Trampling the antarctic: Consequences of pedestrian traffic on antarctic soils

Antarctic Futures: Human Engagement with the Antarctic Environment

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 139-161

  Tejedo, Pablo ^a   Pertierra, Luis R ^a   Benayas, Javier ^a  

^a UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA DE MADRID   (Spain)

Author keywords

Antarctic soils vulnerability; Codes of conduct; Environmental monitoring; Human impact; Soil conservation

Indexed keywords

EID: 84955671698     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-6582-5_6     Document Type: Chapter

References (103)

1. Adams, B. J., Bardgett, R. D., Ayres, E., Wall, D. H., Aislabie, J., Bamforth, S., et al.(2006). Diversity and distribution of Victoria Land biota. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38, 3003-3018.
2. ASOC. (2008). A decade of Antarctic tourism: Status, change, and actions needed. Information Paper 41 presented atXXXIAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Kyiv, Ukraine.
3. ASOC. (2009). Tourism and land-based facilities in Antarctica. Information Paper 23 presented atXXXIIAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Baltimore, USA.
4. ASOC. (2011). Land-based tourism in Antarctica. Information Paper 87 presented atXXXIVAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
5. ATS. (2012). Site Guidelines for visitors. Retrieved from: http://www.ats.aq/eiats_other_siteguidelines.htm.
6. Ayres, E., Nkem, J. N., Wall, D. H., Simmons, B. L., Adams, B. J., Barreto, J. E., &Virginia, R. A.(2007). Human trampling reduces soil faunal populations and soil respiration in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Paper presented at the ESA/SER Joint Meeting, San José, California.
7. Ayres, E., Nkem, J. N., Wall, D. H., Adams, B. J., Barrett, J. E., Bross, E. J., et al.(2008). Effects of human trampling on populations of soil fauna in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Conservation Biology, 22,1544-1551.
8. Barrett, J. E., Virginia, R. A., Parsons, A. N., &Wall, D. H.(2005). Potential carbon and nitrogen turnover in soils of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, 37,107-116.
9. Barrett, J. E., Virginia, R. A., Hopkins, D. W., Aislabie, J., Bargagli, R., Bockheim, J. G., et al.(2006). Terrestrial ecosystem processes of Victoria Land, Antarctica. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38,3019-3034.
10. Bastmeijer, K., &Roura, R.(2008). Environmental impact assessment in Antarctica. In K. Bastmeijer & T. Koivurova (Eds.), Theory and practice of transboundary environmental impact assessment (pp. 175-219). Monographs Series on Legal aspects of sustainable development. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill/Martinus Nijhof Publishers.
11. Belnap, J.(2006). The potential roles of biological soil crusts in dryland hydrologic cycles. Hydrological Processes, 20,3159-3178.
12. Bergstrom, D. M., &Chown, S. L.(1999). Life at the front: History, ecology and change on Southern Ocean Islands. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 14,472-476.
13. Bergstrom, D. M., Hodgson, D. A., &Convey, P.(2006). The physical setting of the Antarctic. In D. M. Bergstrom, P. Convey & A. H. L. Huiskes (Eds.), Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems. Antarctica as a global indicator (pp. 15-34). Berlin, Germany: Springer.
14. Bertram, E.(2007). Antarctic shipborne tourism: an expanding industry. In J. M. Snyder & B. Stonehouse (Eds.), Prospects for polar tourism (pp. 149-169). Wallingford: CABI Publishers.
15. Beyer, L., & Bölter, M. (Eds.). (2002). Geoecology of Antarctic ice-free coastal landscapes. Ecological studies (Vol. 154).Berlin, Germany: Springer.
16. Block, W.(1996). Cold or drought: The lesser of two evils for terrestrial arthropods?European Journal of Entomology, 93,325-339.
17. Block, W., Lewis-Smith, R. I., &Kennedy, A. D.(2009). Strategies of survival and resource exploitation in the Antarctic fellfield ecosystem. Biological Reviews, 84,449-484.
18. Bokhorst, S., Huiskes, A. H. L., Convey, P., van Bodegom, P. M., &Aerts, R.(2008). Climate change effects on soil arthropod communities from the Falkland Islands and the Maritime Antarctic. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 40,1547-1556.
