Decreasing the burden of type 2 diabetes in South Africa: The impact of taxing sugar-sweetened beverages

PLoS ONE

Volumn 10, Issue 11, 2015, Pages

  Manyema, Mercy ^a   Veerman, J Lennert ^b   Chola, Lumbwe ^a   Tugendhaft, Aviva ^a   Labadarios, Demetre ^c   Hofman, Karen ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND   (South Africa)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

^c HUMAN SCIENCES RESEARCH COUNCIL   (South Africa)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEVERAGE; BODY MASS; CALORIC INTAKE; COST OF ILLNESS; DISABILITY; DISABILITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH CARE CONCEPTS; HEALTH CARE COST; INCIDENCE; LIFE TABLE METHOD; LIFE YEARS GAINED; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PREVALENCE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; SOUTH AFRICA; SUGAR SWEETENED BEVERAGE; TAX; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BODY WEIGHT; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; ECONOMICS; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SUGAR INTAKE; YOUNG ADULT;

SUGAR INTAKE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; BEVERAGES; BODY WEIGHT; COST OF ILLNESS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIETARY SUCROSE; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; HEALTH CARE COSTS; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREVALENCE; SOUTH AFRICA; TAXES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84956597471     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143050     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Whiting DR, Guariguata L, Weil C, Shaw J (2011) IDF diabetes atlas: global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2011 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 94: 311-321.
2. Stumvoll M, Goldstein BJ, van Haeften TW (2008) Type 2 diabetes: pathogenesis and treatment. The Lancet. 371: 2153-2156.
3. Forouhi NG, Wareham NJ (2010) Epidemiology of diabetes. Medicine. 38: 602-606.
4. WHO (2005) Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment: WHO global report.: WHO. 34-87 p. Available: http://www.who.int/chp/chronic-disease-report/contents/part2.pdf?ua=1. Accessed: November 2014.
5. Guariguata L, Whiting D, Hambleton I, Beagley J, Linnenkamp U, et al. (2013) Global estimates of diabetes prevalence for 2013 and projections for 2035 for the IDF Diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.002.
6. Shaw JE, Sicree RA, Zimmet PZ (2010) Global estimates of the prevalence of diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 87: 4-14.
7. Peer N, Kengne A-P, Motala AA, Mbanya JC (2014) Diabetes in the Africa region: 2013 update for the IDF diabetes Atlas. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2013.11.006.
8. Kengne AP, Echouffo-Tcheugui J-B, Sobngwi E, Mbanya J-C (2013) New insights on diabetes mellitus and obesity in Africa-Part 1: prevalence, pathogenesis and comorbidities. Heart. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304130.
9. Bradshaw D, Norman R, Pieterse D, Levitt NS, Collaboration SACRA (2007) Estimating the burden of disease attributable to diabetes in South Africa in 2000. S Afr Med J. 97: 700-706. PMID: 17952227
10. Bertram MY, Jaswal AV, Van Wyk VP, Levitt NS, Hofman KJ (2013) The non-fatal disease burden caused by type 2 diabetes in South Africa, 2009. Global Health Action. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/gha.v6i0.19244.
11. Zhang P, Zhang X, Brown J, Vistisen D, Sicree R, et al. (2010) Global healthcare expenditure on diabetes for 2010 and 2030. Diabetes Res Clin Pr. 87: 293-301.
12. Ncube-Zulu T, Danckwerts MP (2013) Comparative hospitalization cost and length of stay between patients with and without diabetes in a large tertiary hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa. Int J Diabetes Dev C. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13410-013-0173-8.
