Criminal law, policing policy, and HIV risk in female street sex workers and injection drug users

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 2002, Pages 548-559

  Blankenship, Kim M ^a,b   Koester, Stephen ^a,c  

^a Dept of Epidemiol and Pub Health ^*

^b YALE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ILLICIT DRUG;

CONDOM; CONFERENCE PAPER; COUNSELING; COURT; CRIMINAL LAW; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DRUG ABUSE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH PROGRAM; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION RISK; INJECTION; INTERVIEW; LAW ENFORCEMENT; LAW SUIT; LEGAL ASPECT; LEGAL LIABILITY; MONEY; POLICE; PRISON; PROSTITUTION; PUNISHMENT; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK REDUCTION; SEXUAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL CONTROL; SOCIOECONOMICS; SYRINGE; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; ARTICLE; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; FEMALE; POLICY; PUBLIC HEALTH; SUBSTANCE ABUSE; UNITED STATES;

COLORADO; CONNECTICUT; CRIMINAL LAW; FEMALE; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; PROSTITUTION; PUBLIC HEALTH; PUBLIC POLICY; SOCIAL CONTROL, FORMAL; SUBSTANCE ABUSE, INTRAVENOUS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0036988559     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2002.tb00425.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (75)

1. B. Link and M.J. Phelan, "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease," Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38 (Extra Issue) (1995): 80-94; G. Rose, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations," International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 32-38; M. Susser and E. Susser, "Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; N. Pierce, "Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; K.M. Blankenship, S.J. Bray, and M.H. Merson, "Structural Interventions in Public Health," AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S11-21; G. Marks, S. Burris, and T. Peterman, "Reducing Sexual Transmission from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility," AIDS, 13 (1999): 297-306.
2. B. Link and M.J. Phelan, "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease," Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38 (Extra Issue) (1995): 80-94; G. Rose, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations," International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 32-38; M. Susser and E. Susser, "Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; N. Pierce, "Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; K.M. Blankenship, S.J. Bray, and M.H. Merson, "Structural Interventions in Public Health," AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S11-21; G. Marks, S. Burris, and T. Peterman, "Reducing Sexual Transmission from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility," AIDS, 13 (1999): 297-306.
3. B. Link and M.J. Phelan, "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease," Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38 (Extra Issue) (1995): 80-94; G. Rose, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations," International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 32-38; M. Susser and E. Susser, "Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; N. Pierce, "Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; K.M. Blankenship, S.J. Bray, and M.H. Merson, "Structural Interventions in Public Health," AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S11-21; G. Marks, S. Burris, and T. Peterman, "Reducing Sexual Transmission from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility," AIDS, 13 (1999): 297-306.
4. B. Link and M.J. Phelan, "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease," Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38 (Extra Issue) (1995): 80-94; G. Rose, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations," International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 32-38; M. Susser and E. Susser, "Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; N. Pierce, "Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; K.M. Blankenship, S.J. Bray, and M.H. Merson, "Structural Interventions in Public Health," AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S11-21; G. Marks, S. Burris, and T. Peterman, "Reducing Sexual Transmission from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility," AIDS, 13 (1999): 297-306.
5. B. Link and M.J. Phelan, "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease," Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38 (Extra Issue) (1995): 80-94; G. Rose, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations," International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 32-38; M. Susser and E. Susser, "Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; N. Pierce, "Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; K.M. Blankenship, S.J. Bray, and M.H. Merson, "Structural Interventions in Public Health," AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S11-21; G. Marks, S. Burris, and T. Peterman, "Reducing Sexual Transmission from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility," AIDS, 13 (1999): 297-306.
6. B. Link and M.J. Phelan, "Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease," Journal of Health & Social Behavior, 38 (Extra Issue) (1995): 80-94; G. Rose, "Sick Individuals and Sick Populations," International Journal of Epidemiology, 14 (1985): 32-38; M. Susser and E. Susser, "Choosing a Future for Epidemiology: I. Eras and Paradigms," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 668-73; N. Pierce, "Traditional Epidemiology, Modern Epidemiology, and Public Health," American Journal of Public Health, 86 (1996): 678-83; K.M. Blankenship, S.J. Bray, and M.H. Merson, "Structural Interventions in Public Health," AIDS, 14, suppl. 1 (2000): S11-21; G. Marks, S. Burris, and T. Peterman, "Reducing Sexual Transmission from Those Who Know They Are Infected: The Need for Personal and Collective Responsibility," AIDS, 13 (1999): 297-306.
7. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
8. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
9. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
10. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
11. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
12. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
13. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
14. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
15. S.R. Friedman et al., "Society, Drug Injectors, and AIDS," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 3, no. 1 (1992): 73-89; D. Worth, "Sexual Decision-Making and AIDS: Why Condom Promotion Among Vulnerable Women Is Likely to Fail," Studies in Family Planning, 20 (1989): 297-307; H. Amaro, "Love, Sex and Power: Considering Women's Realities in HIV Prevention," American Psychologist, 50 (1995): 437-47; B. Lester, "The Social Context of HIV Transmission in the African-American Community," Ethnicity & Disease, 3 (1993): 387-94; K.M. Blankenship, "HIV and Street Working Women: Social Context and HIV-Related Risk Behavior," paper presented at HIV in Women Conference: Setting a New Agenda, Washington, D.C., February 22-24, 1995; P. Gillies, K. Tolley, and J. Wolstenholme, "Is AIDS a Disease of Poverty?," AIDS Care, 8 (1996): 351-63; L.J. Quellet et al., "Shooting Galleries and HIV Disease: Variations in Places for Injecting Illicit Drugs," Crime and Delinquency, 37 (1991): 64-85; S. Zierler and N. Krieger, "Reframing Women's Risk: Social Inequalities and HIV Infection," Annual Review of Public Health, 18 (1997): 401-36; A. Waterston, "Anthropological Research and the Politics of HIV Prevention: Towards a Critique of Policy and Priorities in the Age of AIDS," Social Science & Medicine, 44 (1997): 1381-91.
16. R.N. Bluthenthal et al., "Drug Paraphernalia Laws and Injection-Related Infectious Disease Risk Among Drug Injectors," Journal of Drug Issues, 29, no. 1 (1999): 1-16; D.C. Des Jarlais and S.R. Friedman, "Fifteen Years of Research on Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users: What We Have Learned, What We Have Not Learned, What We Have Done, What We Have Not Done," Public Health Reports, 113, suppl. 1 (1998): 182-88; S.K. Koester, "Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Denver," Human Organization, 53 (1994): 287-95; R. Heimer et al., "Evaluating A Needle Exchange Program in a Small City: Models for Testing HIV-1 Risk Reduction," International Journal of Drug Policy, 7 (1996): 123-29; S.R. Friedman, T. Perlis, and D.C. Des Jarlais, "Laws Prohibiting Over-the-Counter Syringe Sales to Injection Drug Users: Relations to Population Density, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 791-93.
17. R.N. Bluthenthal et al., "Drug Paraphernalia Laws and Injection-Related Infectious Disease Risk Among Drug Injectors," Journal of Drug Issues, 29, no. 1 (1999): 1-16; D.C. Des Jarlais and S.R. Friedman, "Fifteen Years of Research on Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users: What We Have Learned, What We Have Not Learned, What We Have Done, What We Have Not Done," Public Health Reports, 113, suppl. 1 (1998): 182-88; S.K. Koester, "Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Denver," Human Organization, 53 (1994): 287-95; R. Heimer et al., "Evaluating A Needle Exchange Program in a Small City: Models for Testing HIV-1 Risk Reduction," International Journal of Drug Policy, 7 (1996): 123-29; S.R. Friedman, T. Perlis, and D.C. Des Jarlais, "Laws Prohibiting Over-the-Counter Syringe Sales to Injection Drug Users: Relations to Population Density, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 791-93.
