S1 guidelines on airway management: Guideline of the German Society of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine;S1-Leitlinie Atemwegsmanagement: Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (DGAI)

Anaesthesist

Volumn 64, Issue , 2015, Pages 27-40

  Piepho, T ^a   Cavus, E ^b   Noppens, R ^a   Byhahn, C ^c   Dorges V ^b   Zwissler, B ^d,e   Timmermann, A ^f  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER MAINZ   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL SCHLESWIG HOLSTEIN   (Germany)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OLDENBURG   (Germany)

^d LUDWIG MAXIMILIANS UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

^f Center of Pain Therapy Berlin   (Germany)

Author keywords

Airway; Algorithm; Anesthesia; Extubation; Intubation

Indexed keywords

ANESTHESIOLOGY; CLINICAL STUDY; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; RESPIRATION CONTROL; ANESTHESIA; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; EXTUBATION; GERMANY; PROCEDURES; PROTOCOL COMPLIANCE; STANDARDS;

AIRWAY EXTUBATION; AIRWAY MANAGEMENT; ANESTHESIA; ANESTHESIOLOGY; CRITICAL CARE; GERMANY; GUIDELINE ADHERENCE; HUMANS; INTUBATION, INTRATRACHEAL;

EID: 84954390553     PISSN: 00032417     EISSN: 1432055X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00101-015-0109-4     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Braun U, Goldmann K, Hempel V, Krier C (2004) [Airway Management. Guideline of the German Society for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine]. Anaesth Intensivmed 45:302–306
2. Timmermann A, Byhahn C, Wenzel V, Eich C, Piepho T, Bernhard M, Dörges V (2012) [Recommendation for the prehospital airwaymanagement]. Anaesth Intensivmed 53:294–308
3. Böttiger B, Bernhard M, Lier H, Fischer M, Schüttler J (2011) [Trauma-Update: S3 guideline polytrauma. What should the anesthesiologist know?]. Anaesth Intensivmed 52:S649–S656
4. Weiss M, Schmidt J, Eich C, Stelzner J, Trieschmann U, Müller-Lobeck L, Philippi-Höhne C, Becke K, Jöhr M, Strauß J (2011) [Recommendation for the prevention and treatment of the unexpected difficult airway in pediatric anesthesia]. Anaesth Intensivmed 52:S54–S63
5. Cormack RS, Lehane J (1984) Difficult tracheal intubation in obstetrics. Anaesthesia 39:1105–1111
6. Kheterpal S, Han R, Tremper KK, Shanks A, Tait AR, O’Reilly M, Ludwig TA (2006) Incidence and predictors of difficult and impossible mask ventilation. Anesthesiology 105:885–891
7. Langeron O, Masso E, Huraux C, Guggiari M, Bianchi A, Coriat P, Riou B (2000) Prediction of difficult mask ventilation. Anesthesiology 92:1229–1236
8. Kheterpal S, Healy D, Aziz MF, Shanks AM, Freundlich RE, Linton F, Martin LD, Linton J, Epps JL, Fernandez-Bustamante A, Jameson LC, Tremper T, Tremper KK (2013) Multicenter Perioperative Outcomes Group (MPOG) Perioperative Clinical Research Committee. Incidence, predictors, and outcome of difficult mask ventilation combined with difficult laryngoscopy: a report from the multicenter perioperative outcomes group. Anesthesiology 119:1360–1369
9. Lavery GG, McCloskey BV (2008) The difficult airway in adult critical care. Crit Care Med 36:2163–2173
10. Adnet F, Racine SX, Borron SW, Clemessy JL, Fournier JL, Lapostolle F, Cupa M (2001) A survey of tracheal intubation difficulty in the operating room: a prospective observational study. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 45:327–332
11. Samsoon GL, Young JR (1987) Difficult tracheal intubation: a retrospective study. Anaesthesia 42:487–490
12. Krobbuaban B, Diregpoke S, Kumkeaw S, Tanomsat M (2005) The predictive value of the height ratio and thyromental distance: four predictive tests for difficult laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 101:1542–1545
13. Khan ZH, Kashfi A, Ebrahimkhani E (2003) A comparison of the upper lip bite test (a simple new technique) with modified Mallampati classification in predicting difficulty in endotracheal intubation: a prospective blinded study. Anesth Analg 96:595–599