19. Braun, C., Fritz, H., Mustafa, O., Nordt, A., Pfeiffer, S., &PeterH.-U.(2013). Environmental assessment and management challenges of the Fildes Peninsula region. In T. Tin, D. Liggett, P. T. Maher & M. Lamers (Eds.), Antarctic futures: Human Engagement with the Antarctic environment.Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.
20. Cameron, R. E.(1969). Abundance of microflora in soils of desert regions. Technical Report (Vol. 32-1378). Pasadena, CA: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
21. Campbell, I. B., &Claridge, G. G. C.(1987). Antarctica: Soils, weathering processes and environment. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
22. Campbell, I. B., Balks, M. R., &Claridge, G. G. C.(1993). A simple visual technique for estimating the effects of fieldwork on the terrestrial environment in an ice-free area of Antarctica. Polar Record, 29,321-328.
23. Campbell, I. B., Claridge, G. G. C., &Balks, M. R.(1994). The effects of human activities on moisture content of soils and underlying permafrost from the McMurdo Sound region, Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 6,307-314.
24. Campbell, I. B., Claridge, G. G. C., &Balks, M. R.(1998). Short and long-term impacts of human disturbance on snow-free surfaces in Antarctica. Polar Record, 34,15-24.
25. Chen, J., &Blume, H. P.(1997). Impact of human activities on the terrestrial ecosystem of Antarctica: A review. Polarforschung, 65,83-92.
26. COMNAP. (2012). Antarctic Facilities. Retrieved from: https://www.comnap.aq/Members/Shared%20Documents/Antarctic_Facilities_List_3Feb2012.xls.
27. Convey, P.(1996). The influence of environmental characteristics on the life history attributes of Antarctic terrestrial biota. Biological Reviews, 71,191-225.
28. Convey, P.(2001). Terrestrial ecosystem response to climate changes in the Antarctic. In G. R. Walther, C. A. Burga, & P. J. Edwards (Eds.), “Fingerprints" of climate change: Adapted behaviour and shifting species ranges (pp. 17-42). New York: Kluwer.
29. Convey, P.(2003). Maritime Antarctic climate change: signals from terrestrial biology. In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby & R. Bindschadler (Eds.), Antarctic Peninsula climate variability: Historical and palaeoenvironmental perspectives, (pp. 145-158). Antarctic research series (Vol. 79). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union.
30. Convey, P.(2006). Antarctic climate change and its influences on terrestrial ecosystems. In D. M. Bergstrom, P. Convey, & A. H. L. Huiskes (Eds.), Trends in Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic ecosystems: Antarctica as a global indicator (pp. 253-272). Dordrecht: Springer.
31. Convey, P.(2008). Non-native species in Antarctic terrestrial and freshwater environments: Presence, sources, impacts and predictions. In M. Rogan-Finnemore (Ed.), Non-native Species in the Antarctic: Proceedings (pp. 97-130). Christchurch: Gateway Antarctica.
32. Convey, P.(2010). Terrestrial biodiversity in Antarctica: Recent advances and future challenges. Polar Science, 4,135-147.
33. Convey, P., &Lebouvier, M.(2009). Environmental change and human impacts on terrestrial ecosystems of the sub-Antarctic islands between their discovery and the mid-twentieth century. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania, 143,33-44.
34. Convey, P., Pugh, P. J. A., Jackson, C., Murray, A. W., Ruhland, C. T., Xiong, F. S., et al.(2002). Response of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods to multifactorial climate manipulation over a four year period. Ecology, 83,3130-3140.
35. Convey, P., Stevens, M. I., Hodgson, D. A., Smellie, J. L., Hillenbrand, C.-D., Barnes, D. K. A., et al.(2009). Exploring biological constraints on the glacial history of Antarctica. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27-28,3035-3048.
36. Cowan, D. A., Chown, S. L., Convey, P., Tuffin, M., Hughes, K. A., Pointing, S., et al.(2011). Nonindigenous microorganisms in the Antarctic: Assessing the risks. Trends in Microbiology, 19, 540-548.
37. Day, T. A., Ruhland, C. T., Strauss, S. L., Park, J. H., Krieg, M. L., Krna, M. A., et al.(2009). Response of plants and the dominant microarthropod, Cryptopygus antarcticus, to warming and contrasting precipitation regimes in Antarctic tundra. Global Change Biology, 15, 1640-1651.
38. De Leeuw, C.(1994). Tourism in Antarctica and its impact on vegetation. PhD thesis. Groningen: Arctic Centre, University of Groningen.
