Fostering community-based stewardship of wildlife in Central Asia: Transforming snow leopards from pests into valued assets

Rangeland Stewardship in Central Asia: Balancing Improved Livelihoods, Biodiversity Conservation and Land Protection

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 357-380

  Jackson, Rodney ^a  

^a Snow Leopard Conservancy   (United States)

Author keywords

Annapurna National Park; China; Community engagement; Fuel; Gurvan Saikhan National Park; Habitat fragmentation; Holistic; India; Mining; Mongolia; Nepal; Pakistan; Poaching; PRA; Tibet

Indexed keywords

EID: 84956555749     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5367-9_15     Document Type: Chapter

References (70)

1. Anwar MB, Jackson RM, Sajid NM, Janecka JE, Hussain S, Beg MA, Muhammad G, Qayyum M (2011) Food habits of the snow leopard, Panthera uncia (Schreber, 1775) in Baltistan, Northern Pakistan. Eur J Wildlife Res 57:1077-1083
2. Bagchi S, Mishra C, Bhatnagar YV (2004) Conflicts between traditional pastoralism and conservation of Himalayan ibex (Capra sibirica) in the Trans-Himalayan mountains. Anim Conserv 7:121-128
3. Bagchi S and Mishra C (2006) Living with large carnivores: predation by snow leopard Uncia uncia Conservation Biology 171 q 512-1523
4. Bagchi S and Mishra C (2006). Living with large carnivores: predation on livestock by the snow leopard (Uncia uncia). J Zoo 268:217-224.
5. Bedunah DJ, Schmidt SM (2004) Pastoralism and protected area management in Mongolia’s Gobi Gurvan Saikhan National Park. Dev Chang 35(1):167-191
6. Behnke R (2006) The socio-economic causes and consequences of desertification in Central Asia. Springer, Bishkek
7. Berkes F, Colding J and Folke C (2000) Rediscovery of traditional knowledge as adaptive management. Ecol App 10:1251-1262
8. Bhatnagar YV, Wangchuk R and Jackson R (1999) A survey of depredation and the related human-wildlife conflicts in Hemis National Park, Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir. International Snow Leopard Trust, WA, USA (Project Report)
9. Bhatnagar YV, Wangchuk R, Prins HHT, van Wieren SE, Mishra C (2006) Perceived conflicts between pastoralism and conservation of the kiang Equus kiang in the Ladakh Trans-Himalaya, India. Environ Manage 38:934-941
10. Bliss F (2006) Social and economic change in the Pamirs (Gorno-Badakhshan, Tajikistan). Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London, 378 pages
11. Dickman AJ, Macdonald EA, Macdonald DW (2011) A review of financial instruments to pay for predator conservation and encourage human-carnivore coexistence. PNAS 2011108(34):13937-13944
12. du Toit J, Kock R, Deutsch JC (eds) (2009) Wild rangelands: conserving wildlife while maintaining livestock in semi-arid ecosystems. Wiley, London
13. Fernandez-Giménez ME (2000) The role of Mongolian nomadic pastoralists’ ecological knowledge in rangeland management. Ecol Appl 10:1318-1326
14. Fernandez-Giménez ME, Batbuyan B (2004) Law and disorder: local implementation of Mongolia’s land law. Dev Chang 35:141-165
15. Fox JL, Dhondup K, Dorji T (2009) Tibetan antelope Pantholops hodgsonii conservation and new rangeland management policies in the western Chang Tang Nature Reserve, Tibet: is fencing creating an impasse? Oryx 43:183-190
16. Green MJB, Zhimbiev B (1997) Transboundary protected areas and snow leopard conservation. In: Jackson R, Ahmad A (eds) Proceedings of the eighth international snow leopard symposium. WWF Pakistan and International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, pp 194-203
17. Gurung GS, Thapa K, Kunkel K, Thapa GJ, Kollmar M, Mueller Boeker U (2011) Enhancing herders’ livelihood and conserving the snow leopard in Nepal. Cat News 55:17-21
18. Halimova N (2012) Land tenure reform in Tajikistan: implications for land stewardship and social sustainability: a case study. In: Squires V (ed) Rangeland stewardship in Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 305-332 (Chapter 13, this volume)
19. Hua L and Zhang D (2012) Engaging with land users; the first steps on a long road. In: Squires V (ed) Rangeland stewardship in Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 333-356 (Chapter 14, this volume)
20. Hussain S (2000) Protecting snow leopards and enhancing the farmer’s livelihoods: a pilot insurance scheme in Baltistan. Mt Res Dev 20:224-229
21. Hussain S (2003) The status of the snow leopard in Pakistan and its conflict with local farmer livelihoods. Oryx 37(1):26-33
22. Ikeda N (2004) Economic impacts of livestock depredation by snow leopard Uncia uncia in the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area Nepal Himalaya. Environ Conserv 31:322-330
