Gratitude in Practice and the Practice of Gratitude

Positive Psychology in Practice

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 464-481

  Bono, Giacomo ^a   Emmons, Robert A ^b   Mccullough, Michael E ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Gratitude in practice; Moral affect; Moral reinforcer; Practice of gratitude; Social scientific research

Indexed keywords

EID: 84954237099     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9780470939338.ch29     Document Type: Chapter

References (90)

1. Amato, J. A. (1982). Guilt and gratitude: A study of the origins of contemporary conscience. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
2. Baron, R. A. (1984). Reducing organizational conflict: An incompatible response approach. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 272-279.
3. Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Zohar, Y., Greenberg, M. S., & Hermon, M. (1977). Reciprocity behavior in the relationship between donor and recipient and between harm-doer and victim. Sociometry, 40, 293-298.
4. Baumgartner-Tramer, F. (1936). Gratitude in children and adolescents. Ethik, 13, 1-11.
5. Baumgartner-Tramer, F. (1938). "Gratefulness" in children and young people. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 53, 53-66.
6. Beck, A. T. (1972). Depression: Causes and treatment. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
7. Becker, J. A., & Smenner, P. C. (1986). The spontaneous use of thank you by preschoolers as a function of sex, socioeconomic status, and listener status. Language in Society, 15, 537-546.
8. Bennett, L., Ross, M. W., & Sunderland, R. (1996). The relationship between recognition, rewards, and burnout in AIDS caregiving. AIDS Care, 8, 145-153.
9. Bergler, E. (1945). Psychopathology of ingratitude. Diseases of the Nervous System, 6, 226-229.
10. Bergler, E. (1950). Debts of gratitude paid in "guilt denomination." Journal of Clinical Psychopathology, 11, 57-62.
11. Bernstein, D. M., & Simmons, R. G. (1974). The adolescent kidney donor: The right to give. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131, 1338-1343.
12. Bryant, F. B. (1989). A four-factor model of perceived control: Avoiding, coping, obtaining, and savoring. Journal of Personality, 57, 773-797.
13. Carey, J. R., Clicque, S. H., Leighton, B. A., & Milton, F. (1976). A test of positive reinforcement of customers. Journal of Marketing, 40, 98-100.
14. Carman, J. B., & Streng, F. J. (Eds.). (1989). Spoken and unspoken thanks: Some comparative soundings. Dallas, TX: Center for World Thanksgiving.
15. Childre, D., & Cryer, B. (2000). From chaos to coherence: The power to change performance. Boulder Creek, CA: Planetary.
16. Childre, D., & Martin, H. (1999). The HeartMath solution. San Francisco: Harper.
17. Chipperfield, J. G., Perry, R. P., & Weiner, B. (2003). Discrete emotions in later life. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 58B, 23-34.
18. Clark, H. B., Northrop, J. T., & Barkshire, C. T. (1988). The effects of contingent thank-you notes on case managers' visiting residential clients. Education and Treatment of Children, 11, 45-51.
19. Clark, R. D. (1975). The effects of reinforcement, punishment and dependency on helping behavior. Bulletin of Personality and Social Psychology, 1, 596-599.
20. Comte-Sponville, A. (2001). A small treatise on great virtues: The uses of philosophy in everyday life. New York: Henry Holt.
21. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24, 349-354.
22. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper- Collins.
23. Deutsch, F. M., & Lamberti, D. M. (1986). Does social approval increase helping? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 149-157.
24. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75.
25. Dumas, J. E., Johnson, M., & Lynch, A. M. (2002). Likeableness, familiarity, and frequency of 844 person-descriptive words. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 523-531.
26. Emmons, R. A. (2003). Acts of gratitude in organizations. In K. S. Cameron, J. E. Dutton, & R. E. Quinn (Eds.), Positive organizational scholarship (pp. 81-93). San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler.
27. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: An experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 377-389.
28. Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (Eds.). (2004). The psychology of gratitude. New York: Oxford University Press.
29. Etchegoyen, R. H., & Nemas, C. R. (2003). Salieri's dilemma: A counterpoint between envy and appreciation. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 84, 45-58.