14. Reissell E, Orko R, Maunuksela EL, Lindgren L (1990) Predictability of difficult laryngoscopy in patients with long-term diabetes mellitus. Anaesthesia 45:1024–1027
15. Vani V, Kamath SK, Naik LD (2000) The palm print as a sensitive predictor of difficult laryngoscopy in diabetics: a comparison with other airway evaluation indices. J Postgrad Med 46:75–79
16. Wilson ME, Spiegelhalter D, Robertson JA, Lesser P (1988) Predicting difficult intubation. Br J Anaesth 61:211–216
17. Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Sakamoto A (2005) Predicting difficult intubation in apparently normal patients: a meta-analysis of bedside screening test performance. Anesthesiology 103:429–437
18. Arné J, Descoins P, Fusciardi J, Ingrand P, Ferrier B, Boudigues D, Ariès J (1998) Preoperative assessment for difficult intubation in general and ENT surgery: predictive value of a clinical multivariate risk index. Br J Anaesth 80:140–146
19. Pandit JJ, Duncan T, Robbins PA (2003) Total oxygen uptake with two maximal breathing techniques and the tidal volume breathing technique: a physiologic study of preoxygenation. Anesthesiology 99:841–846
20. Tanoubi I, Drolet P, Donati F (2009) Optimizing preoxygenation in adults. Can J Anaesth 56:449–466
21. Mort TC (2005) Preoxygenation in critically ill patients requiring emergency tracheal intubation. Crit Care Med 33:2672–2675
22. Dixon BJ, Dixon JB, Carden JR, Burn AJ, Schachter LM, Playfair JM, Laurie CP, O’Brien PE (2005) Preoxygenation is more effective in the 25 degrees head-up position than in the supine position in severely obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology 102:1110–1115
23. Altermatt FR, Munoz HR, Delfino AE, Cortinez LI (2005) Pre-oxygenation in the obese patient: effects of position on tolerance to apnoea. Br J Anaesth 95:706–709
24. Delay JM, Sebbane M, Jung B, Nocca D, Verzilli D, Pouzeratte Y, Kamel ME, Fabre JM, Eledjam JJ, Jaber S (2008) The effectiveness of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to enhance preoxygenation in morbidly obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesth Analg 107:1707–1713
25. Baillard C, Fosse JP, Sebbane M, Chanques G, Vincent F, Courouble P, Cohen Y, Eledjam JJ, Adnet F, Jaber S (2006) Noninvasive ventilation improves preoxygenation before intubation of hypoxic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:171–177
26. Byhahn C, Dorges V, Graf BM (2012) [Mask ventilation before relaxation. From dogma to individuality]. Anaesthesist 61:397–398
27. Jacomet A, Schnider T (2012) [Mandatory mask ventilation before relaxation. Where is the evidence?]. Anaesthesist 61:401–406
28. Warters RD, Szabo TA, Spinale FG, DeSantis SM, Reves JG (2011) The effect of neuromuscular blockade on mask ventilation. Anaesthesia 66:163–167
29. Ikeda A, Isono S, Sato Y, Yogo H, Sato J, Ishikawa T, Nishino T (2012) Effects of muscle relaxants on mask ventilation in anesthetized persons with normal upper airway anatomy. Anesthesiology 117:487–493
30. Seet E, Yousaf F, Gupta S, Subramanyam R, Wong DT, Chung F (2010) Use of manometry for laryngeal mask airway reduces postoperative pharyngolaryngeal adverse events: a prospective, randomized trial. Anesthesiology 112:652–657
31. Chantzara G, Stroumpoulis K, Alexandrou N, Kokkinos L, Iacovidou N, Xanthos T (2014) Influence of LMA cuff pressure on the incidence of pharyngolaryngeal adverse effects and evaluation of the use of manometry during different ventilation modes: a randomized clinical trial. Minerva Anestesiol 80:547–555
32. Stix MS, O’Connor CJ Jr (2003) Depth of insertion of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway. Br J Anaesth 90:235–237
33. Mahajan R, Batra YK (2009) Water bubble test to detect malposition of PLMA. J Anesth 23:634–635
34. Cook TM, Silsby J, Simpson TP (2005) Airway rescue in acute upper airway obstruction using a ProSeal Laryngeal mask airway and an Aintree catheter: a review of the ProSeal Laryngeal mask airway in the management of the difficult airway. Anaesthesia 60:1129–1136
35. Heard AM, Lacquiere DA, Riley RH (2010) Manikin study of fibreoptic-guided intubation through the classic laryngeal mask airway with the Aintree intubating catheter vs the intubating laryngeal mask airway in the simulated difficult airway. Anaesthesia 65:841–847
