Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway

Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

Volumn 43, Issue , 2016, Pages 169-180

  Bjerkan, Kristin Ystmark ^a   Nørbech, Tom E ^b   Nordtømme, Marianne Elvsaas ^a  

^a SINTEF TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY   (Norway)

^b Enova   (Norway)

Author keywords

EV adoption; Incentives; Public policy

Indexed keywords

COMMERCE; COMPETITION; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTRIC VEHICLES; PUBLIC POLICY; SALES; SURVEYS; TOLL HIGHWAYS;

BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES; COMPETITIVE PRICES; ELECTROMOBILITY; EV ADOPTION; INCENTIVES; MARKET SHARE; PRICE REDUCTIONS; TRANSPORT SYSTEMS;

SECONDARY BATTERIES;

ADAPTIVE MANAGEMENT; ALTERNATIVE ENERGY; CAR OWNERSHIP; ELECTRIC VEHICLE; INCENTIVE; MOBILITY; TRANSPORTATION POLICY; TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM;

NORWAY;

EID: 84954149783     PISSN: 13619209     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.trd.2015.12.002     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Axsen J., TyreeHageman J., Lentz A. Lifestyle practices and pro-environmental technology. Ecol. Econ. 2012, 82:64-74.
2. Bakker S., Trip J.Jacob Policy options to support the adoption of electric vehicles in the urban environment. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2013, 25:18-23.
3. Bandhold H., Wallner J.C., Lindgren M., Bergman S. Plug in Road 2020 2009, Elforsk, Stockholm.
4. Beresteanu A., Li S. Gasoline prices, government support, and the demand for hybrid vehicles in the United States. Int. Econ. Rev. 2011, 52:161-182.
5. BERR & DfT, 2008. Investigation into the Scope for the Transport Sector to Switch to Electric Vehicles and Plugin Hybrid Vehicles. Department for Business Enterprise & Regulatory Reform and Department for Transport.
6. Brand C., Anable J., Tran M. Accelerating the transformation to a low carbon passenger transport system: the role of car purchase taxes, feebates, road taxes and scrappage incentives in the UK. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2013, 49:132-148.
7. Burgess M., King N., Harris M., Lewis E. Electric vehicle drivers' reported interactions with the public: driving stereotype change?. Transp. Res. F: Traffic Psychol. Behav. 2013, 17:33-44.
8. Campbell A.R., Ryley T., Thring R.H. Identifying the early adopters of alternative fuel vehicles: a case study of Birmingham, United Kingdom. Transp. Res. Part A 2012, 46:1318-1327.
9. Caperello N., Kurani K.S., TyreeHageman J. Do You Mind if I Plug-in My Car? How etiquette shapes PEV drivers' vehicle charging behavior. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2013, 54:155-163.
10. Carley S., Krause R.M., Lane B.W., Graham J.D. Intent to purchase a plug-in electric vehicle: a survey of early impressions in large US cites. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2013, 18:39-45.
11. Cocron P., Bühler F., Neumann I., Franke T., Krems J.F., Schwalm M., Keinath A. Methods of evaluating electric vehicles from a user's perspective - the MINI E field trial in Berlin. IET Intell. Transp. Syst. 2011, 5:5. [Online]. Available:
12. Curtin, R., Shrago, Y., Mikkelsen, J. 2009. Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles [Online]. University of Michigan. Available: < (accessed 23.02.15). http://ns.umich.edu/Releases/2009/Oct09/PHEV_Curtin.pdf.
13. Diamond D. The impact of government incentives for hybrid-electric vehicles: evidence from US states. Energy Policy 2009, 37:972-983.
14. Econ Analyse, 2006. Elbileiernes reisevaner (Travel behaviour of EV owners). Oslo.
15. Edison S.W., Geissler G.L. Measuring attitudes towards general technology: antecedents, hypotheses and scale development. J. Target. Meas. Anal. Mark. 2003, 12:137-156.