18. R.N. Bluthenthal et al., "Drug Paraphernalia Laws and Injection-Related Infectious Disease Risk Among Drug Injectors," Journal of Drug Issues, 29, no. 1 (1999): 1-16; D.C. Des Jarlais and S.R. Friedman, "Fifteen Years of Research on Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users: What We Have Learned, What We Have Not Learned, What We Have Done, What We Have Not Done," Public Health Reports, 113, suppl. 1 (1998): 182-88; S.K. Koester, "Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Denver," Human Organization, 53 (1994): 287-95; R. Heimer et al., "Evaluating A Needle Exchange Program in a Small City: Models for Testing HIV-1 Risk Reduction," International Journal of Drug Policy, 7 (1996): 123-29; S.R. Friedman, T. Perlis, and D.C. Des Jarlais, "Laws Prohibiting Over-the-Counter Syringe Sales to Injection Drug Users: Relations to Population Density, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 791-93.
19. R.N. Bluthenthal et al., "Drug Paraphernalia Laws and Injection-Related Infectious Disease Risk Among Drug Injectors," Journal of Drug Issues, 29, no. 1 (1999): 1-16; D.C. Des Jarlais and S.R. Friedman, "Fifteen Years of Research on Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users: What We Have Learned, What We Have Not Learned, What We Have Done, What We Have Not Done," Public Health Reports, 113, suppl. 1 (1998): 182-88; S.K. Koester, "Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Denver," Human Organization, 53 (1994): 287-95; R. Heimer et al., "Evaluating A Needle Exchange Program in a Small City: Models for Testing HIV-1 Risk Reduction," International Journal of Drug Policy, 7 (1996): 123-29; S.R. Friedman, T. Perlis, and D.C. Des Jarlais, "Laws Prohibiting Over-the-Counter Syringe Sales to Injection Drug Users: Relations to Population Density, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 791-93.
20. R.N. Bluthenthal et al., "Drug Paraphernalia Laws and Injection-Related Infectious Disease Risk Among Drug Injectors," Journal of Drug Issues, 29, no. 1 (1999): 1-16; D.C. Des Jarlais and S.R. Friedman, "Fifteen Years of Research on Preventing HIV Infection Among Injecting Drug Users: What We Have Learned, What We Have Not Learned, What We Have Done, What We Have Not Done," Public Health Reports, 113, suppl. 1 (1998): 182-88; S.K. Koester, "Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users in Denver," Human Organization, 53 (1994): 287-95; R. Heimer et al., "Evaluating A Needle Exchange Program in a Small City: Models for Testing HIV-1 Risk Reduction," International Journal of Drug Policy, 7 (1996): 123-29; S.R. Friedman, T. Perlis, and D.C. Des Jarlais, "Laws Prohibiting Over-the-Counter Syringe Sales to Injection Drug Users: Relations to Population Density, HIV Prevalence, and HIV Incidence," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 791-93.
21. J.M. Mann, "AIDS and Human Rights: Where Do We Go From Here?," in J.M. Mann, ed., Health and Human Rights: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 1999); E.L. Gollub, "Human Rights Is a U.S. Problem, Too: The Case of Women and HIV," American Journal of Public Health, 89 (1999): 1479-82.
22. J.M. Mann, "AIDS and Human Rights: Where Do We Go From Here?," in J.M. Mann, ed., Health and Human Rights: A Reader (New York: Routledge, 1999); E.L. Gollub, "Human Rights Is a U.S. Problem, Too: The Case of Women and HIV," American Journal of Public Health, 89 (1999): 1479-82.
23. S. Burris, "Driving the Epidemic Underground? A New Look at Law and the Social Risk of HIV Testing," AIDS & Public Policy Journal, 12 (1997): 66-78; S. Burris, "Law and the Social Risk of Health Care: Lessons from HIV Testing," Albany Law Review, 61 (1998): 831-95.
24. S. Burris, "Driving the Epidemic Underground? A New Look at Law and the Social Risk of HIV Testing," AIDS & Public Policy Journal, 12 (1997): 66-78; S. Burris, "Law and the Social Risk of Health Care: Lessons from HIV Testing," Albany Law Review, 61 (1998): 831-95.
25. D.C. Des Jarlais et al., "Regulating Controversial Programs for Unpopular People: Methadone Maintenance and Syringe Exchange Programs," American Journal of Public Health, 85 (1995): 1577-84; Des Jarlais and Friedman, supra note 3.
26. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
27. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
28. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
29. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
30. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
31. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
32. J.P Grund, C.D. Kaplan, and N.E Adriaans, "Needle Sharing in the Netherlands: An Ethnographic Analysis," American Journal of Public Health, 81(1991): 1602-07; B. Jose et al., "Syringe-Mediated Drug Sharing (Backloading): A New Risk Factor Among Injecting Drug Users," AIDS, 7 (1993):1653-60; S. Koester, R.F. Booth, and W Wiebel, "The Risk of HIV Transmission from Sharing Water, Drug Mixing Containers and Cotton Filters Among Intravenous Drug Users," International Journal of Drug Policy, 1 (1990): 28-30; Koester, supra note 3; S.K. Koester and L. Hoffer, "Indirect Sharing: Additional HIV Risks Associated with Drug Injection," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 9, no. 2 (1994): 100-05; S. Shah et al., "Detection of HIV-1 DNA in Needles/Syringes, Paraphernalia, and Washes from Shooting Galleries in Miami: A Preliminary Laboratory Report," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 11 (1996): 301-06; H. Hagan et al., "Sharing of Drug Paraphernalia Equipment as a Risk Factor for Hepatitis C," American Journal of Public Health, 91 (2001): 42-46. L.E. Thorpe et al., "Risk of Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Young Adult Injection Drug Users Who Share Injection Equipment," American Journal of Epidemiology, 155 (2002): 645-53.
33. P. Estebanez, K. Fitch, and R. Najera, "HIV and Female Sex Workers," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71 (1993): 397-412; J. Astemborski et al., "The Trading of Sex for Drugs or Money and HIV Seropositivity Among Female Intravenous Drug Users," American Journal of Public Health, 84 (1994): 382-87; D. Paone et al., "HIV Risk Behaviors of Current Sex Workers Attending Syringe Exchange: The Experiences of Women in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS Care, 11 (1999): 269-80.
34. P. Estebanez, K. Fitch, and R. Najera, "HIV and Female Sex Workers," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71 (1993): 397-412; J. Astemborski et al., "The Trading of Sex for Drugs or Money and HIV Seropositivity Among Female Intravenous Drug Users," American Journal of Public Health, 84 (1994): 382-87; D. Paone et al., "HIV Risk Behaviors of Current Sex Workers Attending Syringe Exchange: The Experiences of Women in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS Care, 11 (1999): 269-80.
35. P. Estebanez, K. Fitch, and R. Najera, "HIV and Female Sex Workers," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 71 (1993): 397-412; J. Astemborski et al., "The Trading of Sex for Drugs or Money and HIV Seropositivity Among Female Intravenous Drug Users," American Journal of Public Health, 84 (1994): 382-87; D. Paone et al., "HIV Risk Behaviors of Current Sex Workers Attending Syringe Exchange: The Experiences of Women in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS Care, 11 (1999): 269-80.
36. Des Jarlais and Friedman, supra note 3, at 184-85.
37. Qualitative Solutions and Research Pty. Ltd., QSK NUD*IST4.0: Software for Qualitative Data Analysis (Melbourne: Qualitative Solutions and Research Pty. Ltd., 1997).
38. P. Alexander, "Sex Workers Fight Against AIDS: An International Perspective," in B.E. Schneider and N.E. Stoller, eds., Women Resisting AIDS: Feminist Strategies of Empowerment (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995): at 120.
39. Estebanez, Fitch, and Najera, supra note 8; L.E. Dorfman, P.A. Derish, and J.B. Cohen, "Hey Girlfriend: An Evaluation of AIDS Prevention Among Women in the Sex Industry," Health Education Quarterly, 19 (1992): 25-40; Alexander, supra note 11, at 99-123.
40. Estebanez, Fitch, and Najera, supra note 8; L.E. Dorfman, P.A. Derish, and J.B. Cohen, "Hey Girlfriend: An Evaluation of AIDS Prevention Among Women in the Sex Industry," Health Education Quarterly, 19 (1992): 25-40; Alexander, supra note 11, at 99-123.
