Collateral Damage: The Health Effects of Invasive Police Encounters in New York City

Journal of Urban Health

Volumn 93, Issue , 2016, Pages 42-67

  Sewell, Abigail A ^a,b   Jefferson, Kevin A ^a  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Ethnicity; Health; Health disparities; Neighborhoods; New York City; Police; Race

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ANCESTRY GROUP; BLACK PERSON; CAUCASIAN; DEMOGRAPHY; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; HEALTH; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW YORK; POLICE; PROCEDURES; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VERY ELDERLY; YOUNG ADULT;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMANS; LAW ENFORCEMENT; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW YORK CITY; POLICE; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; URBAN HEALTH; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84954451425     PISSN: 10993460     EISSN: 14682869     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11524-015-0016-7     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Bayley DH, Shearing CD. The future of policing. Soc Rev. 1996; 30(3): 585–606.
2. Rosenfeld R, Fornango R, Rengifo AF. The impact of order-maintenance policing on New York City homicide and robbery rates: 1988–2001. Criminology. 2007; 45(2): 355–384.
3. Terry v. Ohio. 1968; https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/392/1/case.html. Accessed 2015-12-15
4. New York Civil Liberties Union. Stop-and-frisk data. 2015; http://www.nyclu.org/content/stop-and-frisk-data.
5. New York Civil Liberties Union. Stop-and-frisk 2011. New York, NY: New York Civil Liberties Uniton; 2012.
6. Goldberg DT. Racist culture. Blackwell Publishers Cambridge, Mass; 1993.
7. Ridgeway G. Analysis of racial disparities in the New York police department’s stop, question, and frisk practices. Rand Corporation; 2007.
8. Roberts DE. Foreword: race, vagueness, and the social meaning of order-maintenance policing. J Crim Law Criminol(1973-). 1999; 89(3): 775–836.
9. Weitzer R. Citizens’ perceptions of police misconduct: race and neighborhood context. Justice Q. 1999; 16(4): 819–846.
10. Forrest CB, Tambor E, Riley AW, Ensminger ME, Starfield B. The health profile of incarcerated male youths. Pediatrics. 2000; 105(Supplement 2): 286–291.
11. Freudenberg N. Jails, prisons, and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health. J Urban Health. 2001; 78(2): 214–235.
12. Maruschak LM, Berzofsky M, Unangst J. Medical problems of state and federal prisoners and jail inmates, 2011–12. Washington, D.C: Bureau of Justice Statistics; 2015.
13. Massoglia M. Incarceration as exposure: the prison, infectious disease, and other stress-related illnesses. J Health Soc Behav. 2008; 49(1): 56–71.
14. Schnittker J, John A. Enduring stigma: the long-term effects of incarceration on health. J Health Social Behavior. 2007; 48(2): 115–130.
15. Unnever JD, Gabbidon SL. A theory of African American offending: race, racism, and crime. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis;2011
16. Geller A, Fagan J, Tyler T, Link BG. Aggressive policing and the mental health of young urban men. Am J Public Health. 2014; 104(12): 2321–2327.
17. Blankenship KM, Koester S. Criminal law, policing policy, and HIV risk in female street sex workers and injection drug users. J Law, Med Ethics. 2002; 30(4): 548.
18. Garland AF, Lau AS, Yeh M, McCabe KM, Hough RL, Landsverk JA. Racial and ethnic differences in utilization of mental health services among high-risk youths. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(7): 1336–1343.
19. Hathaway JE, Mucci LA, Silverman JG, Brooks DR, Mathews R, Pavlos CA. Health status and health care use of Massachusetts women reporting partner abuse. Am J Prev Med. 2000; 19(4): 302–307.
20. McGue M, Iacono WG. The association of early adolescent problem behavior with adult psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry. 2005; 162(6): 1118–1124.
21. Billies M. Surveillance threat as embodied psychological dilemma. Peace Conflict: J Peace Psychol. 2015; 21(2): 168–186.
22. Cooper H, Moore L, Gruskin S, Krieger N. Characterizing perceived police violence: implications for public health. Am J Public Health. 2004; 94(7): 1109–1118.
23. Geronimus AT, Hicken M, Keene D, Bound J. “Weathering” and age patterns of allostatic load scores among blacks and whites in the United States. Am J Public Health. 2006; 96(5): 826–833.
24. Shedd C. What about the other 99%? The broader impact of street stops on minority communities. In: La Vigne N, Lachman P, Matthews A, Neusteter SR, eds. Key issues in the police use of pedestrian stops and searches: discussion papers from an urban institute roundtable. New York,NY: The Urban Institute; 2012: 24–29.
25. Bugental DB, Blue J, Cortez V, Fleck K, Rodriguez A. Influences of witnessed affect on information processing in children. Child Dev. 1992; 63(4): 774–786.
26. Batson CD, Fultz J, Schoenrade PA. Distress and empathy: two qualitatively distinct vicarious emotions with different motivational consequences. J Personal. 1987; 55(1): 19–39.
27. Eisenberg N, Fabes RA, Schaller M, et al. Personality and socialization correlates of vicarious emotional responding. J Personal Soc Psychol. 1991; 61(3): 459–470.