30. Farwell, L., & Wohlwend-Lloyd, R. (1998). Narcissistic processes: Optimistic expectations, favorable self-evaluations, and self-enhancing attributions. Journal of Personality, 66, 65-83.
31. Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226.
32. Fredrickson, B. L., Tugade, M. M., Waugh, C. E., & Larkin, G. R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 365-376.
33. Gallup, G. (1998). Gallup survey results on "gratitude," adults and teenagers. Emerging Trends, 20, 4-5, 9.
34. Goldman, M., Seever, M., & Seever, M. (1982). Social labeling and the foot-in-the-door effect. Journal of Social Psychology, 117, 19-23.
35. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.
36. Graham, S. (1988). Children's developing understanding of the motivational role of affect: An attributional analysis. Cognitive Development, 3, 71-88.
37. Hedstrom, L. J. (1994). Morita and Naikan therapies: American applications. Psychotherapy, 31, 154-160.
38. Hegtvedt, K. A. (1990). The effects of relationship structure on emotional responses to inequity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 214-228.
39. Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.
40. Janoff-Bulman, R., & Berger, A. R. (2000). The other side of trauma: Toward a psychology of appreciation. In J. H. Harvey & E. D. Miller (Eds.), Loss and trauma: General and close relationship perspectives (pp. 29-44). Philadelphia: Brunner-Routledge.
41. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., & Kentle, R. L. (1991). The Big Five Inventory-Versions 4a and 54. Berkeley: University of California, Berkeley, Institute of Personality and Social Research.
42. Kasser, T. (2002). The high price of materialism. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
43. Kendler, K. S., Liu, X., Gardner, C. O., McCullough, M. E., Larson, D., & Prescott, C. A. (2003). Dimensions of religiosity and their relationship to lifetime psychiatric and substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 496-503.
44. Khasky, A. D., & Smith, J. C. (1999). Stress, relaxation states and creativity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 88, 409-416.
45. Krech, G. (2002). Naikan: Gratitude, grace and the Japanese art of self-reflection. Berkeley, CA: Stone Bridge Press.
46. Langston, C. A. (1994). Capitalizing on and coping with daily life events: Expressive responses to positive events. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1112-1125.
47. Linley, P. A., & Joseph, S. (2004). Positive change following trauma and adversity: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17, 11-21.
48. Maheux, B., Legault, C., & Lambert, J. (1989). Increasing response rates in physicians' mail surveys: An experimental study. American Journal of Public Health, 79, 638-639.
49. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
50. McAdams, D. P., & Bauer, J. J. (2004). Gratitude in modern life: Its manifestations and development. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 81-99). New York: Oxford University Press.
51. McCraty, R., & Atkinson, M. (2004). Psychophysiological coherence. In A. Watkins & D. Childre (Eds.), Emotional sovereignty. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic.
52. McCraty, R., & Childre, D. (2004). The grateful heart: The psychophysiology of appreciation. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 230-255). New York: Oxford University Press.
53. McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127.
54. McCullough, M. E., Kilpatrick, S. D., Emmons, R. A., & Larson, D. B. (2001). Is gratitude a moral affect? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 249-266.
55. McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: Links of grateful moods with individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86, 295-309.
56. McGovern, L. P., Ditzian, J. L., & Taylor, S. P. (1975). The effect of positive reinforcement on helping with cost. Psychonomic Society Bulletin, 5, 421-423.
57. McWilliams, N., & Lependorf, S. (1990). Narcissistic pathology of everyday life: The denial of remorse and gratitude. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 26, 430-451.
58. Mehrabian, A. (1967). Substitute for apology: Manipulation of cognitions to reduce negative attitude toward self. Psychological Reports, 20, 687-692.
59. Morishita, S. (2000). Treatment of anorexia nervosa with Naikan therapy. International Medical Journal, 7, 151.
60. Moss, M. K., & Page, R. A. (1972). Reinforcement and helping behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 2, 360-371.
61. Myers, D. G., & Diener, E. (1995). Who is happy? Psychological Science, 6, 10-19.