13. Hu FB, Malik VS (2010) Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes: epidemiologic evidence. Physiol. Behav. 100: 47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.036 PMID: 20138901
14. Basu S, McKee M, Galea G, Stuckler D (2013) Relationship of soft drink consumption to global overweight, obesity, and diabetes: a cross-national analysis of 75 countries. Am J Public Health. 103: 2071-2077. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2012.300974 PMID: 23488503
15. de Koning Lawrence, Malik Vasanti S, Rimm Eric B, Willett Walter C, Hu FB (2011) Sugar-sweetened and artificially sweetened beverage consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes in men. Am J Clin Nutr. 93: 1321-1327. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.007922 PMID: 21430119
16. Romaguera D, Norat T, Wark P, Vergnaud A, Schulze M, et al. (2013) Consumption of sweet beverages and type 2 diabetes incidence in European adults: results from EPIC-InterAct. Diabetologia. 56: 1520-1530. doi: 10.1007/s00125-013-2899-8 PMID: 23620057
17. Malik VS, Popkin BM, Bray GA, Despres JP, Willett WC, et al. (2010) Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 33: 2477-2483. doi: 10.2337/dc10-1079 PMID: 20693348
18. Palmer BD JR, Krishnan S, Hu FB, Singer M, Rosenberg L (2008) Sugar-sweetened beverages and incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in African American women. Arch Intern Med. 168: 1487-1492. doi: 10.1001/archinte.168.14.1487 PMID: 18663160
19. Dong J-Y, Zhang L, Zhang Y-H, Qin L-Q (2011) Dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load in relation to the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Br J Nutr. 106: 1649-1654. doi: 10.1017/S000711451100540X PMID: 22017823
20. The CocaCola Company (2013) Per Capita Consumption of Company Beverage Products. United States of America: The CocaCola Company. Available: http://www.coca-colacompany.com/annualreview/2012/pdf/2012-per-capita-consumption.pdf. Accessed: 23 March 2015.
21. Euromonitor International (2013) Soft Drinks in South Africa: Industry Overview United Kingdom: Euromonitor International. Available: http://0-researchmonitor.euromonitor.com.innopac.wits.ac.za/. Accessed: June 2015.
22. Ronquest-Ross L-C, Vink N, Sigge GO (2014) Food consumption changes in South Afrca since 1994. S Afr J Sci. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2015/20140354.
23. Vorster HH, Kruger A, Wentzel-Viljoen E, Kruger HS, Margetts BM (2014) Added sugar intake in South Africa: findings from the Adult Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.113.069005.
24. Briggs AD, Mytton OT, Kehlbacher A, Tiffin R, Rayner M, et al. (2013) Overall and income specific effect on prevalence of overweight and obesity of 20% sugar sweetened drink tax in UK: econometric and comparative risk assessment modelling study. BMJ. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f6189.
25. Cabrera Escobar MA, Veerman JL, Tollman SM, Bertram MY, Hofman KJ (2013) Evidence that a tax on sugar sweetened beverages reduces the obesity rate: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-1072.
26. Briggs AD, Mytton OT, Madden D, O'Shea D, Rayner M, et al. (2013) The potential impact on obesity of a 10% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Ireland, an effect assessment modelling study. BMC Public Health. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-860.
27. Claro RM, Levy RB, Popkin BM, Monteiro CA (2012) Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes in Brazil. Am J Public Health. 102: 178-183. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300313 PMID: 22095333
28. Basu S, Vellakkal S, Agrawal S, Stuckler D, Popkin B, et al. (2014) Averting Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in India through Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Taxation: An Economic-Epidemiologic Modeling Study. PLoS Medicine. 11: e1001582.
29. Manyema M, Veerman L, Chola L, Sartorius B, Tugendhaft A, et al. (2014) The potential impact of a 20% tax on sugar-sweetened beverages on obesity in South African adults: A mathematical model. PloS One. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0105287.
30. Van Walbeek C (2003) Tobacco excise taxation in South Africa. Geneva: World Health Organisation. Available: http://www.who.int/tobacco/training/success-stories/en/best-practices-south-africa- taxation.pdf. Accessed: 26 November 2013.