16. Egbue O., Long S. Barriers to widespread adoption of electric vehicles: an analysis of consumer attitudes and perceptions. Energy Policy 2012, 48:717-729.
17. Eppstein M.J., Grover D.K., Marshall J.S., Rizzo D.M. An agent-based model to study market penetration of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy Policy 2011, 39:3789-3802.
18. Figenbaum E., Kolbenstvedt M. Electromobility in Norway - Experiences and Opportunities with Electric Vehicles 2013, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo.
19. Figenbaum E., Kolbenstvedt M., Elvebakk B. Electric Vehicles - Environmental, Economic and Practical Aspects. As Seen by Current and Potential Users. 2014, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo.
20. Gallagher K.S., Muehlegger E. Giving green to get green? Incentives and consumer adoption of hybrid vehicle technology. J. Environ. Econ. Manage. 2011, 61:1-15.
21. Gass V., Schmidt J., Schmid E. Analysis of alternative policy instruments to promote electric vehicles in Austria. Renewable Energy 2014, 61:96-101.
22. Graham-Rowe E., Gardner B., Abraham C., Skippon S., Dittmar H., Hutchins R., Stannard J. Mainstream consumers driving plug-in battery-electric and plug-in hybrid electric cars: a qualitative analysis of responses and evaluations. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2012, 46:140-153.
23. Grauers A., Sarasini S., Karlström M. Why electromobility and what it is?. Systems Perspectives on Electromobility 2013, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg. B. Sandén (Ed.).
24. Gärling A., Thøgersen J. Marketing of electric vehicles. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2001, 10:53-65.
25. Hidrue M.K., Parsons G.R., Kempton W., Gardner M.P. Willingness to pay for electric vehicles and their attributes. Resour. Energy Econ. 2011, 33:686-705.
26. Hjorthol R. Attitudes, Ownership and Use of Electric Vehicles - A Review of Literature 2013, Institute of Transport Economics, Oslo.
27. ICCT Europe, 2014. European Vehicle Market Statistics. Pocketbook 2014.
28. IEA, 2013. Global EV Outlook. Paris: International Energy Agency.
29. Jensen A.F., Cherchi E., Mabit S.L. On the stability of preferences and attitudes before and after experiencing an electric vehicle. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2013, 25:24-32.
30. Kley, F., Wietschel, M., Dallinger, D., 2010. Evaluation of European Electric Vehicle Support Schemes. Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research ISI.
31. Krupa J.S., Rizzo D.M., Eppstein M.J., Brad Lanute D., Gaalema D.E., Lakkaraju K., Warrender C.E. Analysis of a consumer survey on plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2014, 64:14-31.
32. Lane B., Potter S. The adoption of cleaner vehicles in the UK: exploring the consumer attitude-action gap. J. Cleaner Prod. 2007, 15:1085-1092.
33. Larson P.D., Viáfara J., Parsons R.V., Elias A. Consumer attitudes about electric cars: pricing analysis and policy implications. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2014, 69:299-314.
34. Leurent F., Windisch E. Triggering the development of electric mobility: a review of public policies. Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 2011, 3:221-235.
35. Lieven T., Mühlmeier S., Henkel S., Waller J.F. Who will buy electric cars? An empirical study in Germany. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2011, 16:236-243.
36. Lingzhi, J., Searle, S., Lutsey, N., 2014. Evaluation of state-level U.S. electric vehicle incentives. Washington D.C.: International Council on Clean Transportation.
37. Moons I., Pelsmacker P.D. Emotions as determinants of electric car usage intention. J. Market. Manage. 2012, 28:195-237.
38. Nichols B.G., Kockelman K.M., Reiter M. Air quality impacts of electric vehicle adoption in Texas. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2015, 34:208-218.
