Restoring a keystone predator may endanger a prey species in a human-altered ecosystem: The return of the snow leopard to Sagarmatha National Park

Animal Conservation

Volumn 12, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 559-570

  Lovari, S ^a,b   Boesi, R ^a,b   Minder, I ^a,b   Mucci, N ^c   Randi, E ^c   Dematteis, A ^d   Ale, S B ^e  

^a CNR   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SIENA   (Italy)

^c INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RESEARCH ISPRA   (Italy)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^e UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Conservation; Hemitragus jemlahicus; Himalayan tahr; Management; Microsatellite; Noninvasive genetics; Predation; Uncia uncia

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ENDANGERED SPECIES; EXTINCTION; MAMMAL; PREDATION; RESTORATION ECOLOGY;

ASIA; EURASIA; NEPAL; SAGARMATHA [(ADS) NEPAL]; SAGARMATHA NATIONAL PARK; SOUTH ASIA;

BOS; CAPRA HIRCUS; CAPRINAE; CERVIDAE; FELIDAE; HEMITRAGUS JEMLAHICUS; MAMMALIA; MOSCHIDAE; MOSCHUS CHRYSOGASTER; UNCIA UNCIA; UNGULATA;

EID: 71049115178     PISSN: 13679430     EISSN: 14691795     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2009.00285.x     Document Type: Article

References (80)

