Benefits and harms of once-weekly Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatments

Annals of Internal Medicine

Volumn 164, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 102-113

  Zaccardi, Francesco ^a   Htike, Zin Zin ^a   Webb, David R ^a   Khunti, Kamlesh ^a   Davies, Melanie J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALBIGLUTIDE; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; DULAGLUTIDE; EXENDIN 4; GLUCOSE; HEMOGLOBIN A1C; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; INSULIN GLARGINE; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; PLACEBO; SEMAGLUTIDE; TASPOGLUTIDE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; GLUCAGON LIKE PEPTIDE 1 RECEPTOR; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN;

ADVERSE OUTCOME; BODY WEIGHT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); COCHRANE LIBRARY; COMPARATIVE EFFECTIVENESS; DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; DIET RESTRICTION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG SAFETY; EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FOLLOW UP; FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HEART RATE; HUMAN; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INJECTION SITE REACTION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MEDLINE; META ANALYSIS; NAUSEA; NEOPLASM; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT HARM; PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SKIN BRUISING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; WEB OF SCIENCE; AGONISTS; BLOOD; CHEMICALLY INDUCED; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG ADMINISTRATION; DRUG EFFECTS; HEMODYNAMICS; METABOLISM; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DRUG ADMINISTRATION SCHEDULE; GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR; HEMODYNAMICS; HEMOGLOBIN A, GLYCOSYLATED; HUMANS; HYPOGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS;

EID: 84955304504     PISSN: 00034819     EISSN: 15393704     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7326/M15-1432     Document Type: Review

References (71)