36. Blair EJ, Mihai R, Cook TM (2007) Tracheal intubation via the Classic and Proseal laryngeal mask airways: a manikin study using the Aintree Intubating Catheter. Anaesthesia 62:385–387
37. Piepho T, Fortmueller K, Heid FM, Schmidtmann I, Werner C, Noppens RR (2011) Performance of the C-MAC video laryngoscope in patients after a limited glottic view using Macintosh laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 66:1101–1105
38. Aziz MF, Healy D, Kheterpal S, Fu RF, Dillman D, Brambrink AM (2011) Routine clinical practice effectiveness of the Glidescope in difficult airway management: an analysis of 2,004 Glidescope intubations, complications, and failures from two institutions. Anesthesiology 114:34–41
39. Cavus E, Neumann T, Doerges V, Moeller T, Scharf E, Wagner K, Bein B, Serocki G (2011) First clinical evaluation of the C-MAC D-Blade videolaryngoscope during routine and difficult intubation. Anesth Analg 112:382–385
40. Noppens RR, Mobus S, Heid F, Schmidtmann I, Werner C, Piepho T (2010) Evaluation of the McGrath Series 5 videolaryngoscope after failed direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 65:716–720
41. Cavus E, Bein B, Doerges V (2011) [Airwaymanagement—Atemwegsmanagement—videoassisted techniques]. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 46:588–596
42. Noppens RR, Werner C, Piepho T (2010) [Indirect laryngoscopy: alternatives to securing the airway]. Anaesthesist 59:149–161
43. Herbstreit F, Fassbender P, Haberl H, Kehren C, Peters J (2011) Learning endotracheal intubation using a novel videolaryngoscope improves intubation skills of medical students. Anesth Analg 113:586–590
44. Bein B, Yan M, Tonner PH, Scholz J, Steinfath M, Doerges V (2004) Tracheal intubation using the Bonfils intubation fibrescope after failed direct laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 59:1207–1209
45. Halligan M, Charters P (2003) A clinical evaluation of the Bonfils Intubation Fibrescope. Anaesthesia 58:1087–1091
46. Falcetta S, Pecora L, Orsetti G, Gentili P, Rossi A, Gabbanelli V, Adrario E, Donati A, Pelaia P (2012) The Bonfils fiberscope: a clinical evaluation of its learning curve and efficacy in difficult airway management. Minerva Anestesiol 78:176–184
47. Aneeshkumar MK, Jones TM, Birchall MA (2009) A new indicator-guided percutaneous emergency cricothyrotomy device: in vivo study in man. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 266:105–109
48. Eisenburger P, Laczika K, List M, Wilfing A, Losert H, Hofbauer R, Burgmann H, Bankl H, Pikula B, Benumof JL, Frass M (2000) Comparison of conventional surgical versus Seldinger technique emergency cricothyrotomy performed by inexperienced clinicians. Anesthesiology 92:687–690
49. Johnson DR, Dunlap A, McFeeley P, Gaffney J, Busick B (1993) Cricothyrotomy performed by prehospital personnel: a comparison of two techniques in a human cadaver model. Am J Emerg Med 11:207–209
50. Schober P, Hegemann MC, Schwarte LA, Loer SA, Noetges P (2009) Emergency cricothyrotomy—a comparative study of different techniques in human cadavers. Resuscitation 80:204–209
51. Murphy C, Rooney SJ, Maharaj CH, Laffey JG, Harte BH (2011) Comparison of three cuffed emergency percutaneous cricothyroidotomy devices to conventional surgical cricothyroidotomy in a porcine model. Br J Anaesth 106:57–64
52. Fikkers BG, van Vugt S, van der Hoeven JG, van den Hoogen FJ, Marres HA (2004) Emergency cricothyrotomy: a randomised crossover trial comparing the wire-guided and catheter-over-needle techniques. Anaesthesia 59:1008–1011
53. Keane MF, Brinsfield KH, Dyer KS, Roy S, White D (2004) A laboratory comparison of emergency percutaneous and surgical cricothyrotomy by prehospital personnel. Prehosp Emerg Care 8:424–426
54. Mariappa V, Stachowski E, Balik M, Clark P, Nayyar V (2009) Cricothyroidotomy: comparison of three different techniques on a porcine airway. Anaesth Intensive Care 37:961–967