31. De Wet P (2011) D-Day for heart-attack fats, but don't touch me on my full-cream milk. Daily Maverick. Johannesburg: Styli Charalambous. Available: http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2011-08-17-dday-for-heart-attack-fats-but-dont-touch-me-on-my-full-cream-milk/#.UxcinPmSy8A. Accessed: 17 August 2011.
32. Department of Health Strategic Plan for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases 2013-17. Johannesburg: National Department of Health. 26-44 p. Available: http://www.hsrc.ac.za/uploads/pageContent/3893/NCDs%20STRAT%20PLAN%20%20CONTENT%208%20april%20proof. pdf. Accessed: 27 November 2013.
33. Holmes T (2013) Salt sellers shaken by Motsoaledi's rules. Mail and Guardian. Johannesburg: M&G Media Limited. Available: http://mg.co.za/article/2013-04-05-00-salt-sellers-shaken-by-rules. Accessed: 20 May 2014.
34. Dodds C (2013) Minister of Health goes sour on sugar. Saturday Star. Johannesburg: Independent Newspapers.
35. Forster M, Veerman J, Barendregt J, Vos T (2011) Cost-effectiveness of diet and exercise interventions to reduce overweight and obesity. Int J Obes. 35: 1071-1078.
36. Berardi N, Sevestere P, Tepaut M, Vigneron A (2012) The Impact of a "Soda Tax" on prices: Evidence from French microdata. Banque de France Working Paper. 415.
37. Shisana O, Labadarios D, Rehle T, Simbayi L, SANHANES-Team, et al. (2014) South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). Cape Town HSRC Press. 135-144 p. Available: http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/product.php?productid=2314&cat=0&page= 1&featured&freedownload=1. Accessed: 19 November 2014.
38. Adami N, Ustas J, Penhale I, Leibowitz G (2012) Quarterly Divisional Seminar Series South Africa. London: SABMiller. Available: http://www.sabmiller.com/files/presentations/2009/220909/220909- africaasia-quarterly-seminar.pdf. Accessed: May 2014.
39. Wolmarans P, Danster N, Dalton A, Rossouw K, Schonfeldt H (2010) Condensed Food Composition Tables for South Africa. South Africa: South African Medical Research Council.
40. Parmalat (2011) Everfresh Milk nutritional information per 100ml. Johannesburg Parmalat. Available: http://www.parmalat.co.za/index.php?id=15. Accessed: 14 February 2014.
41. Nel JH, Steyn NP (2002) Report on South African Food Consumption Studies Undertaken Amongst Different Population Groups (1983-2000): Average intake of foods most commonly consumed. Pretoria. Available: http://www.mrc.ac.za/chronic/foodstudies.htm. Accessed: May 2014.
42. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Lo SK, Westerterp KR, Rush EC, et al. (2009) Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prevalence. Am J Clin Nutr. 89: 1723-1728. doi: 10. 3945/ajcn.2008.27061 PMID: 19369382
43. NIDS (2013) National Income Dynamics Study 2012, Wave 3 SALDRU, Capetown: DataFirst. 1.0. Available: https://www.datafirst.uct.ac.za/dataportal/index.php/catalog/453. Accessed: 19 November 2013.
44. Barendregt JJ, Veerman JL (2009) Categorical versus continuous risk factors and the calculation of potential impact fractions. J Epidemiol Community Health. 64: 209-212. doi: 10.1136/jech.2009. 090274 PMID: 19692711
45. US Burden of Disease Collaborators (2013) The State of US Health, 1990-2010 Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. JAMA. 310: 591-608. doi: 10.1001/jama.2013.13805 PMID: 23842577
46. Prospective Studies Collaboration (2009) Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900 000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospectivestudies. Lancet 373: 1083-1096. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4 PMID: 19299006
47. Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2013) South Africa Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) Results 1990-2010. IHME, Seattle, United States: Available: http://ghdx.healthdata.org/record/south-africa-global-burden-disease-study-2010-gbd-2010-results-1990-2010. Accessed: June 2013.
