Wood decomposition as influenced by invertebrates

Biological Reviews

Volumn 91, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 70-85

  Ulyshen, Michael D ^a  

^a USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

Author keywords

Arthropods; Biodiversity; Ecosystem services; Insects; Isoptera; Saproxylic

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; BIOREMEDIATION; ECOSYSTEM; INVERTEBRATE; PHYSIOLOGY; WOOD;

ANIMALS; BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; ECOSYSTEM; INVERTEBRATES; WOOD;

EID: 84953775288     PISSN: 14647931     EISSN: 1469185X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12158     Document Type: Article

References (192)

1. Aanen, D. K., Eggleton, P., Rouland-Lefèvre, C., Guldberg-Frøslev, T., Rosendahl, S. & Boomsma, J. J. (2002). The evolution of fungus-growing termites and their mutualistic fungal symbionts. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99, 14887-14892.
2. Abe, T. (1978). The role of termites in the breakdown of dead wood in the forest floor of Pasoh study area. Malayan Nature Journal 30, 391-404.
3. Abe, T. (1980). Studies on the distribution and ecological role of termites in a lowland rain forest of west Malaysia (4) the role of termites in the process of wood decomposition in Pasoh forest reserve. Revue d'Écologie et de Biologie du Sol 17, 23-40.
4. A'bear, A. D., Jones, T. H. & Boddy, L. (2014). Size matters: what have we learnt from microcosm studies of decomposer fungus-invertebrate interactions? Soil Biology & Biochemistry 78, 274-283.
5. Aho, P., Seidler, R. J., Evans, H. J. & Raju, P. N. (1974). Distribution, enumeration, and identification of nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with decay in living white fir trees. Phytopathology 64, 1413-1420.
6. Allison, S. D., LeBauer, S., Ofrecio, M. R., Reyes, R., Ta, A.-M. & Tran, T. M. (2009). Low levels of nitrogen addition stimulate decomposition by boreal forest fungi. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 41, 293-302.
7. Angers, V. A., Drapeau, P. & Bergeron, Y. (2012). Mineralization rates and factors influencing snag decay in four North American boreal tree species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 42, 157-166.
8. Ausmus, B. S. (1977). Regulation of wood decomposition rates by arthropod and annelid populations. Ecological Bulletins (Stockholm) 25, 180-192.
9. Baker, J. M., Laidlaw, R. A. & Smith, G. A. (1970). Wood breakdown and nitrogen utilisation by Anobium punctatum Deg. feeding on scots pine sapwood. Holzforschung 24, 45-54.
10. Bayon, C. (1981). Modifications ultrastructurales des parois végétales dans le tube digestif d'une larve xylophage Oryctes nasicornis (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae): rôle des bactéries. Canadian Journal of Zoology 59, 2020-2029.
11. Bebber, D. P., Watkinson, S. C., Boddy, L. & Darrah, P. R. (2011). Simulated nitrogen deposition affects wood decomposition by cord-forming fungi. Oecologia 167, 1177-1184.
12. Benemann, J. R. (1973). Nitrogen fixation in termites. Science 181, 164-165.
13. Bentley, B. L. (1984). Nitrogen fixation in termites: fate of newly fixed nitrogen. Journal of Insect Physiology 30, 653-655.
14. Blackman, M. W. & Stage, H. H. (1924). On the succession of insects living in the bark and wood of dying, dead and decaying hickory. Technical Publication No. 17. New York State College of Forestry, pp. 3-269. Syracuse, New York.
15. Boddy, L. (1983). Carbon dioxide release from decomposing wood: effect of water content and temperature. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 15, 501-510.
16. Boddy, L. (1999). Saprotrophic cord-forming fungi: meeting the challenge of heterogeneous environments. Mycologia 91, 13-32.
17. Boddy, L. & Watkinson, S. C. (1995). Wood decomposition, higher fungi, and their role in nutrient redistribution. Canadian Journal of Botany 73, S1377-S1383.
18. Bradford, M. A., Warren Ii, R. J., Baldrian, P., Crowther, T. W., Maynard, D. S., Oldfield, E. E., Wieder, W. R., Wood, S. A. & King, J. R. (2014). Climate fails to predict wood decomposition at regional scales. Nature Climate Change 4, 625-630.
19. Breznak, J. A., Brill, W. J., Mertins, J. W. & Coppel, H. C. (1973). Nitrogen fixation in termites. Nature 244, 577-580.
20. Breznak, J. A. & Brune, A. (1994). Role of microorganisms in the digestion of lignocellulose by termites. Annual Review of Entomology 39, 453-487.