55. Metterlein T, Frommer M, Ginzkey C, Becher J, Schuster F, Roewer N, Kranke P (2011) A randomized trial comparing two cuffed emergency cricothyrotomy devices using a wire-guided and a catheter-over-needle technique. J Emerg Med 41:326–332
56. Bair AE, Panacek EA, Wisner DH, Bales R, Sakles JC (2003) Cricothyrotomy: a 5-year experience at one institution. J Emerg Med 24:151–156
57. Dillon JK, Christensen B, Fairbanks T, Jurkovich G, Moe KS (2013) The emergent surgical airway: cricothyrotomy vs. tracheotomy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 42:204–208
58. Frumin MJ, Epstein RM, Cohen G (1959) Apneic oxygenation in man. Anesthesiology 20:789–798
59. Preussler NP, Schreiber T, Huter L, Gottschall R, Schubert H, Rek H, Karzai W, Schwarzkopf K (2003) Percutaneous transtracheal ventilation: effects of a new oxygen flow modulator on oxygenation and ventilation in pigs compared with a hand triggered emergency jet injector. Resuscitation 56:329–333
60. Hamaekers AE, Borg PA, Enk D (2012) Ventrain: an ejector ventilator for emergency use. Br J Anaesth 108:1017–1021
61. Hamaekers AE, Borg PA, Goetz T, Enk D (2011) Ventilation through a small-bore catheter: optimizing expiratory ventilation assistance. Br J Anaesth 106:403–409
62. Hamaekers AE, van der Beek T, Theunissen M, Enk D (2015) Rescue ventilation through a small-bore transtracheal cannula in severe hypoxic pigs using expiratory ventilation assistance. Anesth Analg 120:890–894
63. Ovassapian A, Dykes MH, Golmon ME (1983) A training programme for fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation. Use of model and live patients. Anaesthesia 38:795–798
64. Fuchs G, Schwarz G, Baumgartner A, Kaltenbock F, Voit-Augustin H, Planinz W (1999) Fiberoptic intubation in 327 neurosurgical patients with lesions of the cervical spine. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 11:11–16
65. Thomson S (1905) Tracheotomy under local anaesthesia. Br Med J 2:922–923
66. Moore AR, Schricker T, Court O (2012) Awake videolaryngoscopy-assisted tracheal intubation of the morbidly obese. Anaesthesia 67:232–235
67. Rosenstock CV, Thogersen B, Afshari A, Christensen AL, Eriksen C, Gatke MR (2012) Awake fiberoptic or awake video laryngoscopic tracheal intubation in patients with anticipated difficult airway management: a randomized clinical trial. Anesthesiology 116:1210–1216
68. Lee MC, Absalom AR, Menon DK, Smith HL (2006) Awake insertion of the laryngeal mask airway using topical lidocaine and intravenous remifentanil. Anaesthesia 61:32–35
69. Dhar P, Osborn I, Brimacombe J, Meenan M, Linton P (2001) Blind orotracheal intubation with the intubating laryngeal mask versus fibreoptic guided orotracheal intubation with the Ovassapian airway. A pilot study of awake patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 29:252–254
70. Benumof JL, Cooper SD (1996) Quantitative improvement in laryngoscopic view by optimal external laryngeal manipulation. J Clin Anesth 8:136–140
71. Takahata O, Kubota M, Mamiya K, Akama Y, Nozaka T, Matsumoto H, Ogawa H (1997) The efficacy of the “BURP” maneuver during a difficult laryngoscopy. Anesth Analg 84:419–421
72. Levitan RM, Mechem CC, Ochroch EA, Shofer FS, Hollander JE (2003) Head-elevated laryngoscopy position: improving laryngeal exposure during laryngoscopy by increasing head elevation. Ann Emerg Med 41:322–330
73. Schmitt HJ, Mang H (2002) Head and neck elevation beyond the sniffing position improves laryngeal view in cases of difficult direct laryngoscopy. J Clin Anesth 14:335–338
74. Gataure PS, Vaughan RS, Latto IP (1996) Simulated difficult intubation. Comparison of the gum elastic bougie and the stylet. Anaesthesia 51:935–938
75. Jabre P, Combes X, Leroux B, Aaron E, Auger H, Margenet A, Dhonneur G (2005) Use of gum elastic bougie for prehospital difficult intubation. Am J Emerg Med 23:552–555
76. Rose WD, Anderson LD, Edmond SA (1994) Analysis of intubations. Before and after establishment of a rapid sequence intubation protocol for air medical use. Air Med J 13:475–478
77. Mort TC (2004) The incidence and risk factors for cardiac arrest during emergency tracheal intubation: a justification for incorporating the ASA Guidelines in the remote location. J Clin Anesth 16:508–516