1. Inzucchi SE. Diagnosis of diabetes [Letter]. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368: 193. [PMID: 23301749]
2. Seshasai SR, Kaptoge S, Thompson A, Di Angelantonio E, Gao P, Sarwar N, et al; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting glucose, and risk of cause-specific death. N Engl J Med. 2011; 364: 829-41. [PMID: 21366474]
3. Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, et al; Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010; 375: 2215-22. [PMID: 20609967]
4. Majumdar SK, Inzucchi SE. Investigational anti-hyperglycemic agents: the future of type 2 diabetes therapy? Endocrine. 2013; 44: 47-58. [PMID: 23354728]
5. Holst JJ, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T, Krarup T, Madsbad S. Loss of incretin effect is a specific, important, and early characteristic of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34 Suppl 2: S251-7. [PMID: 21525464]
6. Drucker DJ, Sherman SI, Gorelick FS, Bergenstal RM, Sherwin RS, Buse JB. Incretin-based therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: evaluation of the risks and benefits. Diabetes Care. 2010; 33: 428-33. [PMID: 20103558]
7. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, Diamant M, Ferrannini E, Nauck M, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015; 58: 429-42. [PMID: 25583541]
8. Buse JB, Rosenstock J, Sesti G, Schmidt WE, Montanya E, Brett JH, et al; LEAD-6 Study Group. Liraglutide once a day versus exenatide twice a day for type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomised, parallel-group, multinational, open-label trial (LEAD-6). Lancet. 2009; 374: 39-47. [PMID: 19515413]
9. Sutton A, Ades AE, Cooper N, Abrams K. Use of indirect and mixed treatment comparisons for technology assessment. Pharmacoeconomics. 2008; 26: 753-67. [PMID: 18767896]
10. Jansen JP, Trikalinos T, Cappelleri JC, Daw J, Andes S, Eldessouki R, et al. Indirect treatment comparison/network meta-analysis study questionnaire to assess relevance and credibility to inform health care decision making: an ISPOR-AMCP-NPC Good Practice Task Force report. Value Health. 2014; 17: 157-73. [PMID: 24636374]
11. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG; PRISMA Group. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009; 62: 1006-12. [PMID: 19631508]
12. Hoaglin DC, Hawkins N, Jansen JP, Scott DA, Itzler R, Cappelleri JC, et al. Conducting indirect-treatment-comparison and networkmeta- analysis studies: report of the ISPOR Task Force on Indirect Treatment Comparisons Good Research Practices: part 2. Value Health. 2011; 14: 429-37. [PMID: 21669367]
13. Hutton B, Salanti G, Caldwell DM, Chaimani A, Schmid CH, Cameron C, et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann Intern Med. 2015; 162: 777-84. [PMID: 26030634]
14. Higgins JP, Altman DG, Gøtzsche PC, Jüni P, Moher D, Oxman AD, et al; Cochrane Bias Methods Group. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ. 2011; 343: d5928. [PMID: 22008217]
15. Harbord RM, Higgins JP. Meta-regression in Stata. Stata J. 2008; 8: 493-519.
16. Medical Research Council Biostatistics Unit. Ian White's Stata software list. 2015. Accessed at www.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/software /stata-software on 1 October 2015.
17. White IR. Multivariate random-effects meta-regression: updates to mvmeta. Stata J. 2011; 11: 255-70.
18. White IR, Barrett JK, Jackson D, Higgins JP. Consistency and inconsistency in network meta-analysis: model estimation using multivariate meta-regression. Res Synth Methods. 2012; 3: 111-25. [PMID: 26062085]
19. Multiple-Treatments Meta-Analysis. 2015. Using STATA for network meta-analysis. Accessed at www.mtm.uoi.gr/index.php/stata -routines-for-network-meta-analysis on 1 October 2015.
20. Nauck M, Stewart M, Perkins C, Jones-Leone A, Yang F, Perry C, et al. HARMONY 2 wk 52 results: albiglutide monotherapy in drug naïve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus [Abstract]. Presented at American Diabetes Association 73rd Scientific Session, Chicago, Illinois, 21-25 June 2013. Abstract no. 55-LB.
21. A monotherapy study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 2 dose levels of albiglutide in Japanese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01733758. Accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01733758 on 26 September 2015.
22. Chaimani A, Higgins JP, Mavridis D, Spyridonos P, Salanti G. Graphical tools for network meta-analysis in STATA. PLoS One. 2013; 8: e76654. [PMID: 24098547]
23. Salanti G, Ades AE, Ioannidis JP. Graphical methods and numerical summaries for presenting results from multiple-treatment metaanalysis: an overview and tutorial. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011; 64: 163-71. [PMID: 20688472]
24. Jackson D, Barrett JK, Rice S, White IR, Higgins JP. A design-bytreatment interaction model for network meta-analysis with random inconsistency effects. Stat Med. 2014; 33: 3639-54. [PMID: 24777711]
25. Ahrén B, Johnson SL, Stewart M, Cirkel DT, Yang F, Perry C, et al; HARMONY 3 Study Group. HARMONY 3: 104-week randomized, double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of albiglutide compared with placebo, sitagliptin, and glimepiride in patients with type 2 diabetes taking metformin. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37: 2141-8. [PMID: 24898304]
26. Bergenstal RM, Forti A, Chiasson JL, Woloschak M, Boldrin M, Balena R. Efficacy and safety of taspoglutide versus sitagliptin for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T-emerge 4 trial). Diabetes Ther. 2012; 3: 13. [PMID: 23138449]
27. Bergenstal RM, Wysham C, Macconell L, Malloy J, Walsh B, Yan P, et al; DURATION-2 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2010; 376: 431-9. [PMID: 20580422]
28. Blevins T, Pullman J, Malloy J, Yan P, Taylor K, Schulteis C, et al. DURATION-5: exenatide once weekly resulted in greater improvements in glycemic control compared with exenatide twice daily in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 96: 1301-10. [PMID: 21307137]
29. Buse JB, Nauck M, Forst T, Sheu WH, Shenouda SK, Heilmann CR, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus liraglutide once daily in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-6): a randomised, open-label study. Lancet. 2013; 381: 117-24. [PMID: 23141817]