41. M.P. Mayko, "Judge Bars Arrest of Drug Users with Up to 30 Needles," Connecticut Post, January 19, 2001.
42. C.L. Schneider, "Racism, Drug Policy, and AIDS," Political Science Quarterly, 113 (1998): 427-47.
43. C. Latkin et al., "My Place, Your Place, and No Place: Behavior Settings as a Risk Factor for HIV-Related Injection Practices of Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland," Journal of Community Psychology, 22 (1994): 415-30; R.J. Battjes et al., "HIV Risk Factors Among Injecting Drug Users in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS, 8 (1994): 681-87; D.C. Des Jarlais, "The First and Second Decade of AIDS Among Injecting Drug Users," British Journal of Addiction, 87 (1992): 347-53; D. Chitwood et al., "HIV Seropositivity of Needles from Shooting Galleries in South Florida," American Journal of Public Health, 80 (1990): 150-52.
44. C. Latkin et al., "My Place, Your Place, and No Place: Behavior Settings as a Risk Factor for HIV-Related Injection Practices of Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland," Journal of Community Psychology, 22 (1994): 415-30; R.J. Battjes et al., "HIV Risk Factors Among Injecting Drug Users in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS, 8 (1994): 681-87; D.C. Des Jarlais, "The First and Second Decade of AIDS Among Injecting Drug Users," British Journal of Addiction, 87 (1992): 347-53; D. Chitwood et al., "HIV Seropositivity of Needles from Shooting Galleries in South Florida," American Journal of Public Health, 80 (1990): 150-52.
45. C. Latkin et al., "My Place, Your Place, and No Place: Behavior Settings as a Risk Factor for HIV-Related Injection Practices of Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland," Journal of Community Psychology, 22 (1994): 415-30; R.J. Battjes et al., "HIV Risk Factors Among Injecting Drug Users in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS, 8 (1994): 681-87; D.C. Des Jarlais, "The First and Second Decade of AIDS Among Injecting Drug Users," British Journal of Addiction, 87 (1992): 347-53; D. Chitwood et al., "HIV Seropositivity of Needles from Shooting Galleries in South Florida," American Journal of Public Health, 80 (1990): 150-52.
46. C. Latkin et al., "My Place, Your Place, and No Place: Behavior Settings as a Risk Factor for HIV-Related Injection Practices of Drug Users in Baltimore, Maryland," Journal of Community Psychology, 22 (1994): 415-30; R.J. Battjes et al., "HIV Risk Factors Among Injecting Drug Users in Five U.S. Cities," AIDS, 8 (1994): 681-87; D.C. Des Jarlais, "The First and Second Decade of AIDS Among Injecting Drug Users," British Journal of Addiction, 87 (1992): 347-53; D. Chitwood et al., "HIV Seropositivity of Needles from Shooting Galleries in South Florida," American Journal of Public Health, 80 (1990): 150-52.
47. R.N. Bluthenthal, "Race, Poverty, and Disease: HIV/AIDS Among African-American Injection Drug Users in the San Francisco Ray Area," Dissertation Abstracts International. Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences, 60 (1999): 893-A.
48. Grund, Kaplan and Adriaans, supra note 7; Jose et al., supra note 7; Koester, Booth, and Wiebel, supra note 7; S. Koester, R.E. Booth, and Y. Zhang, "The Prevalence of Additional Injection-Related HIV Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 12 (1996): 202-07; Koester and Hoffer, supra note 7; B. McCoy et al., "Parenteral Transmission of HIV Among Injection Drug Users: Assessing the Frequency of Multiperson Use of Needles, Syringes, Cookers, Cotton and Water," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 18, suppl. (1998): S25-29; Shah et al., supra note 7.
49. Grund, Kaplan and Adriaans, supra note 7; Jose et al., supra note 7; Koester, Booth, and Wiebel, supra note 7; S. Koester, R.E. Booth, and Y. Zhang, "The Prevalence of Additional Injection-Related HIV Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 12 (1996): 202-07; Koester and Hoffer, supra note 7; B. McCoy et al., "Parenteral Transmission of HIV Among Injection Drug Users: Assessing the Frequency of Multiperson Use of Needles, Syringes, Cookers, Cotton and Water," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 18, suppl. (1998): S25-29; Shah et al., supra note 7.