48. StatsSA (2013) Mid-year population estimates 2013. Pretoria: StatsSA. Available: http://www.statssa. gov.za/publications/SAStatistics/SAStatistics2013.pdf. Accessed: November 2014.
49. Council for Medical Schemes Research and Monitoring Unit (2013) Trends in chronic disease prevalence in the S.A. medical aid schemes: 2006-2011. Johannesburg: Council for Medical Schemes 3-4 p. Available: https://www.medicalschemes.com/files/Research%20Briefs/CD2006-2011-20131115. pdf. Accessed: May 2014.
50. Leibbtandt M, Woolard I, de Villiers L (2009) Methodology: Report on NIDS Wave 1, Technical Paper no. 1. SALDRU. Available: http://www.nids.uct.ac.za/home/index.php?/Nids-Documentation/technicalpapers. html. Accessed: 16 July 2013.
51. Andreyeva T, Chaloupka FJ, Brownell KD (2011) Estimating the potential of taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages to reduce consumption and generate revenue. Prev Med. 52: 413-416. doi: 10.1016/j. ypmed.2011.03.013 PMID: 21443899
52. Finkelstein EA, Zhen C, Nonnemaker J, Todd JE (2010) Impact of targeted beverage taxes on higherand lower-income households. Arch. Intern. Med. 170: 2028-2034. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010. 449 PMID: 21149762
53. Hofman KJ, Cook C, Levitt N (2014) Preventing diabetic blindness: a priority for South Africa. South African Medical Journal. 104: 661-662. doi: 10.7196/samj.8580 PMID: 25363046
54. Wang LY, Denniston M, Lee S, Galuska D, Lowry R (2010) Long-term Health and Economic Impact of Preventing and Reducing Overweight and Obesity in Adolescence. J. Adolesc. Health 46: 467-473. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.11.204 PMID: 20413083
55. Patton GC, Coffey C, Carlin JB, Sawyer SM, Williams J, et al. (2011) Overweight and Obesity Between Adolescence and Young Adulthood: A 10-year Prospective Cohort Study. J. Adolesc. Health 48: 275-280. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.06.019 PMID: 21338899
56. Kengne AP, Sobngwi E, Echouffo-Tcheugui J-B, Mbanya J-C (2013) New insights on diabetes mellitus and obesity in Africa-Part 2: prevention, screening and economic burden. Heart. 99: 1072-1077. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-303773 PMID: 23680890
57. Sachs Jeffrey D. (2001) Macroeconomics and Health: Investing in Health for Economic Development. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available: http://www1.worldbank.org/publicsector/pe/PEAMMarch2005/CMHReport.pdf. Accessed: January 2015.
58. Kengne AP, June-Rose Mchiza Z, Amoah AGB, Mbanya J-C (2013) Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes as economic and developmental challenges in Africa. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases. 56: 302-313. doi: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.10.011 PMID: 24267437
59. Hofman Karen J (2014) Non-communicable diseases in South Africa: A challenge to economic development. SAMJ 104: 647. doi: 10.7196/samj.8727 PMID: 25363059
60. Katz I, Schneider H, Shezi Z, Mdleleni G, Gerntholtz T, et al. (2009) Managing type 2 diabetes in Soweto - The South African Chronic Disease Outreach Program experience. Primary Care Diabetes. 3: 157-164. doi: 10.1016/j.pcd.2009.06.007 PMID: 19640820
61. Friedman Roberta R., Brownell Kelly D. (2012) Sugar-sweetened beverage taxes: An updated policy brief. Yale Rudd Centre for Food Policy and Obesity. 1-8 p. Available: http://www.yaleruddcenter.org/resources/upload/docs/what/reports/Rudd-Policy-Brief-Sugar-Sweetened-Beverage-Taxes.pdf. Accessed: May 2014.
62. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2014) Open Working Group proposal for Sustainable Development Goals. New York: United Nations. Available: http://undocs.org/A/68/970. Accessed: January 2015.