Toward an integrated monitoring framework to assess the effects of tropical forest degradation and recovery on carbon stocks and biodiversity

Global Change Biology

Volumn 22, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 92-109

  Bustamante, Mercedes M C ^a   Roitman, Iris ^a   Aide, T Mitchell ^b   Alencar, Ane ^c   Anderson, Liana O ^d,e,f   Aragão, Luiz ^f   Asner, Gregory P ^g   Barlow, Jos ^h,i   Berenguer, Erika ^h   Chambers, Jeffrey ^j   Costa, Marcos H ^k   Fanin, Thierry ^l   Ferreira, Laerte G ^m   Ferreira, Joice ⁿ   Keller, Michael ^o,p   Magnusson, William E ^q   Morales Barquero, Lucia ^r   Morton, Douglas ^s   Ometto, Jean P H B ^f   Palace, Michael ^t   Peres, Carlos A ^u   Silvério, Divino ^a   Trumbore, Susan ^v   Vieira, Ima C G ⁱ   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRASILIA   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PUERTO RICO   (Puerto Rico)

^c Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM)   (Brazil)

^d Technology and Innovation   (Brazil)

^e UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD   (United Kingdom)

^f INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS ESPACIAIS   (Brazil)

^g GEOPHYSICAL LABORATORY   (United States)

^h LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

ⁱ MUSEU PARAENSE EMÍLIO GOELDI   (Brazil)

^j UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^k FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF VIÇOSA   (Brazil)

^l VU UNIVERSITY AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^m FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF GOIÁS   (Brazil)

ⁿ EMBRAPA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL   (Brazil)

^o INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL FORESTRY   (Puerto Rico)

^p EMBRAPA CERRADOS   (Brazil)

^q INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE PESQUISAS DA AMAZÔNIA   (Brazil)

^r BANGOR UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^s NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^t Earth System Research Center   (United Kingdom)

^u UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^v MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR BIOGEOCHEMISTRY   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Carbon emissions; Ecosystem modeling; Field inventories; Forest dynamics; Remote sensing

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CARBON CYCLE; CARBON EMISSION; ECOSYSTEM MODELING; FIELD SURVEY; REMOTE SENSING; TROPICAL FOREST;

CARBON;

BIODIVERSITY; CARBON CYCLE; CLIMATE CHANGE; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; FOREST; FORESTRY; PROCEDURES; THEORETICAL MODEL; TROPIC CLIMATE;

BIODIVERSITY; CARBON; CARBON CYCLE; CLIMATE CHANGE; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; ECOSYSTEM; FORESTRY; FORESTS; MODELS, THEORETICAL; TROPICAL CLIMATE;