39. Oliver J.D., Oliver D.E. Applying the environmental propensity framework: a segmented approach to hybrid electric vehicle marketing strategies. J. Market. Theory Pract. 2010, 18:377-393.
40. Ozaki R., Sevastyanova K. Going hybrid: an analysis of consumer purchase motivations. Energy Policy 2011, 39:2217-2227.
41. Pedersen, H.K.F., 2005. Menn og kvinner bruker pengene ulikt [Online]. Statistics Norway (Norwegian only). Available: (accessed 28.04.15). http://www.ssb.no/inntekt-og-forbruk/artikler-og-publikasjoner/menn-og-kvinner-bruker-pengene-ulikt.
42. Peters A., Dütschke E. How do consumers perceive electric vehicles? A comparison of German consumer groups. J. Environ. Planning Policy Manage. 2014, 16:359-377.
43. Pierre M., Jemelin C., Louvet N. Driving an electric vehicle. A sociological analysis on pioneer users. Energy Efficiency 2011, 4:511-522.
44. Plötz P., Schneider U., Globisch J., Dütschke E. Who will buy electric vehicles? Identifying early adopters in Germany. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2014, 67:96-109.
45. Rezvani Z., Jansson J., Bodin J. Advances in consumer electric vehicle adoption research: a review and research agenda. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2015, 34:122-136.
46. Rogers E.M. Diffusion of Innovations 1962, The Free Press, New York.
47. Sallee J.M. The surprising incidence of tax credits for the toyota prius. Am. Econ. J.: Econ. Policy 2011, 3:189-219.
48. Schuitema G., Anable J., Skippon S., Kinnear N. The role of instrumental, hedonic and symbolic attributes in the intention to adopt electric vehicles. Transp. Res. A: Policy Pract. 2013, 48:39-49.
49. Sierzchula W., Bakker S., Maat K., van Wee B. The influence of financial incentives and other socio-economic factors on electric vehicle adoption. Energy Policy 2014, 68:183-194.
50. Sims R., Schaeffer R., Creutzig F., Cruz-Núñez X., D'Agosto M., Dimitriu D., Meza M.J.F., Fulton L., Kobayashi S., Lah O., McKinnon A., Newman P., Ouyang M., Schauer J.J., Sperling D., Tiwari G. Transport. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2014, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. O. Edenhofer, R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, E. Farahani, S. Kadner, K. Seyboth, A. Adler, I. Baum, S. Brunner, P. Eickemeier, B. Kriemann, J. Savolainen, S. Schlömer, C.V. Stechow, T. Zwickel, J.C. Minx (Eds.).
51. Skippon S., Garwood M. Responses to battery electric vehicles: UK consumer attitudes and attributions of symbolic meaning following direct experience to reduce psychological distance. Transp. Res. D: Transp. Environ. 2011, 16:525-531.
52. Sovacool B.K., Hirsh R.F. Beyond batteries: an examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition. Energy Policy 2009, 37:1095-1103.
53. Statistics Norway, 2014. Dwellings, 1 January 2014 [Online]. Available: (accessed 2014.12.07). http://www.ssb.no/en/bygg-bolig-og-eiendom/statistikker/boligstat.
54. Tornatzky L.G., Fleischer M. The Processes of Technological Innovation 1990, Lexington Books, MA, Lexington.
55. U.S. Department of Energy, 2015. Emissions from Hybrid and Plug-In Electric Vehicles [Online]. Available: (accessed 23.04.15). http://www.afdc.energy.gov/vehicles/electric_emissions.php.
56. Venkatesh V., Davis F.D. A theoretical extension of the technology acceptance model: four 7 longitudinal field studies. Manage. Sci. 2000, 46:186-204.
57. Venkatesh V., Morris M.G., Davis G.B., Davis F.D. User acceptance of information technology: toward a unified view. MIS Quart. 2003, 27:425-478.
58. WWF, 2012. Greenhouse Gas Reduction. Potential of Electric Vehicles: 2025 Outlook Report. Canada: World Wildlife Foundation Climate Change and Energy Program.
59. Zhang Y., Yu Y., Zou B. Analyzing public awareness and acceptance of alternative fuel vehicles in China: the case of EV. Energy Policy 2011, 39:7015-7024.