50. Grund, Kaplan and Adriaans, supra note 7; Jose et al., supra note 7; Koester, Booth, and Wiebel, supra note 7; S. Koester, R.E. Booth, and Y. Zhang, "The Prevalence of Additional Injection-Related HIV Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 12 (1996): 202-07; Koester and Hoffer, supra note 7; B. McCoy et al., "Parenteral Transmission of HIV Among Injection Drug Users: Assessing the Frequency of Multiperson Use of Needles, Syringes, Cookers, Cotton and Water," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Human Retrovirology, 18, suppl. (1998): S25-29; Shah et al., supra note 7.
51. Friedman et al., supra note 2; M. Sufian et al., "Organizing as a New Approach to AIDS Risk Reduction for Intravenous Drug Users," Journal of Addictive Diseases, 10 (1991): 89-98; L. Maher, "Hidden in the Light: Occupational Norms Among CrackUsing Street Level Sex Workers," Journal of Drug Issues, 26, no. 1 (1996): 143-73; Alexander, supra note 11.
52. Friedman et al., supra note 2; M. Sufian et al., "Organizing as a New Approach to AIDS Risk Reduction for Intravenous Drug Users," Journal of Addictive Diseases, 10 (1991): 89-98; L. Maher, "Hidden in the Light: Occupational Norms Among CrackUsing Street Level Sex Workers," Journal of Drug Issues, 26, no. 1 (1996): 143-73; Alexander, supra note 11.
53. Dorfman, Derish, and Cohen, supra note 12; Alexander, supra note 11.
54. J.P Hoffman, S.S. Su, and A. Pach, "Changes in Network Characteristics and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users," Alcohol and Drug Dependence, 46 (1997): 41-51; A. Neaigus et al., "Using Dyadic Data for a Network Analysis of HIV Infection and Risk Behaviors Among Injecting Drug Users," in R.H. Needle et al., eds., Social Networks, Drug Abuse, and HIV Transmission, NIDA Research Monograph 151 (Rockville: Department of Health and Human Services, 1995).
55. J.P Hoffman, S.S. Su, and A. Pach, "Changes in Network Characteristics and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Injection Drug Users," Alcohol and Drug Dependence, 46 (1997): 41-51; A. Neaigus et al., "Using Dyadic Data for a Network Analysis of HIV Infection and Risk Behaviors Among Injecting Drug Users," in R.H. Needle et al., eds., Social Networks, Drug Abuse, and HIV Transmission, NIDA Research Monograph 151 (Rockville: Department of Health and Human Services, 1995).
56. For example, R. Wallace, "A Synergism of Plagues: 'Planned Shrinkage,' Contagious Housing Destruction, and AIDS in the Bronx," Environmental Research, 47, no. 1 (1988): 1-33.
57. R. Kimerling, L. Armistead, and R. Forehand, "Victimization Experiences and HIV Infection in Women: Associations with Serostatus, Psychological Symptoms, and Health Status," Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12 (1999): 41-58; S. Maman et al., "The Intersections of HIV and Violence: Directions for Future Research and Interventions," Social Science & Medicine, 50 (2000): 459-78.
58. R. Kimerling, L. Armistead, and R. Forehand, "Victimization Experiences and HIV Infection in Women: Associations with Serostatus, Psychological Symptoms, and Health Status," Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12 (1999): 41-58; S. Maman et al., "The Intersections of HIV and Violence: Directions for Future Research and Interventions," Social Science & Medicine, 50 (2000): 459-78.
59. J.A. Inciardi and D. Lockwood, "Drug Use in Prison: Patterns, Processes, and Implications for Treatment," Journal of Drug Issues, 23, no. 1 (1993): 119-30; A.R. Wohl et al., "High-Risk Behaviors During Incarceration in African-American Men Treated for HIV at Three Los Angeles Public Medical Centers," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 24 (2000): 386-92.
60. J.A. Inciardi and D. Lockwood, "Drug Use in Prison: Patterns, Processes, and Implications for Treatment," Journal of Drug Issues, 23, no. 1 (1993): 119-30; A.R. Wohl et al., "High-Risk Behaviors During Incarceration in African-American Men Treated for HIV at Three Los Angeles Public Medical Centers," Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 24 (2000): 386-92.
61. L. Greenhouse, "Justices Rule Drug-Eviction Law Is Fair," New York Times, March 26, 2002, available at 〈http://www.cannabisnews.com/news/ thread12370.shtml〉.