39. Dozsa-Farkas, K., &Convey, P.(1997). Christensenia, a new terrestrial enchytraeid genus from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 17,482-486.
40. Dozsa-Farkas, K., &Convey, P.(1998). Erratum; Christensenia, a new terrestrial enchytraeid genus from Antarctica. Polar Biology, 20,292.
41. Ducklow, H. W., Baker, K., Martinson, D. G., Quetin, L. B., Ross, R. M., Smith, R. C., et al.(2007). Marine pelagic ecosystems: The West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series B, 362,67-94.
42. Ecuador & Spain. (2012). Revised Visited Site Guidelines: Aitcho Islands. Working Paper 59 presented atXXXVAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Hobart, Australia.
43. Elnitsky, M. A., Benoit, J. B., Denlinger, D. L., &Lee, R. E. J.(2008). Desiccation tolerance and drought acclimation in the Antarctic collembolanCryptopygus antarcticus. Journal of Insect Physiology, 54,1432-1439.
44. Fowbert, J. A., &Smith, R. I. L.(1994). Rapid population increases in native vascular plants in the Argentine Islands, Antarctic Peninsula. Arctic and Alpine Research, 26,290-296.
45. Freckman, D. W., &Viginia, R. A.(1997). Low-diversity Antarctic soil nematode communities: distribution and response to disturbance. Ecology, 78,363-369.
46. Frenot, Y., Chown, S. L., Whinam, J., Selkirk, P., Convey, P., Skotnicki, M., et al.(2005). Biological invasions in the Antarctic: Extent, impacts and implications. Biological Reviews, 80,45-72.
47. Gerighausen, U., Bräutigam, K., Mustafa, O., &Peter, H. U.(2003). Expansion of vascular plants on an Antarctic island: A consequence of climate change?In A. H. L. Huiskes, W. W. C. Gieskes, J. Rozema, R. M. L. Schorno, S. M. van der Vies, & W. J. Wolff (Eds.), Antarctic biology in a global context (pp. 79-83). Leiden: Backhuys.
48. Greenslade, P.(2010). Collembola fauna of the South Shetland Islands revisited. Antarctic Science, 22,233-242.
49. Grobe, C. W., Ruhland, C. T., &Day, T A.(1997). A new population of Colobanthus quitensis near Arthur Harbor, Antarctica: Correlating recruitment with warmer summer temperatures. Arctic and Alpine Research, 29,217-221.
50. Hansom, J. D., &Gordon, J. E.(1998). Antarctic environments and resources.Harlow: Longman.
51. Harris, C. M.(1991). Environmental effects of human activities on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Polar Record, 27,193-204.
52. Hawes, T. C.(2011). Rafting in the Antarctic springtail, Gomphiocephalus hodgsoni. Antarctic Science, 23,456-460.
53. Headland, R. K., &Keage, P. L.(1985). Activities on the King George Island group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Polar Record, 22,475-484.
54. Hogg, I. D., Cary, S. C., Convey, P., Newsham, K. K., O’Donnell, T., Adams, B. J., et al.(2006). Biotic interactions in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems: Are they a factor?Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38,3035-3040.
55. Hughes, K. A.(2010). How committed are we to monitoring human impacts in Antarctica?Environmental Research Letters, 5,041001. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/5/4/041001.
56. Hughes, K. A., &Convey, P.(2010). The protection of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems from inter- and intra-continental transfer of non-indigenous species by human activities: a review of current systems and practices. Global Environmental Change, 20,96-112.
57. Hughes, K. A., &Worland, M. R.(2009). Spatial distribution, habitat preference and colonization status of two alien terrestrial invertebrate species in Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 22, 221-231.
58. Hughes, K. A., Convey, P., &Huiskes, A. H. L.(2013). Global movement and homogenisation of biota: challenges to the environmental management of Antarctica?In T. Tin, D. Liggett, P. T. Maher, & M. Lamers (Eds.), Antarctic futures: Human engagement with the Antarctic environment.Dordrecht: Springer.
59. IAATO. (2011a). 2010-2011 Number of Visitors (tourists, staff and crew) per Site per Vessel: All Antarctic Sites (6 Sheets Total). Retrieved from: http://iaato.org/tourism-statistics.
60. IAATO. (2011b). 2010-2011 Number of Visits per Site/per Activity (6 Sheets: Sorted by All sites, Continental and Peninsula). Retrieved from: http://iaato.org/tourism-statistics.