30. Davies M, Heller S, Sreenan S, Sapin H, Adetunji O, Tahbaz A, et al. Once-weekly exenatide versus once- or twice-daily insulin detemir: randomized, open-label, clinical trial of efficacy and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin alone or in combination with sulfonylureas. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 1368-76. [PMID: 23275363]
31. Diamant M, Van Gaal L, Guerci B, Stranks S, Han J, Malloy J, et al. Exenatide once weekly versus insulin glargine for type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): 3-year results of an open-label randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2: 464-73. [PMID: 24731672]
32. Diamant M, Van Gaal L, Stranks S, Northrup J, Cao D, Taylor K, et al. Once weekly exenatide compared with insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-3): an openlabel randomised trial. Lancet. 2010; 375: 2234-43. [PMID: 20609969]
33. Drucker DJ, Buse JB, Taylor K, Kendall DM, Trautmann M, Zhuang D, et al; DURATION-1 Study Group. Exenatide once weekly versus twice daily for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a randomised, open-label, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2008; 372: 1240-50. [PMID: 18782641]
34. Dungan KM, Povedano ST, Forst T, González JG, Atisso C, Sealls W, et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-6): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2014; 384: 1349-57. [PMID: 25018121]
35. Henry RR, Mudaliar S, Kanitra L, Woloschak M, Balena R; T-emerge 3 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of taspoglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin plus pioglitazone over 24 weeks: T-emerge 3 trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012; 97: 2370-9. [PMID: 22539590]
36. Hollander P, Lasko B, Barnett AH, Bengus M, Kanitra L, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Effects of taspoglutide on glycemic control and body weight in obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T-emerge 7 study). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013; 21: 238-47. [PMID: 23404788]
37. Home PD, Shamanna P, Stewart M, Yang F, Miller M, Perry C, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of albiglutide versus placebo or pioglitazone over 1 year in people with type 2 diabetes currently taking metformin and glimepiride: HARMONY 5. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015; 17: 179-87. [PMID: 25406730]
38. Inagaki N, Atsumi Y, Oura T, Saito H, Imaoka T. Efficacy and safety profile of exenatide once weekly compared with insulin once daily in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antidiabetes drug(s): results from a 26-week, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, multicenter, noninferiority study. Clin Ther. 2012; 34: 1892-908. [PMID: 22884767]
39. Ji L, Onishi Y, Ahn CW, Agarwal P, Chou CW, Haber H, et al. Efficacy and safety of exenatide once-weekly vs. exenatide twicedaily in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Investig. 2013; 4: 53-61. [PMID: 24843631]
40. Nauck M, Horton E, Andjelkovic M, Ampudia-Blasco FJ, Parusel CT, Boldrin M, et al; T-emerge 5 Study Group. Taspoglutide, a onceweekly glucagon-like peptide 1 analogue, vs. insulin glargine titrated to target in patients with type 2 diabetes: an open-label randomized trial. Diabet Med. 2013; 30: 109-13. [PMID: 22937895]
41. Weinstock RS, Guerci B, Umpierrez G, Nauck MA, Skrivanek Z, Milicevic Z. Safety and efficacy of once-weekly dulaglutide versus sitagliptin after 2 years in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-5): a randomized, phase III study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015; 17: 849-58. [PMID: 25912221]
42. Pratley RE, Nauck MA, Barnett AH, Feinglos MN, Ovalle F, Harman-Boehm I, et al; HARMONY 7 study group. Once-weekly albiglutide versus once-daily liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on oral drugs (HARMONY 7): a randomised, open-label, multicentre, non-inferiority phase 3 study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014; 2: 289-97. [PMID: 24703047]
43. Pratley RE, Urosevic D, Boldrin M, Balena R; T-emerge 6 Study Group. Efficacy and tolerability of taspoglutide versus pioglitazone in subjects with type 2 diabetes uncontrolled with sulphonylurea or sulphonylurea-metformin therapy: a randomized, double-blind study (T-emerge 6). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013; 15: 234-40. [PMID: 22958426]
44. Raz I, Fonseca V, Kipnes M, Durrwell L, Hoekstra J, Boldrin M, et al. Efficacy and safety of taspoglutide monotherapy in drug-naive type 2 diabetic patients after 24 weeks of treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study (T-emerge 1). Diabetes Care. 2012; 35: 485-7. [PMID: 22301126]
45. Reusch J, Stewart MW, Perkins CM, Cirkel DT, Ye J, Perry CR, et al. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 1 trial): 52-week primary endpoint results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled on pioglitazone, with or without metformin. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2014; 16: 1257-64. [PMID: 25155146]
46. Rosenstock J, Balas B, Charbonnel B, Bolli GB, Boldrin M, Ratner R, et al; T-emerge 2 Study Group. The fate of taspoglutide, a weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, versus twice-daily exenatide for type 2 diabetes: the T-emerge 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2013; 36: 498-504. [PMID: 23139373]
47. Rosenstock J, Fonseca VA, Gross JL, Ratner RE, Ahrén B, Chow FC, et al; HARMONY 6 Study Group. Advancing basal insulin replacement in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with insulin glargine plus oral agents: a comparison of adding albiglutide, a weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro. Diabetes Care. 2014; 37: 2317-25. [PMID: 24898300]
48. Russell-Jones D, Cuddihy RM, Hanefeld M, Kumar A, González JG, Chan M, et al; DURATION-4 Study Group. Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus metformin, pioglitazone, and sitagliptin used as monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-4): a 26-week double-blind study. Diabetes Care. 2012; 35: 252-8. [PMID: 22210563]
49. Umpierrez G, Tofé Povedano S, Pérez Manghi F, Shurzinske L, Pechtner V. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide monotherapy versus metformin in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-3). Diabetes Care. 2014; 37: 2168-76. [PMID: 24842985]