21. Breznak, J. A., Mertins, J. W. & Coppel, H. C. (1974). Nitrogen fixation and methane production in wood-eating cockroach, Cryptocercus punctulatus Scudder (Orthoptera: Blattidae). University of Wisconsin Forestry Research Notes 184, 1-2.
22. Bridges, J. R. (1981). Nitrogen-fixing bacteria associated with bark beetles. Microbial Ecology 7, 131-137.
23. Brune, A. (2014). Symbiotic digestion of lignocellulose in termite guts. Nature Reviews. Microbiology 12, 168-180.
24. Brune, A. & Ohkuma, M. (2011). Role of the termite gut microbiota in symbiotic digestion. In Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (eds D. E. Bignell, Y. Roisin and N. Lo ), pp. 439-475. Springer, New York.
25. Brunner, A. & Kimmins, J. P. (2003). Nitrogen fixation in coarse woody debris of Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla forests on northern Vancouver island. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 33, 1670-1682.
26. Bulmer, M. S., Denier, D., Velenovsky, J. & Hamilton, C. (2012). A common antifungal defense strategy in Cryptocercus woodroaches and termites. Insectes Sociaux 59, 469-478.
27. Burnett, A. M., Mason, W. H. & Rhodes, S. T. (1969). Reingestion of feces and excretion rates of ZN65 in Popilius disjunctus versus Cryptocercus punctulatus. Ecology 50, 1094-1096.
28. Buxton, R. D. (1981). Termites and the turnover of dead wood in an arid tropical environment. Oecologia 51, 379-384.
29. Carpenter, S. E., Harmon, M. E., Ingham, E. R., Kelsey, R. G., Lattin, J. D. & Schowalter, T. D. (1988). Early patterns of heterotroph activity in conifer logs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 94B, 33-43.
30. Castillo, M. L. & Morón, M. A. (1992). Observaciones sobre la degradacion de madera por algunas especies de pasalidos (Coleoptera, Lamellicornia). Folia Entomologica Mexicana 84, 35-44.
31. Castillo, M. L. & Reyes-Castillo, P. (2003). Los Passalidae: coleópteros tropicales degradadores de troncos de árboles muertos. In Ecología del suelo en la selva tropical húmeda de México (eds J. Alvarez-Sanchez and E. Naranjo-Garcia ). Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Xalapa, 237-262.
32. Castillo, M. L. & Reyes-Castillo, P. (2009). Passalidae, insects which live in decaying logs. In Tropical Biology and Conservation Management (Volume VII, eds K. Del Claro, P. S. Oliveira and V. Rico-Gray ), pp. 112-133. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems.
33. Chambers, J. Q., Schimel, J. P. & Nobre, A. D. (2001). Respiration from coarse wood litter in central Amazon forests. Biogeochemistry 52, 115-131.
34. Cleveland, L. R. (1923). Symbiosis between termites and their intestinal protozoa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 9, 424-428.
35. Collins, N. M. (1981). The role of termites in the decomposition of wood and leaf litter in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria. Oecologia 51, 389-399.
36. Collins, N. M. (1983). Termite populations and their role in litter removal in Malaysian rain forests. In Tropical Rain Forest: Ecology and Management (eds S. L. Sutton, T. C. Whitmore and A. C. Chadwick ), pp. 311-325. Blackwell, Oxford.
37. Cornwell, W. K., Cornelissen, J. H. C., Allison, S. D., Bauhus, J., Eggleton, P., Preston, C. M., Scarff, F. A., Weedon, J. T., Wirth, C. & Zanne, A. E. (2009). Plant traits and wood fates across the globe: rotted, burned, or consumed? Global Change Biology 15, 2431-2449.
38. Costa, J. T. (2006). The Other Insect Societies. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
39. Coulson, R. N., Mayyasi, A. M., Foltz, J. L. & Hain, F. P. (1976). Interspecific competition between Monochamus titillator and Dendroctonus frontalis. Environmental Entomology 5, 235-247.
40. Crowther, T. W., Boddy, L. & Jones, T. H. (2011). Outcomes of fungal interactions are determined by soil invertebrate grazers. Ecology Letters 14, 1134-1142.
41. Crowther, T. W., Boddy, L. & Jones, T. H. (2012). Functional and ecological consequences of saprotrophic fungus-grazer interactions. The ISME Journal 6, 1992-2001.
42. Crowther, T. W., Stanton, D. W. G., Thomas, S. M., A'Bear, D., Hiscox, J., Jones, T. H., Voříšková, J., Baldrian, P. & Boddy, L. (2013). Top-down control of soil fungal community composition by a globally distributed keystone consumer. Ecology 94, 2518-2528.
43. Curtis, A. D. & Waller, D. A. (1998). Seasonal patterns of nitrogen fixation in termites. Functional Ecology 12, 803-807.