EID: 84954111906     PISSN: 13541013     EISSN: 13652486     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13087     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Achard F, Eva HD, Mayaux P, Stibig H-J, Belward A (2004) Improved estimates of net carbon emissions from land cover change in the Tropics for the 1990s. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB2008.
2. Aguiar APD, Ometto JP, Nobre C et al. (2012) Modeling the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of deforestation-driven carbon emissions: the INPE-EM framework applied to the Brazilian Amazon. Global Change Biology, 16, 3346-3366.
3. Aide TM, Clark ML, Grau HR et al. (2013a) Deforestation and reforestation of Latin America and the Caribbean (2001-2010). Biotropica, 45, 262-271.
4. Aide TM, Corrada-Bravo C, Campos-Cerqueira M, Milan C, Veja G, Alvarez R (2013b) Real-time bioacoustics monitoring and automated species identification. PeerJ, 1, e103.
5. Alencar A, Nepstad D, Diaz MdelCV (2006) Forest understory fire in the Brazilian Amazon in ENSO and non-ENSO years: area burned and committed carbon emissions. Earth Interactions, 10, 1-17.
6. Alencar A, Asner GP, Knapp G, Zarin D (2011) Temporal variability of forest fires in eastern Amazonia. Ecological Applications, 21, 2397-2412.
7. Andersson K, Evans TP, Richards KR (2009) National forest carbon inventories: policy needs and assessment capacity. Climatic Change, 93, 69-101.
8. Angelsen A, Brockhaus M, Sunderlin WD, Verchot LV (eds) (2012) Analysing REDD+: Challenges and Choices. CIFOR, Bogor, Indonesia.
9. Aragão LEOC, Shimabukuro YE (2010) The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD. Science, 4, 1275-1278.
10. Aragão LEOC, Malhi Y, Roman-Cuesta RM, Saatchi S, Anderson LO, Shimabukuro YE (2007) Spatial patterns and fire response of recent Amazonian droughts. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L07701.
11. Aragão LE, Poulter B, Barlow JS et al. (2014) Environmental change and the carbon. Balance of Amazonian forests. Biological Reviews, 89, 913-931.
12. Asner GP, Alencar A (2010) Drought impacts on the Amazon forest: the remote sensing perspective. New Phytologist, 187, 569-578.
13. Asner GP, Martin RE (2009) Airborne spectranomics: mapping canopy chemical and taxonomic diversity in tropical Forests. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 7, 269-276.
14. Asner GP, Knapp DE, Broadbent EN, Oliveira PJC, Keller M, Silva JN (2005a) Selective logging in the Brazilian Amazon. Science, 310, 480-481.
15. Asner GP, Knapp DE, Cooper AN, Bustamante MMC, Olander LP (2005b) Ecosystem structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat observations and automated spectral unmixing. Earth Interactions, 9, 1-31.
16. Asner GP, Rudel TK, Aide M, DeFries R, Emerson R (2009) A contemporary assessment of change in humid tropical forests. Conservation Biology, 23, 1386-1395.
17. Asner GP, Powell GVN, Mascaro J et al. (2010) High-resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 16738-16742.
18. Asner GP, Mascaro J, Anderson C et al. (2013) High-fidelity national carbon mapping for resource management and REDD+. Carbon Balance and Management, 8, 7.
19. Asner GP, Knapp DE, Martin RE et al. (2014) Targeted carbon conservation at national scales with high-resolution monitoring. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, E5016-E5022.
20. Asner GP, Martin RE, Anderson CB, Knapp DE (2015) Quantifying forest canopy traits: imaging spectroscopy versus field survey. Remote Sensing of Environment, 158, 15-27.
21. Baccini A, Goetz SJ, Walker WS et al. (2012) Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Climate Change, 2, 182-185.
22. Balch JK, Nepstad DC, Curran LM et al. (2011) Size, species, and fire behavior predict tree and liana mortality from experimental burns in the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, 261, 68-77.
23. Barlow J, Peres CA (2004) Avifaunal responses to single and recurrent wildfires in Amazonian forests. Ecological Applications, 14, 1358-1373.
24. Barlow J, Peres C (2008) Fire-mediated dieback and compositional cascade in an Amazonian forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 1787-1794.
