, C.M. Jost, F. Cosentino, F. Fouad-Tarazi, and R.G. Victor Sympathetic overactivity in patients with chronic renal failure N Engl J Med 327 1992 1912 1918
67. Gruppo Emodialisi e Patologie Cardiovasculari Multicentre, cross-sectional study of ventricular arrhythmias in chronically haemodialysed patients Lancet 2 1988 305 309
68. C. Zoccali, F. Mallamaci, S. Parlongo, S. Cutrupi, F.A. Benedetto, G. Tripepi, G. Bonanno, F. Rapisarda, P. Fatuzzo, G. Seminara, A. Cataliotti, B. Stancanelli, and L.S. Malatino Plasma norepinephrine predicts survival and incident cardiovascular events in patients with end-stage renal disease Circulation 105 2002 1354 1359
69. G. Grassi Sympathetic neural activity in hypertension and related diseases Am J Hypertens 23 2010 1052 1060
70. G. Grassi Assessment of sympathetic cardiovascular drive in human hypertension: achievements and perspectives Hypertension 54 2009 690 697
71. J.F. Paton, and M.K. Raizada Neurogenic hypertension Exp Physiol 95 2010 569 571
72. B.P. McGrath, J.G. Ledingham, and C.R. Benedict Catecholamines in peripheral venous plasma in patients on chronic haemodialysis Clin Sci Mol Med 55 1978 89 96
73. M.P. Schlaich, F. Socratous, S. Hennebry, N. Eikelis, E.A. Lambert, N. Straznicky, M.D. Esler, and G.W. Lambert Sympathetic activation in chronic renal failure J Am Soc Nephrol 20 2009 933 939
74. J. Neumann, G. Ligtenberg, Klein II, H.A. Koomans, and P.J. Blankestijn Sympathetic hyperactivity in chronic kidney disease: pathogenesis, clinical relevance, and treatment Kidney Int 65 2004 1568 1576
75. G. Grassi, S. Bertolli, and G. Seravalle Sympathetic nervous system: role in hypertension and in chronic kidney disease Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 21 2012 46 51
76. G.F. DiBona, and U.C. Kopp Neural control of renal function Physiol Rev 77 1997 75 197
77. B.K. Mahmoodi, K. Matsushita, M. Woodward, P.J. Blankestijn, M. Cirillo, T. Ohkubo, P. Rossing, M.J. Sarnak, B. Stengel, K. Yamagishi, K. Yamashita, L. Zhang, J. Coresh, P.E. de Jong, B.C. Astor Chronic Kidney Disease Prognosis Consortium Associations of kidney disease measures with mortality and end-stage renal disease in individuals with and without hypertension: a meta-analysis Lancet 380 2012 1649 1661
78. A.H. Barnett, S.C. Bain, P. Bouter, B. Karlberg, S. Madsbad, J. Jervell, J. Mustonen Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy N Engl J Med 351 2004 1952 1961
79. T. Tinucci, S.B. Abrahão, J.L. Santello, and D. Mion Jr. Mild chronic renal insufficiency induces sympathetic overactivity J Hum Hypertens 15 2001 401 406
80. D. Hering, E.A. Lambert, P. Marusic, A.S. Walton, H. Krum, G.W. Lambert, M.D. Esler, and M.P. Schlaich Substantial reduction in single sympathetic nerve firing after renal denervation in patients with resistant hypertension Hypertension 61 2013 457 464
81. M.G. Kiuchi, G.L. Maia, M.A. de Queiroz Carreira, T. Kiuchi, S. Chen, B.R. Andrea, M.L. Graciano, and J.R. Lugon Effects of renal denervation with a standard irrigated cardiac ablation catheter on blood pressure and renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease and resistant hypertension Eur Heart J 34 2013 2114 2121
82. D. Hering, F. Mahfoud, A.S. Walton, H. Krum, G.W. Lambert, E.A. Lambert, P.A. Sobotka, M. Böhm, B. Cremers, M.D. Esler, and M.P. Schlaich Renal denervation in moderate to severe CKD J Am Soc Nephrol 23 2012 1250 1257
83. M.P. Schlaich, B. Bart, D. Hering, A. Walton, P. Marusic, F. Mahfoud, M. Böhm, E.A. Lambert, H. Krum, P.A. Sobotka, R.E. Schmieder, C. Ika-Sari, N. Eikelis, N. Straznicky, G.W. Lambert, and M.D. Esler Feasibility of catheter-based renal nerve ablation and effects on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in patients with end-stage renal disease Int J Cardiol 168 2013 2214 2220
84. D. Luo, X. Zhang, and C.Z. Lu Renal sympathetic denervation for the treatment of resistant hypertension with chronic renal failure: first-in man experience Chin Med J 12 2013 1392 1393