61. IAATO. (2011c). IAATO Overview of Antarctic Tourism: 2010-2011 Season and Preliminary Estimates for 2011-2012 Antarctic Season. Information Paper 106. Rev 1 presented at XXXIVAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
62. IAATO. (2012). Guidance for visitors to the Antarctic. Retrieved from: http://iaato.org/visitor-guidelines.
63. IPCC. (2007). Climate change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of working group I to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
64. Japan. (2011). Inspection undertaken by Japan in accordance with Article VII of the Antarctic Treaty and Article XIV of the protocol on environmental protection. Working Paper 1 presented atXXXIVAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
65. Kanda, H., &Inoue, M.(1994). Activities on the King George Island group, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 7, 221-231.
66. Klein, A. G., Sweet, S. T., Kennicutt, M. C., II Wade, T. L., Palmer, T. A., & Montagna, P. (2013). Long term monitoring of human impacts to the terrestrial environment at McMurdo station. In T Tin, D. Liggett, P. T. Maher & M. Lamers (Eds.), Antarctic futures: Human engagement with the Antarctic environment.Dordrecht: Springer.
67. Kriwoken, L. K., &Rootes, D.(2000). Tourism on ice: Environmental impact assessment of Antarctic tourism. Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal, 18(2),138-150.
68. Lamers, M.(2009). The future of tourism in Antarctica. Challenges for sustainability. PhD Thesis. Maastricht: Universitaire Pers Maastricht.
69. Lawley, B., Ripley, S., Bridge, P., &Convey, P.(2004). Molecular analysis of geographic patterns of eukaryotic diversity in Antarctic soils. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70,5963-5972.
70. Navas, A., Löpez-Martmez, J., Casas, J., Machm, J., Duran, J. J., Serrano, E., et al.(2008). Soil characteristics on varying lithological substrates in the South Shetland Islands, maritime Antarctica. Geoderma, 144,123-139.
71. O’Neill, T A., &Balks, M. R.(2010). A provisional method for assessing the impact on, and recovery of, Antarctic Desert Pavements from human-induced disturbances. Paper presented at the 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia.
72. O’Neill, T A., Balks, M. R., &Löpez-Martmez, J.(2010). Soil surface recovery from foot traffic in the Ross Sea Region of Antarctica. Paper presented at IPY Oslo Science Conference, Oslo, Norway.
73. Olech, M.(1996). Human impact on terrestrial ecosystems in West Antarctica. Polar Biology, 9, 299-306.
74. Olech, M., &Chwedorzewska, K. J.(2011). The first appearance and establishment of an alien vascular plant in natural habitats on the forefield of a retreating glacier in Antarctica. Antarctic Science, 23,153-154.
75. Parkinson, C. L.(2002). Trends in the length of the Southern Ocean sea ice season, 1979-1999. Annals of Glaciology, 34, 435-440.
76. Parsons, P. N., Barrett, J. E., Wall, D. H., &Virginia, R. A.(2004). Soil carbon dioxide flux in Antarctic dry valley ecosystems. Ecosystems, 7, 286-295.
77. Pertierra, L. R., Lara, F., Tejedo, P., Quesada, A.&Benayas, J.(2013a). Rapid denudation processes in cryptogamic communities from Maritime Antarctica subjected to human trampling. Antarctic Science, 25,318-328.
78. Pertierra, L. R., Tejedo, P., &Benayas, J.(2013b). Looking into the future of Deception Island: Current status, drivers of change and policy alternatives. In T. Tin, D. Liggett, P. T. Maher & M. Lamers (Eds.), Antarctic futures: Human engagement with the Antarctic environment. Dordrecht: Springer.
79. Peter, H.-U., Buesser, C., Mustafa, O., & Pfeiffer, S. (2008). Risk assessment for the Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, and development of management plans for their designation as Specially Protected or Specially Managed Areas. Dessau: German Environmental Agency. Retrieved from: http://www.umweltdaten.de/publikationen/fpdf-l/3478.pdf.
80. Quayle, W. C., Peck, L. S., Peat, H., Ellis-Evans, J. C., &Harrigan, P. R.(2002). Extreme responses to climate change in Antarctic lakes. Science, 295,645.
81. Quayle, W. C., Convey, P., Peck, L. S., Ellis-Evans, J. C., Butler, H. G., &Peat, H. J.(2003). Ecological responses of maritime Antarctic lakes to regional climate change. In E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Convey, M. Kirby & R. Bindschadler (Eds.), Antarctic Peninsula climate variability: Historical and palaeoenvironmental perspectives (pp. 159-170). Antarctic Research Series (Vol. 79). Washington, D.C.: American Geophysical Union.