25. Barlow J, Peres CA, Lagan BO, Haugaasen T (2003) Large tree mortality and the decline of forest biomass following Amazonian wildfires. Ecology Letters, 6, 6-8.
26. Barlow J, Silveira JM, Cochrane MA (2010) Fire scars on Amazonian trees: exploring the cryptic fire history of the Ilha de Maracá. Biotropica, 42, 405-409.
27. Benchimol M, Peres CA (2015) Edge-mediated compositional and functional decay of tree assemblages in Amazonian forest islands after 26 years of isolation. Journal of Ecology, 103, 408-420.
28. Berenguer E, Ferreira J, Gardner TA et al. (2014) A large-scale field assessment of carbon stocks in human-modified tropical forests. Global Change Biology, 20, 3713-3726.
29. Blaser J, Sarre A, Poore D, Johnson S (2011) Status of Tropical Forest Management 2011. ITTO Technical Series No. 38. International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama, Japan.
30. Boelman NT, Asner GP, Hart PJ, Martin RE (2007) Multi-trophic invasion resistance in Hawaii: Bioacoustics, field surveys, and airborne remote sensing. Ecological Applications, 17, 2137-2144.
31. Boyd DS, Danson FM (2005) Satellite remote sensing of forest resources: three decades of research. Progress in Physical Geography, 29, 1-26.
32. Brando PM, Nepstad DC, Balch JK, Bolker B, Christman MC, Coe M, Putz FE (2012) Fire-induced tree mortality in a neotropical forest: the roles of bark traits, tree size, wood density and fire Behaviour. Global Change Biology, 18, 630-641.
33. Brando PM, Balch JK, Nepstad DC et al. (2014) Abrupt increases in Amazonian tree mortality due to drought-fire interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 6347-6352.
34. Bunker DE, Declerck F, Bradford JC, Colwell RK, Perfecto I, Phillips OL, Naeem S (2005) Species loss and aboveground carbon storage in a tropical forest. Science, 310, 1029-1031.
35. Casarim FM, Walker SM, Swan SR, Sharma BD, Grais A, Stephen P (2013) Participatory Carbon Monitoring: Operational Guidance for National REDD+ Carbon Accounting. SNV - The Netherlands Development Organisation, REDD+ Programme, Ho Chi Minh City.
36. Chen Y, Morton DC, Jin Y et al. (2013) Long-term trends and interannual variability of forest, savanna and agricultural fires in South America. Carbon Management, 4, 617-638.
37. Cochrane MA (2001) Synergistic interactions between habitat fragmentation and fire in evergreen tropical forests. Conservation Biology, 15, 1515-1521.
38. Cochrane MA, Schulze MD (1999) Fire as a recurrent event in tropical forests of the eastern Amazon: effects on forest structure, biomass, and species composition. Biotropica, 31, 2-16.
39. Conti G, Díaz S (2013) Plant functional diversity and carbon storage: an empirical test in semi-arid forest ecosystems. Journal of Ecology, 101, 18-28.
40. Convention on Biological Diversity (2011) REDD-plus and Biodiversity. Technical Series No. 59. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.
41. Costa FRC, Magnusson WE (2010) The need for large-scale, integrated studies of biodiversity. The experience of the Program for Biodiversity Research in Brazilian Amazonia. Natureza & Conservação, 8, 1-5.
42. Daume S, Albert M, von Gadow K (2014) Forest monitoring and social media - complementary data sources for ecosystem surveillance? Forest, Ecology and Management, 316, 9-20.
43. DeFries R, Achard F, Brown C, Herold M, Murdiyarso D, Schlamadinger B, Souza C (2007) Earth observations for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in developing countries. Environmental Science & Policy, 10, 385-394.
44. Díaz S, Hector A, Wardle DA (2009) Biodiversity in forest carbon sequestration initiatives: not just a side benefit. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 1, 55-60.
45. Drusch M, Del Bello U, Carlier S et al. (2012) Sentinel-2: ESA's optical high-resolution mission for GMES operational services. Remote Sensing of Environment, 120, 25-36.
46. Espírito-Santo FDB, Gloor M, Keller M et al. (2014) Size and frequency of natural forest disturbances and the Amazon forest carbon balance. Nature Communications, 5, 3434.
47. FAO (2006) Global Forest Resources Assessment 2005: Progress Towards Sustainable Forest Management. Forestry Paper 147. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