50. Weissman PN, Carr MC, Ye J, Cirkel DT, Stewart M, Perry C, et al. HARMONY 4: randomised clinical trial comparing once-weekly albiglutide and insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin with or without sulfonylurea. Diabetologia. 2014; 57: 2475-84. [PMID: 25208756]
51. Wysham C, Blevins T, Arakaki R, Colon G, Garcia P, Atisso C, et al. Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-1). Diabetes Care. 2014; 37: 2159-67. [PMID: 24879836]
52. Giorgino F, Benroubi M, Sun JH, Zimmermann AG, Pechtner V. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in patients with type 2 diabetes on metformin and glimepiride (AWARD-2). Diabetes Care. 2015. [PMID: 26089386]
53. Blonde L, Jendle J, Gross J, Woo V, Jiang H, Fahrbach JL, et al. Once-weekly dulaglutide versus bedtime insulin glargine, both in combination with prandial insulin lispro, in patients with type 2 diabetes (AWARD-4): a randomised, open-label, phase 3, noninferiority study. Lancet. 2015; 385: 2057-66. [PMID: 26009229]
54. Miyagawa J, Odawara M, Takamura T, Iwamoto N, Takita Y, Imaoka T. Once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist dulaglutide is non-inferior to once-daily liraglutide and superior to placebo in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a 26-week randomized phase III study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015; 17: 974-83. [PMID: 26179187]
55. Araki E, Inagaki N, Tanizawa Y, Oura T, Takeuchi M, Imaoka T. Efficacy and safety of once-weekly dulaglutide in combination with sulphonylurea and/or biguanide compared with once-daily insulin glargine in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, open-label, phase III, non-inferiority study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2015; 17: 994-1002. [PMID: 26179754]
56. A study comparing the effects and safety of dulaglutide with insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes mellitus. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01648582. Accessed at https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show /NCT01648582 on 26 September 2015.
57. Wang W, Huang CN, Young MC, Li P, Gu L, Yang J. The efficacy and safety of once-weekly, subcutaneous dulaglutide monotherapy compared to glimepiride in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Presented at 51st EASD Meeting, Stockholm, Sweden, 15-18 September 2015. Abstract no. 778. Accessed at www.easdvirtual meeting.org/resources/the-efficacy-and-safety-of-once-weekly-sub cutaneous-dulaglutide-monotherapy-compared-to-glimepiride-in -asian-patients-with-type-2-diabetes-mellitus-2 on 26 September 2015.
58. Sun F, Chai S, Li L, Yu K, Yang Z, Wu S, et al. Effects of glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2015; 2015: 157201. [PMID: 25688373]
59. Sun F, Chai S, Yu K, Quan X, Yang Z, Wu S, et al. Gastrointestinal adverse events of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network metaanalysis. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2015; 17: 35-42. [PMID: 25375397]
60. Sun F, Wu S, Guo S, Yu K, Yang Z, Li L, et al. Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonists on waist circumference among type 2 diabetes patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Endocrine. 2015; 48: 794-803. [PMID: 25115635]
61. Sun F, Wu S, Wang J, Guo S, Chai S, Yang Z, et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on lipid profiles among type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Clin Ther. 2015; 37: 225-241. [PMID: 25554560]
62. Sun F, Yu K, Wu S, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Shi L, et al. Cardiovascular safety and glycemic control of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a pairwise and network metaanalysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2012; 98: 386-95. [PMID: 23020934]
63. Sun F, Yu K, Yang Z, Wu S, Zhang Y, Shi L, et al. Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on major gastrointestinal disorders for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a mixed treatment comparison meta-analysis. Exp Diabetes Res. 2012; 2012: 230624. [PMID: 23365557]
64. Sun F, Wu S, Guo S, Yu K, Yang Z, Li L, et al. Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on blood pressure, heart rate and hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015; 110: 26-37. [PMID: 26358202]
65. Zhong X, Zhang T, Liu Y, Wei X, Zhang X, Qin Y, et al. Effects of three injectable antidiabetic agents on glycaemic control, weight change and drop-out in type 2 diabetes suboptimally controlled with metformin and/or a sulfonylurea: a network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015; 109: 451-60. [PMID: 26233934]
66. Zintzaras E, Miligkos M, Ziakas P, Balk EM, Mademtzoglou D, Doxani C, et al. Assessment of the relative effectiveness and tolerability of treatments of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network metaanalysis. Clin Ther. 2014; 36: 1443-53. [PMID: 25109773]
67. Scott DA, Boye KS, Timlin L, Clark JF, Best JH. A network metaanalysis to compare glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with exenatide once weekly or liraglutide once daily in comparison with insulin glargine, exenatide twice daily or placebo. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013; 15: 213-23. [PMID: 22958381]
68. DeFronzo RA, Stonehouse AH, Han J, Wintle ME. Relationship of baseline HbA1c and efficacy of current glucose-lowering therapies: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabet Med. 2010; 27: 309-17. [PMID: 20536494]
69. Kapitza C, Heise T, Birman P, Jallet K, Ramis J, Balena R. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of taspoglutide, a once-weekly, human GLP-1 analogue, after single-dose administration in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med. 2009; 26: 1156-64. [PMID: 19929995]
70. Stack CB, Localio AR, Griswold ME, Goodman SN, Mulrow CD. Handling of rescue and missing data affects synthesis and interpretation of evidence: the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor example. Ann Intern Med. 2013; 159: 285-8. [PMID: 24026261]
71. Sweeting MJ, Sutton AJ, Lambert PC. What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of continuity corrections in meta-analysis of sparse data. Stat Med. 2004; 23: 1351-75. [PMID: 15116347]