62. N.M. Paris, R.T. East, and K.E. Toomey, "HIV Seroprevalence Among Atlanta's Homeless," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 7 (1996): 83-93; S. Magura et al., "Substance Misuse and Related Infectious Diseases in a Soup Kitchen Population," Substance Use & Misuse, 35 (2000): 551-83; G.A. Smereck and E.M. Hockman, "Prevalence of HIV Infection and HIV Risk Behaviors Associated with Living Place: On-the-Street Homeless Drug Users as a Special Target Population for Public Health Intervention," American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 24 (1998): 299-319; D.M. Allen et al., "HIV Infection Among Homeless Adults and Runaway Youth, United States, 1989-1992," AIDS, 8 (1994): 1593-98; W. Wiebel et al., "Risk of HIV Infection Among Homeless IV Drug Users (IVDUs) in Chicago," Abstract No. M.A.P. 50, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 4-9, 1989 (1989): 4-9.
63. N.M. Paris, R.T. East, and K.E. Toomey, "HIV Seroprevalence Among Atlanta's Homeless," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 7 (1996): 83-93; S. Magura et al., "Substance Misuse and Related Infectious Diseases in a Soup Kitchen Population," Substance Use & Misuse, 35 (2000): 551-83; G.A. Smereck and E.M. Hockman, "Prevalence of HIV Infection and HIV Risk Behaviors Associated with Living Place: On-the-Street Homeless Drug Users as a Special Target Population for Public Health Intervention," American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 24 (1998): 299-319; D.M. Allen et al., "HIV Infection Among Homeless Adults and Runaway Youth, United States, 1989-1992," AIDS, 8 (1994): 1593-98; W. Wiebel et al., "Risk of HIV Infection Among Homeless IV Drug Users (IVDUs) in Chicago," Abstract No. M.A.P. 50, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 4-9, 1989 (1989): 4-9.
64. N.M. Paris, R.T. East, and K.E. Toomey, "HIV Seroprevalence Among Atlanta's Homeless," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 7 (1996): 83-93; S. Magura et al., "Substance Misuse and Related Infectious Diseases in a Soup Kitchen Population," Substance Use & Misuse, 35 (2000): 551-83; G.A. Smereck and E.M. Hockman, "Prevalence of HIV Infection and HIV Risk Behaviors Associated with Living Place: On-the-Street Homeless Drug Users as a Special Target Population for Public Health Intervention," American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 24 (1998): 299-319; D.M. Allen et al., "HIV Infection Among Homeless Adults and Runaway Youth, United States, 1989-1992," AIDS, 8 (1994): 1593-98; W. Wiebel et al., "Risk of HIV Infection Among Homeless IV Drug Users (IVDUs) in Chicago," Abstract No. M.A.P. 50, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 4-9, 1989 (1989): 4-9.
65. N.M. Paris, R.T. East, and K.E. Toomey, "HIV Seroprevalence Among Atlanta's Homeless," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 7 (1996): 83-93; S. Magura et al., "Substance Misuse and Related Infectious Diseases in a Soup Kitchen Population," Substance Use & Misuse, 35 (2000): 551-83; G.A. Smereck and E.M. Hockman, "Prevalence of HIV Infection and HIV Risk Behaviors Associated with Living Place: On-the-Street Homeless Drug Users as a Special Target Population for Public Health Intervention," American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 24 (1998): 299-319; D.M. Allen et al., "HIV Infection Among Homeless Adults and Runaway Youth, United States, 1989-1992," AIDS, 8 (1994): 1593-98; W. Wiebel et al., "Risk of HIV Infection Among Homeless IV Drug Users (IVDUs) in Chicago," Abstract No. M.A.P. 50, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 4-9, 1989 (1989): 4-9.
66. N.M. Paris, R.T. East, and K.E. Toomey, "HIV Seroprevalence Among Atlanta's Homeless," Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved, 7 (1996): 83-93; S. Magura et al., "Substance Misuse and Related Infectious Diseases in a Soup Kitchen Population," Substance Use & Misuse, 35 (2000): 551-83; G.A. Smereck and E.M. Hockman, "Prevalence of HIV Infection and HIV Risk Behaviors Associated with Living Place: On-the-Street Homeless Drug Users as a Special Target Population for Public Health Intervention," American Journal of Drug & Alcohol Abuse, 24 (1998): 299-319; D.M. Allen et al., "HIV Infection Among Homeless Adults and Runaway Youth, United States, 1989-1992," AIDS, 8 (1994): 1593-98; W. Wiebel et al., "Risk of HIV Infection Among Homeless IV Drug Users (IVDUs) in Chicago," Abstract No. M.A.P. 50, V International Conference on AIDS, Montreal, June 4-9, 1989 (1989): 4-9.