48. Frolking S, Palace M, Clark DB, Chambers JQ, Shugart HH, Hurtt GC (2009) Forest disturbance and recovery - a general review in the context of space-borne remote sensing of impacts on aboveground biomass and canopy structure. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, G00E02.
49. Gardner TA, Barlow J, Araujo IS et al. (2008) The cost-effectiveness of biodiversity surveys in tropical forests. Ecology Letters, 11, 139-150.
50. Gardner TA, Burgess ND, Aguilar-Amuchastegui N et al. (2012) A framework for integrating biodiversity concerns into national REDD+ programmes. Biological Conservation, 154, 61-71.
51. Gardner TA, Ferreira J, Barlow J et al. (2013) A social and ecological assessment of tropical land uses at multiple scales: the sustainable Amazon network. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, 20120166.
52. Gatti L, Gloor G, Miller M et al. (2014) Drought sensitivity of Amazonian carbon balance revealed by atmospheric measurements. Nature, 506, 76-80.
53. Gibbs HK, Brown S, Niles JO, Foley JA (2007) Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environmental Research Letters, 2, 045023.
54. Gibson L, Lynam AJ, Bradshaw CJA et al. (2013) Near-complete extinction of native small mammal fauna 25 years after forest fragmentation. Science, 341, 1508-1510.
55. Gilroy JJ, Woodcock P, Edwards FA et al. (2014) Cheap carbon and biodiversity co-benefits from forest regeneration in a hotspot of endemism. Nature Climate Change, 4, 503-507.
56. Goetz AFH, Vane G, Solomon JE, Rock BN (1985) Imaging spectrometry for earth remote sensing. Science, 228, 1147-1153.
57. Goetz SJ, Baccini A, Laporte NT et al. (2009) Mapping and monitoring carbon stocks with satellite observations: a comparison of methods. Carbon Balance and Management Review, 4, 2.
58. GOFC-GOLD (2013) A Sourcebook of Methods and Procedures for Monitoring and Reporting Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Removals Associated with Deforestation, Gains and Losses of Carbon Stocks in Forests Remaining Forests, and Forestation. GOFC-GOLD Report version COP19-1. GOFC-GOLD Land Cover Project Office, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
59. Griffiths HM, Louzada J, Bardgett RD, Beiroz W, França F, Tregidgo D, Barlow J (2015) Biodiversity and environmental context predict dung beetle mediated seed dispersal in a tropical forest field experiment. Ecology, 96, 1607-1619.
60. Grote R, Kiese R, Grünwald T, Ourcival J-M, Granier A (2011) Modelling forest carbon balances considering tree mortality and removal. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 151, 179-190.
61. Harrison ME, Boonman A, Cheyne SM, Husson SJ, Marchant NC, Struebig MJ (2012) Biodiversity monitoring protocols for REDD+: can a one-size-fits-all approach really work? Tropical Conservation Science, 5, 1-11.
62. Herold M, Román-Cuesta RM, Mollicone D et al. (2011) Options for monitoring and estimating historical carbon emissions from forest degradation in the context of REDD+. Carbon Balance and Management, 6, 13.
63. Homolová L, Malenovský Z, Clevers JGPW, García-Santos G, Schaepman ME (2013) Review of optical-based remote sensing for plant trait mapping. Ecological Complexity, 15, 1-16.
64. Houghton RA (2005) Aboveground forest biomass and the global carbon balance. Global Change Biology, 11, 945-958.
65. Houghton RA, Skole DL, Nobre CA, Hackler JL, Lawrence KT, Chomentowski WH (2000) Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon. Nature, 403, 301-304.
66. Houghton RA, Lawrence KT, Hackler JL, Brown S (2001) The spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Brazilian Amazon: a comparison of estimates. Global Change Biology, 7, 731-746.
67. Houghton RA, Hall F, Goetz SJ (2009) Importance of biomass in the global carbon cycle. Journal of Geophysical Research, 114, 1-13.
68. IPCC (2000) Methods for measuring and monitoring. Summary for policy makers. In: Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (eds Watson RT, Noble IR, Bolin B, Ravindranath NH, Verardo DJ, Dokken J), pp. 11-12, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