23. Jackson R (1998) People-wildlife conflict management in the Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet. In: Ning W, Miller D, Lhu Zhu J (eds) Tibet’s biodiversity: conservation and management. Springer, WWF, Washington, DC, pp 40-46
24. Jackson R (2000) Managing people-wildlife conflict on alpine pastures in the Himalaya. In: Richard C, Basnet K, Shah JP, Raut Y (eds) Proceedings of regional grasslands workshop, volume 3. Technical and status papers on grasslands of protected areas. ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development), Kathmandu
25. Jackson R (2001) Managing people-wildlife conflict in Tibet’s Qomolangma National Nature Preserve. In: Field R, Warren RJ, Okarma H, Sievert PR (eds) Wildlife, land and people: priorities for the 21st century. Proceedings of the second international wildlife management congress. The Wildlife Society, Bethesda, pp 188-191, 399 pages
26. Jackson R, Ahlborn G (1989) Snow leopards (Panthera uncia) in Nepal: home range and movements. Nat Geogr Res 5(2):161-175
27. Jackson R, Ahlborn G (1990) The role of protected areas in Nepal in maintaining viable populations of snow leopards. In: Blomqvist L (ed) International pedigree book of snow leopards, volume 6. Helsinki, Finland, pp 51-69
28. Jackson R, Fox JL (1997) Snow leopard conservation: accomplishments and research priorities. In: Jackson R, Ahmad A (eds) Proceedings of the 8th international snow leopard symposium Islamabad, November 1995. International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle and WWF-Pakistan, Lahore, pp 128-145
29. Jackson P, Nowell K (1996) Problems and possible solutions in management of felid predators. J Wildlife Res 1(3):304-314.
30. Jackson R, Wangchuk R (2001) Linking snow leopard conservation and people-wildlife conflict resolution: grassroots measures to protect the endangered snow leopard from herder retribution. Endangered Species UPDATE 18(4):138-141
31. Jackson RM, Wangchuk R (2004) A community-based approach to mitigating livestock depredation by snow leopards. Hum Dimens Wildl 9:307-315
32. Jackson R, Ahlborn GA, Gurung M, Ale S (1996) Reducing livestock depredation losses in the Nepalese Himalaya. In: Timm RM, Crab AC (eds) Proceedings of the 17th vertebrate pest conference. University of California, Davis, pp 241-247
33. Jackson RM, Mishra C, McCarthy TM, Ale SB (2010) Snow leopards: conflict and conservation, Chapter 18. In: Macdonald DW, Loveridge AJ (eds) Biology and conservation of wild felids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 417-430, 762 pages
34. Janecka JE, Jackson R, Yuguang Z, Diqiang L, Munkhtsog B, Buckley-Beason V, Murphy WJ (2008) Population monitoring of snow leopards using noninvasive collection of scat samples: a pilot study. Anim Conserv 11(5):401-411
35. Koshkarev EP, Vyrypaev V (2000) The snow leopard after the break-up of the Soviet Union. Cat News 32:9-11
36. Kreutzmann H (2012) Pastoral practices in High Asia: Agency of ‘development’ effected by modernisation, resettlement and transformation. Springer, Dordrecht
37. Kurbanov B (2012) Constraints and barriers to better land stewardship: analysis of PRAs in Tajikistan, pp 129-164 (Chapter 7, this volume)
38. Leake JE (2012) Conclusions and a way forward. In: Squires V (ed) Rangeland stewardship in Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 431-442 (Chapter 18, this volume)
39. Lovari S, Boesi R, Minder I, Mucci N, Randi E, Dematteis A, Ale SB (2009) Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: the return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park. Anim Conserv 12:559-570
40. Mahon DP, Jiang Z (2009) Grazers on the plains: challenges and prospects for large herbivores in Central Asia. J Appl Ecol 46:516-519
41. Maselli D, Inamur-Rahim, I (2012) Setting the stage: key features of the present-day Central Asian region. In: Squires V (ed) Rangeland stewardship in Central Asia. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 3-30 (Chapter 1, this volume)
42. McCarthy TM, Fuller TK, Munkhtsog B (2005) Movements and activities of snow leopards in Southwestern Mongolia. Biol Conserv 124:527-537
43. Mishra C (1997) Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects. Environ Conserv 24:338-343
44. Mishra C (2001) High altitude survival: conflicts between pastoralism and wildlife in the Trans-Himalaya. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, 131 pages
45. Mishra C, Prins HHT, van Wieren SE (2001) Overstocking in the Trans-Himalayan rangelands of India. Environ Conserv 28:279-283
46. Mishra C, Allen P, McCarthy T, Madhusudan MD, Bayarjargal A, Prins HHT (2003) The role of incentive programs in conserving the snow leopard. Conserv Biol 17:1512-1523
47. Mishra C, van Wieren SE, Ketner P, Heitkonig IMA, Prins HHT (2004) Competition between livestock and bharal, Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. J Appl Ecol 41:344-354