1. Aasen E, Medrano JF. Amplification of the ZFY and ZFX genes for sex identification in humans, cattle, sheep and goats. Biotechnology 1990, 8:1279-1281.
2. Ale SB. 2007, . PhD thesis, University of Illinois, Chicago
3. Ale SB, Boesi R. Snow leopard sightings on the top of the world. CAT News 2005, 43:19-20.
4. Ale SB, Lovari S. 2005, 1-18. . Progress report to Ev-K2-CNR, Bergamo (Italy)
5. Ale SB, Yonzon P, Thapa K. Recovery of snow leopard Uncia uncia in Sagarmatha (Mount Everest) National Park, Nepal. Oryx 2007, 41:89-92.
6. Bagchi S, Mishra C. Living with large carnivores. J. Zool. (Lond.) 2006, 268:217-224.
7. Ballard WB, Van Ballenberghe V, Franzmann AVW, Schwartz CC. Predator-prey relationships. Ecology and management of the North American moose 1997, 247-273. In, (Eds), Washington, DC, USA, Smithsonian Institution Press
8. Bonenfant C, Gaillard JM, Klein F. Can we use the young. J. Appl. Ecol. 2005, 42:361-370.
9. Bowyer RT, Person DK, Pierce BM, Ray JC, Redford KH, Steneck RS, Berger J. Detecting top-down versus bottom-up regulation by large carnivores. Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity 2005, 342-361. In, (Eds), Washington, Island Press
10. Brower B. Sherpa of Khumbu: people, livestock and landscape 1991, New Delhi, Oxford University Press
11. Buckley-Beason VA, Johnson WE, Nash WG, Stanyon R, Menninger JC, Driscoll CA, Howard JG, Bush M, Page JE, Roelke ME, Stone G, Martelli PP, Wen C, Ling L, Duraisingam RK, Lam PV, O'Brien SJ. Molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards. Curr. Biol. 2006, 16:2371-2376.
12. Buffa G, Ferrari C, Lovari S, Baudo R, Tartari G, Munawar M. The upper subalpine vegetation of Sagarmatha National Park (Khumbu Himal area, Nepal) and its relationship with Himalayan tahr, musk deer and domestic yak. An outline. Top of the World environmental research: Mount Everest-Himalayan ecosystem 1998, 167-175. In, (Eds), Leiden, the Netherlands, Backhuys Publishers
13. Caughley G, Sinclair ARE. Wildlife ecology and management 1994, Cambridge, MA, USA, Blackwell
14. Chundawat RS, Rawat GS, Fox JL, Jizeng D. Food habits of snow leopard in Ladakh, India. Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium 1994, 127-132. In, (Eds), Seattle, International Snow Leopard Trust
15. Courchamp F, Chapuis J-L, Pascal M. Mammal invader on islands. Biol. Rev. 2003, 78:347-383.
16. Dematteis A, Menzano A, Tizzani P, Karmacharya B, Meneguz PG, Lovari S. Immobilization of Himalayan tahr with a xylazine-ketamine mixture and reversal with atipamezole under field conditions. J. Wildl. Dis. 2006, 42:633-639.
17. The snow leopard conservation action plan for the Kingdom of Nepal. IX-18 2005, Department of National Parks & Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC), Kathmandu, Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation
18. Eberhardt LE, Eberhardt LL, Tiller BL, Cadwell LL. Growth of an isolated elk population. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 1996, 60:369-373.
19. Errington PL. Factors limiting higher vertebrate populations. Science 1956, 124:304-307.
20. Festa-Bianchet M, Côté SD. Mountain goats: ecology, behavior and conservation of an Alpine ungulate 2008, Washington, Island Press
21. Festa-Bianchet M, Coulson T, Gaillard J-M, Hogg JT, Pelletier F. Stochastic predation events and population persistence in bighorn sheep. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 2006, 273:1537-1543.
22. Fleming RL. (undated). . Background Paper for Heart of Himalayas Conservation Programme, Kathmandu
23. Fox JL. A review of the status and ecology of the snow leopard Panthera uncia 1989, Seattle, International Snow Leopard Trust
24. Fox JL, Fox JL, Jizeng D. Snow leopard conservation in the wild - a comprehensive perspective on a low density and highly fragmented population. Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium 1994, 3-15. In, (Eds), Seattle, International Snow Leopard Trust
25. Fryxell JM. Food limitation and demography of a migratory antelope, the white-eared kob. Oecologia 1987, 72:83-91.
26. Gerloff U, Schlotterer C, Rassmann K, Rambold I, Hohmann G, Fruth B, Tautz D. Amplification of hypervariable simple sequence repeats (microsatellites) from excremental DNA of wild living bonobos Pan paniscus. Mol. Ecol. 1995, 4:515-518.
27. Gilbert BK, Box BG, Gibson KR. Opportunities for social learning in bears. Mammalian social learning 1999, 225-235. In, (Eds), Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
28. Gillespie JH, Timoney JF. Infectious diseases of domestic animals 1981, Ithaca, NY, USA, Comstock
29. Gurung JB. 1995, . MSc thesis, Agricultural University of Norway
30. Haller H. Zur Ökologie des Luchses Lynx lynx im Verlauf seiner Wiederansiedlung in den Walliser Alpen. Mammalia depicta, Z. Säugetierkd (Suppl.) 1992, Hamburg, Berlin, Germany, Paul Parey
31. Harris RB, Fox JL, Jizeng D. Dealing with uncertainty in counts of mountain ungulates. Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium 1994, 105-111. In, (Eds), Seattle, International Snow Leopard Trust
32. Hudson PJ, Rizzoli AP, Grenfell BT, Heesterbeek H, Dobson AP. The ecology of wildlife diseases 2002, New York, USA, Oxford University Press
33. Jackson R. 1996, Uncia uncia . PhD thesis, University of London
34. Jackson R, Hunter DO. Snow leopard survey and conservation handbook 1996, Seattle, USA, International Snow Leopard Trust and US National Biological Service
35. Kamler JF, Lee RM, de Vos JC, Ballard WB, Whitlaw HA. Survival and cougar predation of translocated bighorn sheep in Arizona. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 2002, 66:1267-1272.
36. Kavanagh RP. The impact of predation by the powerful owl, Ninox strenua, on a population of the greater glider, Petauroides volans. Aust. J. Ecol. 1988, 13:445-450.
37. Kitchener AC, Box BG, Gibson KR. Watch with mother. Mammalian social learning 1999, 236-258. In, (Eds), Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
38. Kolowski JM, Holekamp KE. Spatial, temporal and physical characteristics of livestock depredations by large carnivores along a Kenyan reserve border. Biol. Conserv. 2006, 128:529-541.
39. Kruuk H. Hunter and hunted 2002, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
40. Lafferty KD, Gerber LR. Good medicine for conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 2002, 16:593-604.