69. IPCC (2003) Methodological options for estimating emissions from forest degradation and devegetation. In: Definitions and Methodological Options to Inventory Emissions from Direct Human-Induced Degradation of Forests and Devegetation of Other Vegetation Types (eds Penman J, Gytarksy M, Hiraishi T et al.), pp. 21-23. The Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), Hayama, Japan.
70. IPCC (2014) Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2014, Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y et al.), pp. 1-30. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
71. Jones G, Jacobs DS, Kunz TH, Willig MR, Racey PA (2009) Carpe noctem: the importance of bats as bioindicators. Endangered Species Research, 8, 93-115.
72. Lambin EF (1999) Monitoring forest degradation in tropical regions by remote sensing: some methodological issues. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 8, 191-198.
73. Laurance WF, Nascimento HEM, Laurance SG et al. (2006) Rapid decay of tree-community composition in Amazonian forest fragments. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 103, 19010-19014.
74. Laurance WF, Camargo JLC, Luizão RCC et al. (2011) The fate of Amazonian forest fragments: a 32-year investigation. Biological Conservation, 144, 56-67.
75. Leal CG (2015) Multiscale anthropogenic impacts on stream condition and fish assemblages in Amazonian landscapes. PhD Thesis, Dual PhD Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil, and Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
76. Lewis SL, Lopez-Gonzalez G, Sonk B et al. (2009) Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests. Nature, 457, 1003-1007.
77. Lima RF, Olmos F, Dallimer M, Atkinson PW, Barlow J (2013) Can REDD+ help the conservation of restricted-range island species? Insights from the Endemism Hotspot of São Tomé. PLoS ONE, 8, e74148.
78. Magnusson WE (2014) Uncertainty and the design of in-situ biodiversity-monitoring programs. Nature Conservation, 8, 77-94.
79. Magnusson W, Braga-Neto R, Pezzini F et al. (2013) Biodiversity and Integrated Environmental Monitoring. Áttema Editorial, Manaus, Brazil.
80. Marvin DC, Asner GP, Knapp DE, Anderson CB, Martin RE, Sinca F, Tupayachi R (2014) Amazonian landscapes and the bias in field studies of forest structure and biomass. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, E5224-E5232.
81. Mascaro J, Asner GP, Davies S, Dehgan A, Saatchi S (2014) These are the days of lasers in the jungle. Carbon Balance and Management, 9, 7.
82. Matricardi EAT, Skole DL, Pedlowski MA, Chomentowski W, Fernandes LC (2010) Assessment of tropical forest degradation by selective logging and fire using Landsat imagery. Remote Sensing of Environment, 114, 1117-1129.
83. de Mendonça MJC, Diaz MDV, Nepstad D, da Motta RS, Alencar A, Gomes JC, Ortiz RA (2004) The economic cost of the use of fire in the Amazon. Ecological Economics, 49, 89-105.
84. Mitchard ETA, Feldpausch TR, Brienen RJW et al. (2014) Markedly divergent estimates of Amazon forest carbon density from ground plots and satellites. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 23, 935-946.
85. Morales-Barquero L, Skutsch M, Jardel-Peláez EJ, Ghilardi A, Kleinn C, Healey JR (2014) Operationalizing the definition of forest degradation for REDD+, with application to Mexico. Forests, 5, 1653-1681.
86. Moran S, Pantidi N, Rodden T et al. (2014) Listening to the Forest and its Curators: Lessons Learnt from a Bioacoustic Smartphone Application Deployment. Proceeding CHI 14 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 2387-2396, ACM, New York.
87. Morton DC, DeFries RS, Nagol J, Souza CM Jr, Kasischke ES, Hurtt GC, Dubayah R (2011) Mapping canopy damage from understory fires in Amazon forests using annual time series of Landsat and MODIS data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 115, 1706-1720.
88. Morton DC, Le Page Y, DeFries R, Collatz GJ, Hurtt GC (2013) Understorey fire frequency and the fate of burned forests in southern Amazonia. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, 20120163.
89. Moura NG, Lees AC, Andretti CB et al. (2013) Avian biodiversity in multiple-use landscapes of the Brazilian Amazon. Biological Conservation, 167, 339-348.