48. Mishra C, Bagchi S, Namgail T, Bhatnagar YV (2009) Multiple use of Trans-Himalayan rangelands: reconciling human livelihoods with wildlife conservation. In: du Toit J, Kock R, Deutsch J (eds) Wild rangelands: conserving wildlife while maintaining livestock in semi-arid ecosystems. Blackwell Publishing, London, pp 291-311
49. Namgail T, Fox JL, Bhatnagar YV (2007) Carnivore-caused livestock mortality in Trans-Himalaya. Environ Manage 39:490-496
50. Nowell K, Jackson P (1996) Wild cats: a status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN, Gland
51. Oli MK (1994) Snow leopards and blue sheep in Nepal: densities and predator: prey ratio. J Mammal75:998-1004
52. Oli MK, Taylor IR, Rogers ME (1994) Snow leopard Panthera uncia predation of livestock: an assessment of local perceptions in the Annapurna Conservation Area Nepal. Biol Conserv 68:63-68
53. Olson KO, Mueller T, Kerby J, Bolortsetseg S, Leimgruber P, Nicholson C, Fuller T (2011) Death by a thousand huts: effects of household presence on density and distribution of Mongolian gazelles. Conserv Lett 4(4):304-312
54. Pagiola S, Platais G (2007) Payments for environmental services: from theory to practice. The World Bank, Washington, DC
55. Retzer V (2006) Forage competition between livestock and Mongolian Pika (Ochotona pallasi) in Southern Mongolian mountain steppes. Basic Appl Ecol 8:147-157
56. Richard C, Zhaoli Y, Guozhen D (2006) The paradox of the individual household responsibility system in the grasslands of the Tibetan Plateau, China. In: Bedunah DJ, McArthur ED, Fernandez-Gimenez M (eds) Rangelands of Central Asia: Proceedings of the conference on transformations, issues, and future challenges. 2004 January 27; Salt Lake City, UT. Proceeding RMRS-P-39. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, pp 83-92
57. Robinson, R et al. (2012) Pastoral Tenure in Central Asia: theme and variation in the five former Soviet republics In: Squires V (ed) Rangeland Stewardship in Central Asia Springer, Dordrecht, pp 239-274 (Chapter 11, this volume)
58. Salafsky N, Margoluis R (1999) Threat reduction assessment: a practical and cost-effective approach to evaluating conservation and development projects. Conserv Biol 13:830-841
59. Schaller GB (1998) Wildlife of the Tibetan Steppe. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 373 pages
60. Schaller GB, Li H, Ren JR, Qiu MJ, Wang HB (1987) Status of large mammals in the Taxkorgan Reserve Xinjiang China. Biol Conserv 42:53-71
61. Schaller GB, Jungang R, Mingjiang Q (1988) Status of snow leopard Panthera uncia in Qinghai and Gansu provinces China. Biol Conserv 45:179-194
62. Schaller GB, Tserendeleg L, Amarasanaa G (1994) Observations on snow leopards in Mongolia. In: Fox JL, Jizeng D (eds) Proceedings of the seventh international snow leopard symposium. Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology and International Snow Leopard Trust, Seattle, pp 33-46
63. Scharf KM, Fernandez-Giménez ME, Batbuyan B, Enhkbold S (2010) Herders and hunters in a transitional economy: the challenge of wildlife and rangeland management in Post-socialist Mongolia. In: du Toit JT, Kock R, Deutsch JC (eds) Wild rangelands: conserving wildlife while maintaining livestock in semi-arid ecosystems. Wiley, London, pp 312-339
64. Schmidt SM (2006) Pastoral Community Organization, livelihoods and biodiversity conservation in Mongolia’s Southern Gobi Region. In: Bedunah DJ, McArthur ED, Fernandez-Gimenez M (eds) Rangelands of Central Asia: Proceedings of the conference on transformations, issues, rangelands of Central Asia: Proceedings of the conference on transformations, issues, and future challenges. 2004 January 27; Salt Lake City, UT. Proceeding RMRS-P-39. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, pp 18-29
65. Schmidt S, Gongor G, Kar K, Swenson K (2002) Community organizing - a key step towards sustainable livelihoods and co-management of natural resources in Mongolia. Policy Matters September 2002:71-74
66. Smith AT, Foggin JM (1999) The Plateau Pika (Ochotona curzoniae) is a keystone species for biodiversity on the Tibetan plateau. Anim Conserv 2:235-240
67. Sunquist M, Sunquist F (2002) Wild cats of the world. University of Chicago Press Chicago. IL USA
68. Treves A, Wallace RB, Naughton-Treves L, Morales A (2006) Co-managing human-wildlife conflicts: a review. Hum Dimens Wildl 11:383-396
69. Western D, Wright DH, Strum S (1994) Natural connections: perspectives in community-based conservation. Island Press, Washington, DC
70. Wingard JR, Zahler P (2006) Silent steppe: the illegal wildlife trade crisis in Mongolia. Discussion Paper, East Asia and Pacific Environmental and Social Development. Department World Bank, Mongolia/Washington, DC