78. Martin LD, Mhyre JM, Shanks AM, Tremper KK, Kheterpal S (2011) 3,423 emergency tracheal intubations at a university hospital: airway outcomes and complications. Anesthesiology 114:42–48
79. Hasegawa K, Shigemitsu K, Hagiwara Y, Chiba T, Watase H, Brown CA 3rd, Brown DF (2012) Japanese Emergency Medicine Research Alliance Investigators. Association between repeated intubation attempts and adverse events in emergency departments: an analysis of a multicenter prospective observational study. Ann Emerg Med 60:749–754
80. Paolini JB, Donati F, Drolet P (2013) Review article: video-laryngoscopy: another tool for difficult intubation or a new paradigm in airway management? Can J Anaesth 60:184–191
81. Delaney KA, Hessler R (1988) Emergency flexible fiberoptic nasotracheal intubation: a report of 60 cases. Ann Emerg Med 17:919–926
82. Ortiz-Gomez JR, Palacio-Abizanda FJ, Fornet-Ruiz I (2014) Failure of sugammadex to reverse rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade: a case report. Eur J Anaesthesiol 31:708–709
83. Curtis R, Lomax S, Patel B (2012) Use of sugammadex in a ‘can’t intubate, can’t ventilate’ situation. Br J Anaesth 108:612–614
84. Lawes EG, Campbell I, Mercer D (1987) Inflation pressure, gastric insufflation and rapid sequence induction. Br J Anaesth 59:315–318
85. Clark RK, Trethewy CE (2005) Assessment of cricoid pressure application by emergency department staff. Emerg Med Australas 17:376–381
86. Smith KJ, Dobranowski J, Yip G, Dauphin A, Choi PT (2003) Cricoid pressure displaces the esophagus: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology 99:60–64
87. Boet S, Duttchen K, Chan J, Chan AW, Morrish W, Ferland A, Hare GM, Hong AP (2012) Cricoid pressure provides incomplete esophageal occlusion associated with lateral deviation: a magnetic resonance imaging study. J Emerg Med 42:606–611
88. Garrard A, Campbell AE, Turley A, Hall JE (2004) The effect of mechanically-induced cricoid force on lower oesophageal sphincter pressure in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 59:435–439
89. Hocking G, Roberts FL, Thew ME (2001) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure and lateral tilt. Anaesthesia 56:825–828
90. Zeidan AM, Salem MR, Mazoit JX, Abdullah MA, Ghattas T, Crystal GJ (2014) The effectiveness of cricoid pressure for occluding the esophageal entrance in anesthetized and paralyzed patients: an experimental and observational glidescope study. Anesth Analg 118:580–586
91. Rice MJ, Mancuso AA, Gibbs C, Morey TE, Gravenstein N, Deitte LA (2009) Cricoid pressure results in compression of the postcricoid hypopharynx: the esophageal position is irrelevant. Anesth Analg 109:1546–1552
92. Cavus E, Doerges V (2014) Glottic visualisation with videolaryngoscopy: proposal for a modified, indexed Cormack-Lehane Score [E-letter]. Br J Anaesth http://bja.oxfordjournals.org:80/cgi/qa-dis-play/brjana_forum;1
93. Gaussorgues P, Boyer F, Piperno D, Gerard M, Leger P, Robert D (1988) Do corticosteroids prevent postextubation laryngeal edema? Prospective study of 276 adults. Crit Care Med 16:649
94. Ho LI, Harn HJ, Lien TC, Hu PY, Wang JH (1996) Postextubation laryngeal edema in adults. Risk factor evaluation and prevention by hydrocortisone. Intensive Care Med 22:933–936
95. Lee CH, Peng MJ, Wu CL (2007) Dexamethasone to prevent postextubation airway obstruction in adults: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Crit Care 11:R72
96. Francois B, Bellissant E, Gissot V, Desachy A, Normand S, Boulain T, Brenet O, Preux PM, Vignon P, Association des Réanimateurs du Centre-Ouest (ARCO) (2007) 12-h pretreatment with methylprednisolone versus placebo for prevention of postextubation laryngeal oedema: a randomised double-blind trial. Lancet 369:1083–1089
97. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C (2011) Fourth National Audit Project. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 106:617–631
98. Miller RL, Cole RP (1996) Association between reduced cuff leak volume and postextubation stridor. Chest 110:1035–1040