90. Nabuurs GJ, Masera O, Andrasko K et al. (2007) Forestry. In: Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Metz B, Davidson OR, Bosch PR, Dave R, Meyer LA), pp. 543-584. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
91. Negra C, Ashton R (2010) Roadmap for Terrestrial Carbon Science: Research Needs for Carbon Management in Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land uses, p. 84. The Terrestrial Carbon Group, Washington, DC.
92. Negrón-Juárez RI, Chambers JQ, Guimaraes G et al. (2010) Widespread Amazon forest tree mortality from a single cross-basin squall line event. Geophysical Research Letters, 37, doi:10.1029/2010GL043733.
93. Nepstad DC, Veríssimo A, Alencar A et al. (1999) Large-scale impoverishment of Amazonian forests by logging and fire. Nature, 398, 505-508.
94. Nepstad DC, Moutinho P, Markewitz RS (2001) The recovery of biomass, nutrient stocks, and deep-soil functions in secondary forests. In: The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin (eds McClain ME, Victoria RL, Richey JE), pp. 139-155. Oxford University Press, New York.
95. O'Brien TG, Baillie JEM, Krueger L, Cuke M (2010) The Wildlife Picture Index: monitoring top trophic levels. Animal Conservation, 13, 335-343.
96. Oliveiras I, Anderson LO, Malhi Y (2014) Application of remote sensing to understanding fire regimes and biomass burning emissions of Tropical Andes. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 28, 480-496.
97. Ometto JP, Aguiar AP, Assis T et al. (2014) Amazon forest biomass density maps: tackling the uncertainty in carbon emission estimates. Climatic Change, 124, 545-560.
98. Pan Y, Birdsey RA, Fang J et al. (2011) A large and persistent carbon sink in the World's forests. Science, 333, 988-993.
99. Parrotta JA, Wildburger C, Mansourian S (2012) Understanding Relationships Between Biodiversity, Carbon, Forests and People: the Key to Achieving REDD+ Objectives. A Global Assessment Report. International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), Vienna, Austria.
100. Pelletier J, Ramankutty N, Potvin C (2011) Diagnosing the uncertainty and detectability of emission reductions for REDD+ under current capabilities: an example for Panama. Environmental Research Letters, 6, 024005.
101. Pereira R, Zweede J, Asner GP, Keller M (2002) Forest canopy damage and recovery in reduced-impact and conventional selective logging in eastern Para, Brazil. Forest Ecology and Management, 168, 77-89.
102. Pereira HM, Ferrier S, Walters M et al. (2013) Essential biodiversity variables. Science, 339, 277-278.
103. Peres CA, Palacios E (2007) Basin-wide effects of game harvest on vertebrate population densities in Amazonian forests: implications for animal-mediated seed dispersal. Biotropica, 39, 304-315.
104. Peres CA, Barlow J, Laurance W (2006) Detecting anthropogenic disturbance in tropical forests. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21, 227-229.
105. Perz SG, Skoleb DL (2003) Social determinants of secondary forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Social Science Research, 32, 25-60.
106. Perz SG, Shenkin A, Barnes G, Cabrera L, Carvalho LA, Castillo J (2011) Connectivity and resilience: a multidimensional analysis of infrastructure impacts in the southwestern Amazon. Social Indicators Research, 106, 259-285.
107. Pettorelli N, Vika JO, Mysterud A, Gaillard J, Tucker CJ, Stenseth NC (2005) Using the satellite-derived NDVI to assess ecological responses to environmental change. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 20, 503-510.
108. Pijanowski BC, Villanueva-Rivera LJ, Dumyahn SL et al. (2011) Soundscape ecology: the science of sound in the landscape. BioScience, 61, 203-216.
109. Plugge D, Köhl M (2012) Estimating carbon emissions from forest degradation: implications of uncertainties and area sizes for a REDD+ MRV system. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 42, 1996-2010.
110. Putz FE, Zuidema PA, Synnott T et al. (2012) Sustaining conservation values in selectively logged tropical forests: the attained and the attainable. Conservation Letters, 5, 296-303.