62. Neuberg, S. L., Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Luce, C., Sagarin, B. J., & Lewis, B. P. (1997). Does empathy lead to anything more than superficial helping? Comment on Batson et al. (1997). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 510-516.
63. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Davis, C. G. (2002). Positive responses to loss: Perceiving benefits and growth. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 598-606). New York: Oxford University Press.
64. Okamoto, S., & Robinson, W. P. (1997). Determinants of gratitude expressions in England. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16, 411-433.
65. Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait selfenhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1197-1208.
66. Peterson, B. E., & Stewart, A. J. (1996). Antecedents and contexts of generativity motivation at midlife. Psychology and Aging, 11, 21-33.
67. Reynolds, D. K. (1983). Naikan psychotherapy: Meditation for self-development. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
68. Rind, B., & Bordia, P. (1995). Effect of server's "thank you" and personalization on restaurant tipping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 25, 745-751.
69. Rosenberg, E. L. (1998). Levels of analysis and the organization of affect. Review of General Psychology, 2, 247-270.
70. Sakuta, T., Shiratsuchi, T., Kimura, Y., & Abe, Y. (1997). Psychotherapies originated in Japan. International Medical Journal, 4, 229-230.
71. Schwartz, B. (1967). The social psychology of the gift. American Journal of Sociology, 73, 1-11.
72. Seligman, M. E. P. (2002). Authentic happiness: Using the new positive psychology to realize your potential for lasting fulfillment. New York: Free Press.
73. Shapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E. R., & Santerre, C. (2002). Meditation and positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 632-645). New York: Oxford University Press.
74. Simmel, G. (1950). The sociology of Georg Simmel. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
75. Smith, A. (1976). The theory of moral sentiments (6th ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. (Original work published 1790)
76. Solomon, R. C. (2002). Spirituality for the skeptic. New York: Oxford University Press.
77. Stein, M. (1989). Gratitude and attitude: A note on emotional welfare. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 242-248.
78. Suls, J., Witenberg, S., & Gutkin, D. (1981). Evaluating reciprocal and nonreciprocal prosocial behavior: Developmental trends. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 7, 225-231.
79. Suwaki, H. (1985). International review series: Alcohol and alcohol problems research: II. Japan. British Journal of Addiction, 80, 127-132.
80. Tennen, H., & Affleck, G. (2002). Benefit-finding and benefit-reminding. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 584-597). New York: Oxford University Press.
81. Tesser, A., Gatewood, R., & Driver, M. (1968). Some determinants of gratitude. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 233-236.
82. Trivers, R., L. (1971). The evolution of reciprocal altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35-57.
83. Watkins, P. C., Woodward, K., Stone, T., & Kolts, R. L. (2003). Gratitude and happiness: Development of a measure of gratitude, and relationships with subjective well-being. Manuscript submitted for publication.
84. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
85. Weiner, B., & Graham, S. (1988). Understanding the motivational role of affect: Life-span research from an attributional perspective. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 401-419.
86. Weiner, B., Russell, D., & Lerman, D. (1979). The cognition-emotion process in achievement-related contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1211-1220.
87. Witvliet, C. V., Ludwig, T. E., & Bauer, D. J. (2002). Please forgive me: Transgressors' emotions and physiology during imagery of seeking forgiveness and victim responses. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 21, 219-233.
88. Woodward, K. M., Moua, G. K., & Watkins, P. C. (1998, April). Depressed individuals show less gratitude. Paper presented at the annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Albuquerque, NM.
89. Wright, T. A., & Staw, B. M. (1999). Affect and favorable work outcomes: Two longitudinal tests of the happy-productive worker thesis. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 1-23.
90. Zaleski, Z. (1988). Attributions and emotions related to future goal attainment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 563-568.