44. Dajoz, R. (2000). Insects and Forests: The Role and Diversity of Insects in the Forest Environment. Lavoisier, London.
45. De Fine Licht, H. H. & Biedermann, P. H. W. (2012). Patterns of functional enzyme activity in fungus farming ambrosia beetles. Frontiers in Zoology 9, 13.
46. Delaney, M., Brown, S., Lugo, A. E., Torres-Lezama, A. & Quintero, N. B. (1998). The quantity and turnover of dead wood in permanent forest plots in six life zones of Venezuela. Biotropica 30, 2-11.
47. Desai, M. S. & Brune, A. (2012). Bacteroidales ectosymbionts of gut flagellates shape the nitrogen-fixing community in dry-wood termites. ISME Journal 6, 1302-1313.
48. Dickie, I. A., Fukami, T., Wilkie, J. P., Allen, R. B. & Buchanan, P. K. (2012). Do assembly history effects attenuate from species to ecosystem properties? A field test with wood-inhabiting fungi. Ecology Letters 15, 133-141.
49. Dowding, P. (1984). The evolution of insect-fungus relationships in the primary invasion of forest timber. In Invertebrate-Microbial Interactions (eds J. M. Anderson, A. D. M. Rayner and D. W. H. Walton ), pp. 133-153. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
50. Edmonds, R. L. & Eglitis, A. (1989). The role of the Douglas-fir beetle and wood borers in the decomposition of and nutrient release from Douglas-fir logs. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, 853-859.
51. Eggleton, P. & Tayasu, I. (2001). Feeding groups, lifetypes and the global ecology of termites. Ecological Research 16, 941-960.
52. Evans, T. A., Lai, J. C. S., Toledano, E., McDowall, L., Rakotonarivo, S. & Lenz, M. (2005). Termites assess wood size by using vibrational signals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 3732-3737.
53. Farrell, B. D., Sequeira, A. S., O'Meara, B. C., Normark, B. B., Chung, J. H. & Jordal, B. H. (2001). The evolution of agriculture in beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae). Evolution 55, 2011-2027.
54. Findlay, W. P. K. (1934). Studies in the physiology of wood-decay fungi. I. The effect of nitrogen content upon the rate of decay. Annals of Botany 48, 109-117.
55. Francke-Grosmann, H. (1967). Ectosymbiosis in wood-inhabiting insects. In Symbiosis (ed. S. M. Henry ), pp. 141-205. Academic Press, New York.
56. Fukami, T., Dickie, I. A., Wilkie, J. P., Paulus, B. C., Park, D., Roberts, A., Buchanan, P. K. & Allen, R. B. (2010). Assembly history dictates ecosystem functioning: evidence from wood decomposer communities. Ecology Letters 13, 675-684.
57. Gardiner, L. M. (1957). Deterioration of fire-killed pine in Ontario and the causal wood-boring beetles. The Canadian Entomologist 98, 241-263.
58. Geib, S. M., Filley, T. R., Hatcher, P. G., Hoover, K., Carlson, J. E., Jimenez-Gasco, M. D. M., Nakagawa-Izumi, A., Sleighter, R. L. & Tien, M. (2008). Lignin degradation in wood-feeding insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105, 12932-12937.
59. Gentry, J. B. & Whitford, W. G. (1982). The relationship between wood litter infall and relative abundance and feeding activity of subterranean termites Reticulitermes spp. in three southeastern coastal plain habitats. Oecologia 54, 63-67.
60. Gessner, M. O., Swan, C. M., Dang, C. K., McKie, B. G., Bardgett, R. D., Wall, D. H. & Hättenschwiler, S. (2010). Diversity meets decomposition. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 25, 372-380.
61. Ghilarov, M. S. (1967). Abundance, biomass and vertical distribution of soil animals in different zones. In Secondary Productivity of Terrestrial Ecosystems (Principles and Methods) (Volume 2, ed. K. Petrusewicz ), pp. 611-629, Warsaw, Poland.
62. Ghilarov, M. S. (1970). Soil biocoenoses. In Methods of Study in Soil Ecology (ed. J. Phillipson ). . Proceedings of the Paris Symposium Organized by Unesco and the International Biological Programme, Unesco, Paris.
63. Graham, S. A. (1925). The felled tree trunk as an ecological unit. Ecology 6, 397-411.
64. Greaves, T. (1962). Studies of foraging galleries and the invasion of living trees by Coptotermes acinaciformis and C. brunneus (Isoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology 10, 630-651.
65. Griffiths, B. S., Bracewell, J. M., Robertson, G. W. & Bignell, D. E. (2013). Pyrolysis-mass spectrometry confirms enrichment of lignin in the faeces of a wood-feeding termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis and depletion of peptides in a soil-feeder, Cubitermes ugandensis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 57, 957-959.