82. Rosswall, T, & Heal, O. W. (Eds.). (1975). Structure and function of Tundra Ecosystems. Stockholm: Swedish Natural Science Research Council.
83. RussianFederation(2010). Queen Maud Land—a new center of non-governmental activity in the Antarctic. Working Paper 61 presented atXXXIIIAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Punta del Este, Uruguay.
84. Sanchez, R.A., &Njaastad, B.(2013). Future challenges in environmental management of National Antarctic Programs. In T. Tin, D. Liggett, P. T. Maher & M. Lamers (Eds.), Antarctic futures: Human engagement with the Antarctic environment. Dordrecht: Springer.
85. SCAR(2009). SCAR’s environmental code of conduct for terrestrial scientific field research in Antarctica. Information Paper 4 presented atXXXIIAntarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, Baltimore, USA.
86. Schulte, G. G., Elnitsky, M. A., Benoit, J. B., Denlinger, D. L., &Lee, R. E. J.(2008). Extremely large aggregations of collembolan eggs on Humble Island, Antarctica: A response to early seasonal warming?Polar Biology, 31,889-892.
87. Smith, R.I.L.(1972). Vegetation of the South Orkney Islands with particular reference to Signy Island. BAS Scientific Reports, 68. Cambridge: British Antarctic Survey.
88. Smith, R. I. L.(1988). Destruction of Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems by a rapidly increasing fur seal population. Biological Conservation, 45,55-72.
89. Smith, R. I. L., &Richardson, M.(2010). Fuegian plants in Antarctica: natural or anthropogeni-cally assisted immigrants?Biological Invasions, 13,1-5.
90. Snape, I., Stark, J. S., Cole, C. M., Gore, D. G., Duquesne, S., &Riddle, M. J.(2001). Management and remediation of contaminated sites at Casey Station, Antarctica. Polar Record, 37,199-214.
91. Sohlenius, B., Boström, S., &Jönsson, I.(2004). Occurrence of nematodes, tardigrades and rotifers on ice-free areas in East Antarctica. Pedobiologia, 48,395-408.
92. Stammerjohn, S. E., Martinson, D. G., Smith, R. C., Yuan, X., &Rind, D.(2008). Trends in Antarctic annual sea ice retreat and advance and their relation to El Nino-Southern Oscillation and Southern Annular Mode variability. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113, C03S90. doi 10.1029/2007JC004269.
93. Stewart, E., Draper, D., &Johnston, M.(2005). A review of tourism research in the Polar Regions. Arctic, 58,383-394.
94. Stonehouse, B.(1993). Shipborne tourism in Antarctica: Project Antarctic Conservation studies 1992/93. Polar Record, 29,330-332.
95. Tedrow, J. C. F.(1977). Soils of the Polar Landscapes.New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
96. Tejedo, P., Justel, A., Rico, E., Benayas, J., &Quesada, A.(2005). Measuring impacts on soils by human activity in an Antarctic special protected area. Terra Antarctica Reports, 11,57-62.
97. Tejedo, P., Justel, A., Benayas, J., Rico, E., Convey, P., &Quesada, A.(2009). Human impact on soils in an Antarctic specially protected areas: Tools to evaluate SCAR recommendations. Antarctic Science, 21,229-236.
98. Tejedo, P., Pertierra, L. R., Benayas, J., Convey, P., Justel, A.&Quesada, A.(2012). Trampling on maritime Antarctica: can soil ecosystems be effectively protected through existing codes of conduct?Polar Research, 31, 10888, http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/polar.v31i0.10888.
99. nd ed.). Biology of Habitats Series.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
100. Tilbrook, P. J.(1967). Arthropod ecology in the Maritime Antarctic. In J. L. Gressitt. (Ed.), Entomology of Antarctica. Antarctic Research Series (Vol. 10, pp. 331-356). Washington D.C.: National Research Council, U.S.
101. Tin, T., Fleming, Z. L., Hughes, K. A., Ainley, D. G., Convey, P., Moreno, C. A., et al.(2009). Impacts of local human activities on the Antarctic environment. Antarctic Science, 21,3-33.
102. Turner, J., Bindschadler, R. A., Convey, P., Di Prisco, G., Fahrbach, E., Gutt, J., et al. (Eds.). (2009). Antarctic climate change and the environment. Cambridge: Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research.
103. Van der Merwe, M., Chown, S. L., &Smith, V. R.(1997). Thermal tolerance limits in six weevil species (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) from sub-Antarctic Marion Island. Polar Biology, 18, 331-336.