67. J. St. Lawrence and T. Brasfield, "HIV Risk Behavior Among Homeless Adults," AIDS Education and Prevention, 7 (1995): 22-31; T.P. Johnson et al., "Self-Reported Risk Factors for AIDS Among Homeless Youth," AIDS Education and Prevention, 8 (1996): 308-22; M.J. Robertson, P. Koegel, and C. Grella, "Homeless Adolescents in Hollywood: High Risk Behaviors for HIV Exposure," Abstract No. S.C. 570, VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, June 20-23, 1990 (1990): 20-23; M.D. Kipke et al., "Drug Use, Needle Sharing and HIV Risk Among Injection Drug-Using Street Youth," Substance Use & Misuse, 31 (1996): 1167-87.
68. J. St. Lawrence and T. Brasfield, "HIV Risk Behavior Among Homeless Adults," AIDS Education and Prevention, 7 (1995): 22-31; T.P. Johnson et al., "Self-Reported Risk Factors for AIDS Among Homeless Youth," AIDS Education and Prevention, 8 (1996): 308-22; M.J. Robertson, P. Koegel, and C. Grella, "Homeless Adolescents in Hollywood: High Risk Behaviors for HIV Exposure," Abstract No. S.C. 570, VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, June 20-23, 1990 (1990): 20-23; M.D. Kipke et al., "Drug Use, Needle Sharing and HIV Risk Among Injection Drug-Using Street Youth," Substance Use & Misuse, 31 (1996): 1167-87.
69. J. St. Lawrence and T. Brasfield, "HIV Risk Behavior Among Homeless Adults," AIDS Education and Prevention, 7 (1995): 22-31; T.P. Johnson et al., "Self-Reported Risk Factors for AIDS Among Homeless Youth," AIDS Education and Prevention, 8 (1996): 308-22; M.J. Robertson, P. Koegel, and C. Grella, "Homeless Adolescents in Hollywood: High Risk Behaviors for HIV Exposure," Abstract No. S.C. 570, VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, June 20-23, 1990 (1990): 20-23; M.D. Kipke et al., "Drug Use, Needle Sharing and HIV Risk Among Injection Drug-Using Street Youth," Substance Use & Misuse, 31 (1996): 1167-87.
70. J. St. Lawrence and T. Brasfield, "HIV Risk Behavior Among Homeless Adults," AIDS Education and Prevention, 7 (1995): 22-31; T.P. Johnson et al., "Self-Reported Risk Factors for AIDS Among Homeless Youth," AIDS Education and Prevention, 8 (1996): 308-22; M.J. Robertson, P. Koegel, and C. Grella, "Homeless Adolescents in Hollywood: High Risk Behaviors for HIV Exposure," Abstract No. S.C. 570, VI International Conference on AIDS, San Francisco, June 20-23, 1990 (1990): 20-23; M.D. Kipke et al., "Drug Use, Needle Sharing and HIV Risk Among Injection Drug-Using Street Youth," Substance Use & Misuse, 31 (1996): 1167-87.
71. M. Beardsley et al., "Homelessness and HIV Risk Behaviors in a Sample of New York City Drug Injectors," AIDS and Public Policy Journal, 7 (1992): 162-69.
72. H. Schwartz, "Why Losing Food Stamps Is Now Part of the War on Drugs," Los Angeles Times, June 6, 1999.
73. Hoffman, Su, and Pach, supra note 20; Neaigus et al., supra note 20.
74. P. Alexander, "Prostitution: Still a Difficult Issue for Feminists," in F. Delacoste and P. Alexander, eds., Sex Work: Writings by Women in the Sex Industry (San Francisco: Clei Press, 1998): at 222-27.
75. Id. at 227.