28. Mays VM, Cochran SD, Barnes NW. Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans. Annu Rev Psychol. 2007; 58: 201–225.
29. Cohen S, Evans G, Stokols D, Krantz D. Stress processes and the costs of coping. Behavior, health, and environmental stress. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media; 1986: 1–23.
30. Meyer IH. Minority stress and mental health in gay men. J Health Soc Behav. 1995; 36(1): 38–56.
31. Wildeman C, Schnittker J, Turney K. Despair by association? The mental health of mothers with children by recently incarcerated fathers. Am Soc Rev. 2012; 77(2): 216–243.
32. Lee H, Wildeman C. Things fall apart: health consequences of mass imprisonment for African American women. Rev Black Polit Econ. 2013; 40(1): 39–52.
33. Lee H, Wildeman C, Wang EA, Matusko N, Jackson JS. A heavy burden: the cardiovascular health consequences of having a family member incarcerated. Am J Pub Health. 2014; 104(3): 421–427.
34. Turney K. Stress proliferation across generations? Examining the relationship between parental incarceration and childhood health. J Health Soc Behav. 2014; 55(3): 302–319.
35. Carr D, Friedman MA. Is obesity stigmatizing? Body weight, perceived discrimination, and psychological well-being in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 2005; 46(3): 244–259.
36. Guyll M, Matthews KA, Bromberger JT. Discrimination and unfair treatment: relationship to cardiovascular reactivity among African American and European American women. Health Psychology. 2001; 20(5): 315–325.
37. Kessler RC, Mickelson KD, Williams DR. The prevalence, distribution, and mental health correlates of perceived discrimination in the United States. J Health Soc Behav. 1999; 40(3): 208–230.
38. Krieger N. Racial and gender discrimination: risk factors for high blood pressure? Soc Sci Med. 1990; 30(12): 1273–1281.
39. Krieger N, Sidney S. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young black and white adults. Am J Pub Health. 1996; 86(10): 1370–1378.
40. Paradies Y. A systematic review of empirical research on self-reported racism and health. Int J Epidemiol. 2006; 35(4): 888–901.
41. Williams DR, Mohammed SA. Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research. J Behav Med. 2009; 32(1): 20–47.
42. Williams DR, Neighbors HW, Jackson JS. Racial/ethnic discrimination and health: findings from community studies. Am J Pub Health. 2003; 93(2): 200–208.
43. Williams DR, Yan Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997; 2(3): 335–351.
44. Lerman AE, Weaver V. Staying out of sight? Concentrated policing and local political action. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2014; 651(1): 202–219.
45. Forman TA, Williams DR, Jackson JS. Race, place, and discrimination. Perspect Soc Problems. 1997; 9: 231–261.
46. Taylor J, Turner RJ. Perceived discrimination, social stress, and depression in the transition to adulthood: racial contrasts. Soc Psychol Q. 2002; 65(3): 213–225.
47. Bobo LD, Thompson V. Unfair by design: the war on drugs race, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Soc Res. 2006; 73(2): 445–472.
48. Hagan J, Albonetti C. Race, class, and the perception of criminal injustice in America. Am J Soc. 1982; 88(2): 329–355.
49. Hagan J, Shedd C, Payne MR. Race, ethnicity, and youth perceptions of criminal injustice. Am Soc Rev. 2005; 70(3): 381–407.
50. Matsueda RL, Drakulich K. Perceptions of criminal injustice, symbolic racism, and racial politics. Ann Am Acad Polit Soc Sci. 2009; 623(1): 163–178.
51. Tyler TR. Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. Crime Justice. 2003; 30: 283–357.
52. Weitzer R, Tuch SA. Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Soc Problems. 2004; 51(3): 305–325.
53. Jackson JS, Knight KM, Rafferty JA. Race and unhealthy behaviors: chronic stress, the HPA axis, and physical and mental health disparities over the life course. Am J Pub Health. 2010; 100(5): 933–939.
54. Smith DA. The neighborhood context of police behavior. Crime Justice. 1986; 8: 313–341.
55. New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. Community health survey 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012. Public use Dataset Accessed on 7/15/2014 2009-2012.
56. United Hospital Fund. Work in progress: annual report 2014. New York City, NY: The United Hospital Fund;2014.
57. NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene. New York City United Hospital Fund (UHF) neighborhoods and NYC ZIP code areas. Accessed on 9/2/2015 at http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/survey/uhf_map_100604.pdf 2006.
58. New York City Police Department. 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 Stop, question, and frisk data. Public use Dataset Accessed on 8/15/2014 2009-2012.
59. Boardman JD. Stress and physical health: the role of neighborhoods as mediating and moderating mechanisms. Soc Sci Med. 2004; 58(12): 2473–2483.
60. Spitzer E. The New York City police department’s stop & frisk practices: a report to the people of the state of New York from the Office of the Attorney General. Darby, PA:DIANE Publishing; 1999.
61. Duncan DT, Kawachi I, Subramanian SV, Aldstadt J, Melly SJ, Williams DR. Examination of how neighborhood definition influences measurements of youths’ access to tobacco retailers: a methodological note on spatial misclassification. Am J Epidemiol. 2014; 179(3): 373–381.