41. Laiolo P. Diversity and structure of the bird community overwintering in the Himalayan subalpine zone. Biol. Conserv. 2003, 115:251-262.
42. Laurian C, Oellet J-P, Courtois R, Breton L, St-Onge S. Effects of intensive harvesting on moose reproduction. J. Appl. Ecol. 2000, 37:515-531.
43. Lovari L. Observations on the Himalayan tahr and other ungulates of the Sagarmatha National Park, Khumbu Himal, Nepal. Oecol. Mont. 1992, 1:51-52.
44. Lovari S, Ale SB, Boesi R. (in press). Notes on the large mammal community of Sagarmatha National Park (Nepal). , Islamabad, Pakistan
45. Lovari S, Pellizzi B, Boesi R, Fusani L. Mating dominance amongst male Himalayan tahr. Behav. Processes 2009, 81:20-25.
46. Lovari S, Rolando A. A guide to wildlife research methods 2004, Turin, Bollati Boringhieri, (in Italian)
47. Lovari S, Sforzi A, Scala C, Fico R. Mortality parameters of the wolf in Italy. J. Zool. (Lond.) 2007, 272:117-124.
48. Lucherini M, Crema G. Seasonal variation in the food habits of badgers in an Alpine valley. Hystrix 1995, 7:165-171.
49. Macdonald DW, Thom MD, Gittleman JL, Funk SM, Macdonald DM, Wayne RK. Alien carnivores. Carnivore conservation 2001, 93-122. In, (Eds), Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press
50. McCarthy TM, Fuller TK, Munkhtsog B. Movements and activities of snow leopards in Southwestern Mongolia. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 124:527-537.
51. Mech LD. The wolf: the ecology and behavior of an endangered species 1970, New York, USA, The Natural History Press
52. Menotti-Raymond M, David VA, Lyons LA, Schäffer AA, Tomlin JF, O'Brien SJ. A genetic linkage map of microsatellites in the domestic cat (Felis catus). Genomics 1999, 57:9-23.
53. Meriggi A, Lovari S. A review of wolf predation in Southern Europe - does the wolf prefer wild prey to livestock?. J. Appl. Ecol. 1996, 33:1561-1571.
54. Miller DJ, Jackson R, Fox JL, Jizeng D. Livestock and snow leopards. Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium 1994, 315-328. In, (Eds), Seattle, USA, International Snow Leopard Trust
55. Mishra CS, Van Wieren P, Ketner I, Heitkonig, Prins H. Competition between domestic livestock and wild bharal Pseudois nayaur in the Indian Trans-Himalaya. J. Appl. Ecol. 2004, 73:344-354.
56. Mucci N, Randi E. Sex identification of Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) through non-invasive DNA samples using ZFX/ZFY sequences. Conserv. Genet. 2007, 8:1479-1482.
57. Munoz R. Movements and mortalities of desert bighorn of the San Andreas Mountains, New Mexico. Desert Bighorn Council Trans. 1982, 26:107-108.
58. Nel JAJ, Box BG, Gibson KR. Social learning in canids. Mammalian social learning 1999, 259-278. In, (Eds), Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press
59. Nowak RM. Walker's mammals of the World 1991, Vol. II. Baltimore, MD, USA, The Johns Hopkins University Press
60. Nowell K, Jackson P. Wild cats. Status survey and conservation action plan 1996, (compilers and editors), Gland, Switzerland, IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group, IUCN
61. Oli MK, Taylor IR, Rogers ME. The diet of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in the Annapurna Conservation Area, Nepal. J. Zool. (Lond.) 1993, 231:365-370.
62. Peakall R, Smouse PE. GENALEX 6. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2006, 6:288-295.
63. Pilgrim KL, Mckelvey KS, Riddle AE, Schwartz P. Felid sex identification based on non-invasive genetic samples. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2005, 5:60-61.
64. Poulle M-L, Carles L, Lequette B. Significance of ungulates in the diet of recently settled wolves in the Mercantour mountains (southeastern France). Rev. Ecol. (Terre Vie) 1997, 52:357-368.
65. Schaller GB. Observations on Himalayan tahr. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 1973, 70:1-24.
66. Schaller GB. Mountain monarchs: wild sheep and goats of the Himalaya 1977, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
67. Schaller GB. Wildlife of the Tibetan steppe 1998, Chicago, University of Chicago Press
68. Schaller GB, Ren JR, Qiu MJ. Status of the snow leopard Panthera uncia in Qinghai and Gansu provinces, China. Biol. Conserv. 1988, 45:179-194.
69. Schaller GB, Tserendeleg J, Amarsanaa G, Fox JL, Jizeng D. Observations on snow leopards in Mongolia. Proceedings of the Seventh International Snow Leopard Symposium 1994, 33-42. In, (Eds), Seattle, USA, International Snow Leopard Trust
70. Sharma S, Thapa K, Chalise MK, Dutta T, Bhatnagar YV, McCarthy TM, McNeely JA, McCarthy TM, Smith A, Olsvig-Whittaker L, Wikramanayake ED. The snow leopard in Himalaya. Conservation Biology in Asia 2006, 184-196. In, (Eds), Kathmandu, Nepal, Society for Conservation Biology Asia Section & Resource Himalaya Foundation
71. Shresta B. Status, distribution and potential habitat of Himalayan tahr and conflict areas with livestock in Sagarmatha National Park, Nepal. Nepal J. Sci. Technol. 2006, 7:27-33.
72. Soorae PS. Global re-introduction perspectives 2008, Abu Dhabi, UAE, IUCN/SSC Re-introduction Specialist Group
73. Sweitzer RA, Jenkins SH, Berger J. Near-extinction of porcupines by mountain lions and consequences of ecosystem change in the great Basin Desert. Conserv. Biol. 1997, 11:1407-1417.
74. Teerink BJ. Hair of west-European mammals 1991, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press
75. Tompkins DM, Dobson AP, Arneberg B, Begon ME, Cattadori IM, Greenman JV, Heesterbeek JAP, Hudson PJ, Newborn D, Pugliese A, Rizzoli AP, Rosà R, Rosso F, Wilson K, Hudson PJ, Rizzoli AP, Grenfell BT, Heesterbeek H, Dobson AP. Parasites and host population dynamics. The ecology of wildlife diseases 2002, 45-62. In, (Eds), New York, USA, Oxford University Press
76. Valiëre N. GIMLET. Mol. Ecol. Notes 2002, 2:377-379.
77. Waits LP, Luikart G, Taberlet P. Estimating the probability of identity among genotypes in natural populations. Mol. Ecol. 2001, 10:249-256.
78. Wang X, Hoffmann RS. Pseudois nayaur and Pseudois schaeferi. Mamm. Species 1987, 278:1-6.
79. Wegge P, Oli MK, Shackleton DM. Nepal. Wild sheep and goats and their relatives. Status survey and conservation action plan for Caprinae 1997, 231-239. In, (Ed.), Gland, Switzerland, IUCN
80. Williams ES, Barker IK. Infectious diseases of wild mammals 2001, 3rd edn, Ames, IA, USA, Iowa State University Press