85. L. Wang, C.Z. Lu, X. Zhang, D. Luo, B. Zhao, X. Yu, D.S. Xia, X. Chen, and X.D. Zhao The effect of catheter based renal sympathetic denervation on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with resistant hypertension Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 41 2013 3 7
86. M.P. Schlaich, B. Bart, D. Hering, A. Walton, P. Marusic, F. Mahfoud, M. Böhm, E.A. Lambert, H. Krum, P.A. Sobotka, R.E. Schmieder, C. Ika-Sari, N. Eikelis, N. Straznicky, G.W. Lambert, and M.D. Esler Feasibility of catheter-based renal nerve ablation and effects on sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure in patients with end-stage renal disease Int J Cardiol 168 2013 2214 2220
87. M.C. Brandt, F. Mahfoud, S. Reda, S.H. Schirmer, E. Erdmann, M. Böhm, and U.C. Hoppe Renal sympathetic denervation reduces left ventricular hypertrophy and improves cardiac function in patients with resistant hypertension J Am Coll Cardiol 59 2012 901 909
88. F. Mahfoud, D. Urban, D. Teller, D. Linz, P. Stawowy, J.H. Hassel, P. Fries, S. Dreysse, E. Wellnhofer, G. Schneider, A. Buecker, C. Schneeweis, A. Doltra, M.P. Schlaich, M.D. Esler, E. Fleck, M. Böhm, and S. Kelle Effect of renal denervation on left ventricular mass and function in patients with resistant hypertension: data from a multi-centre cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging trial Eur Heart J 35 2014 2224b 2231b
89. A. Doltra, D. Messroghli, P. Stawowy, J.H. Hassel, R. Gebker, O. Leppänen, M. Gräfe, C. Schneeweis, B. Schnackenburg, E. Fleck, and S. Kelle Potential reduction of interstitial myocardial fibrosis with renal denervation J Am Heart Assoc 3 2014 e001353 Published online 2014 Dec 16. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.001353
90. A.J. McLellan, M.P. Schlaich, A.J. Taylor, S. Prabhu, D. Hering, L. Hammond, P. Marusic, J. Duval, Y. Sata, A. Ellims, M. Esler, K. Peter, J. Shaw, A. Walton, J.M. Kalman, and P.M. Kistler Reverse cardiac remodeling after renal denervation: a trial electrophysiologic and structural changes associated with blood pressure lowering Heart Rhythm 12 2015 982 990
91. O. Dörr, C. Liebetrau, H. Möllmann, L. Gaede, C. Troidl, K. Morczeck, J. Wiebe, J. Hoffmann, S. Voss, T. Bauer, C. Hamm, and H. Nef Influence of renal sympathetic denervation on cardiac extracellular matrix turnover and cardiac fibrosis Am J Hypertens 28 2015 1285 1292
92. H. Krum, M.P. Schlaich, P.A. Sobotka, M. Böhm, F. Mahfoud, K. Rocha-Singh, R. Katholi, and M.D. Esler Percutaneous renal denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension: final 3-year report of the Symplicity HTN-1 study Lancet 383 2014 622 629
93. Symplicity HTN-2 Investigators M.D. Esler, H. Krum, P.A. Sobotka, M.P. Schlaich, R.E. Schmieder, and M. Böhm Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with treatment-resistant hypertension (The Symplicity HTN-2 Trial): a randomised controlled trial Lancet 376 2010 1903 1909
94. M.G. Kiuchi, S. Chen, B.R. Andrea, T. Kiuchi, M.A. Carreira, M.L. Graciano, and J.R. Lugon Renal sympathetic denervation in patients with hypertension and chronic kidney disease: does improvement in renal function follow blood pressure control? J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 16 2014 794 800
95. S. Delacroix, R.G. Chokka, S. Sahay, A.J. Nelson, J. Nimmo, D.T. Wong, A. Rajwani, A. Carbone, E.O. Lau, C. Hata, P. Chen, K.S. Teo, and S.G. Worthley Renal sympathetic denervation increases renal artery blood flow: a serial MRI study in resistant hypertension Circulation 130 2014 A18099, [Abstract]
96. C. Ott, F. Mahfoud, A. Schmid, T. Ditting, R. Veelken, S. Ewen, C. Ukena, M. Uder, M. Böhm, and R.E. Schmieder Improvement of albuminuria after renal denervation Int J Cardiol 173 2014 311 315
97. M.G. Kiuchi, M.L. Graciano, M.A. de Queiroz Carreira, T. Kiuchi, S. Chen, B.R. Andrea, and J.R. Lugon Effects of renal sympathetic denervation in left ventricular hypertrophy in CKD refractory hypertensive patients Int J Cardiol 202 2015 121 123