111. Roy DP, Wulder MA, Loveland TR et al. (2014) Landsat-8: science and product vision for terrestrial global change research. Remote Sensing of Environment, 145, 154-172.
112. Saatchi SS, Harris NL, Brown S et al. (2011) Benchmark map of forest carbon stocks in tropical regions across three continents. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 9899-9904.
113. Saatchi S, Mascaro J, Xu L et al. (2015) Seeing the forest beyond the trees. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 24, 606-610.
114. Schimel DS, Asner GP, Moorcroft P (2013) Observing changing ecological diversity in the Anthropocene. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 11, 129-137.
115. Schulze ED (2014) Large-scale biogeochemical research with particular reference to forest ecosystems, an overview. Forest Ecology and Management, 316, 3-8.
116. Seidl R, Fernandes PM, Fonsecad TF et al. (2011) Modelling natural disturbances in forest ecosystems: a review. Ecological Modelling, 222, 903-924.
117. Silveira JM, Barlow J, Andrade RB et al. (2013) The responses of leaf litter ant communities to wildfires in the Brazilian Amazon: a multi-region assessment. Biodiversity and Conservation, 22, 513-529.
118. Silvério DV, Brando PM, Balch JK, Putz FE, Nepstad DC, Oliveira-Santos C, Bustamante MMC (2013) Testing the Amazon savannization hypothesis : fire effects on invasion of a neotropical forest by native cerrado and exotic pasture grasses. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 368, 20120427 doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0427.
119. Sist P, Rutishauser E, Peña-Claros M et al. (2014) The Tropical managed Forests Observatory: a research network addressing the future of tropical logged forests. Applied Vegetation Science, 18, 171-174.
120. Smith P, Bustamante M, Ahammad H et al. (2014) Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU). In: Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (eds Edenhofer O, Pichs-Madruga R, Sokona Y et al.), pp. 811-922. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
121. Souza CM, Roberts DA, Cochrane MA (2005) Combining spectral and spatial information to map canopy damage from selective logging and forest fires. Remote Sensing of Environment, 98, 329-343.
122. Strassburg BBN, Kelly A, Balmford A et al. (2010) Global congruence of carbon storage and biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. Conservation Letters, 3, 98-105.
123. Tavani R, Saket M, Piazza M, Branthomme A, Altrell D (2009) Case Studies on Measuring and Monitoring Forest Degradation Through National Forest Monitoring Assessment. Forest Resource Assessment Working Paper 172, FAO, Rome.
124. Thompson I, Mackey B, McNulty S, Mosseler A (2009) Forest Resilience, Biodiversity, and Climate Change. A Synthesis of the Biodiversity/Resilience/Stability Relationship in Forest Ecosystems. Technical Series no. 43. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal.
125. Turner W, Spector S, Gardiner N, Fladeland M, Sterling E, Steininger M (2003) Remote sensing for biodiversity science and conservation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 18, 306-314.
126. UNFCCC (2011) Report of the Conference of the Parties on its sixteenth session, held in Cancun from 29 November to 10 December 2010. Part one: Proceedings. United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change. Conference of the Parties, Cancun, Mexico.
127. Waldon J, Miller BW, Miller CM (2011) A model biodiversity monitoring protocol for REDD projects. Tropical Conservation Science, 4, 254-260.
128. Walker R, Arima E, Messina J et al. (2013) Modeling spatial decisions with graph theory: logging roads and forest fragmentation in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Applications, 23, 239-254.
129. Wertz-Kanounnikoff S (2008) Estimating the Costs of Reducing Forest Emissions. A Review of Methods. Working Paper No. 42. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia.
130. Wirth C, Schumacher J, Schulze E-D (2004) Generic biomass functions for Norway spruce in Central Europe - a meta-analysis approach toward prediction and uncertainty estimates. Tree Physiology, 24, 121-139.
131. Wright SJ (2013) The carbon sink in intact tropical forests. Global Change Biology, 19, 337-339.