66. Grove, S. J. (2007). Mudguts. The Tasmanian Naturalist 129, 2-7.
67. Grünwald, S., Pilhofer, M. & Höll, W. (2010). Microbial associations in gut systems of wood- and bark-inhabiting longhorned beetles [Coleoptera: Cerambycidae]. Systematic and Applied Microbiology 33, 25-34.
68. Haack, R. A. & Slansky, F. (1987). Nutritional ecology of wood-feeding Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera. In Nutritional Ecology of Insects, Mites, Spiders, and Related Invertebrates (eds F. Slansky and J. G. Rodriguez ), pp. 449-486. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
69. Hamilton, C., Lay, F. & Bulmer, M. S. (2011). Subterranean termite prophylactic secretions and external antifungal defenses. Journal of Insect Physiology 57, 1259-1266.
70. Harmon, M. E., Franklin, J. F., Swanson, F. J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S. V., Lattin, J. D., Anderson, N. H., Cline, S. P., Aumen, N. G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper, G. W., Cromack, K. & Cummins, K. W. (1986). Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in Ecological Research 15, 133-302.
71. Harrington, T. C., Furniss, M. M. & Shaw, C. G. (1981). Dissemination of hymenomycetes by Dendroctonus pseudotsugae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Phytopathology 71, 551-554.
72. Harrison, F. (2011). Getting started with meta-analysis. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 2, 1-10.
73. Hassall, M. & Rushton, S. P. (1985). The adaptive significance of coprophagous behaviour in the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Pedobiologia 28, 169-175.
74. Hättenschwiler, S., Tiunov, A. V. & Scheu, S. (2005). Biodiversity and litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 36, 191-218.
75. ten Have, R. & Teunissen, P. J. M. (2001). Oxidative mechanisms involved in lignin degradation by white-rot fungi. Chemical Reviews 101, 3397-3413.
76. Haverty, M. I. & Nutting, W. L. (1975). A simulation of wood consumption by the subterranean termite, Heterotermes aureus (Snyder), in an Arizona desert grassland. Insectes Sociaux 22, 93-102.
77. Hendrickson, O. Q. (1991). Abundance and activity of N2-fixing bacteria in decaying wood. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, 1299-1304.
78. Hopkins, B. (1966). Vegetation of the Olokemeji Forest Reserve, Nigeria IV. The litter and soil with special reference to their seasonal changes. Journal of Ecology 54, 687-703.
79. Hyodo, F., Tayasu, I., Inoue, T., Azuma, J.-I., Kudo, T. & Abe, T. (2003). Differential role of symbiotic fungi in lignin degradation and food provision for fungus-growing termites (Macrotermitinae: Isoptera). Functional Ecology 17, 186-193.
80. Ikeda, K. (1979). Consumption and food utilization by individual larvae and the population of a wood borer Phymatodes maaki Kraatz (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Oecologia 40, 287-298.
81. Ingham, R. E. (1992). Interactions between invertebrates and fungi: effects on nutrient availability. In The Fungal Community: Its Organization and Role in the Ecosystem (eds G. C. Carroll and D. T. Wicklow ), pp. 669-690. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
82. Jeffries, T. W. (1990). Biodegradation of lignin-carbohydrate complexes. Biodegradation 1, 163-176.
83. Jensen, K. F. (1967). Oxygen and carbon dioxide affect the growth of wood-decaying fungi. Forest Science 13, 384-389.
84. Jones, D. T. & Eggleton, P. (2011). Global biogeography of termites: a compilation of sources. In Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (eds D. Bignell, Y. Roisin and N. Lo ), pp. 477-498. Springer, New York.
85. Jönsson, N., Méndez, M. & Ranius, T. (2004). Nutrient richness of wood mould in tree hollows with the scarabaeid beetle Osmoderma eremita. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 27, 79-82.
86. Käärik, A. A. (1974). Decomposition of wood. In Biology of Plant Litter Decomposition (Volume 1, eds C. H. Dickinson and G. J. F. Pugh ), pp. 129-174. Academic Press, London.
87. Kajak, A. (1995). The role of soil predators in decomposition processes. European Journal of Entomology 92, 573-580.
88. King, J. R., Warren, R. J. & Bradford, J. B. (2013). Social insects dominate eastern US temperate hardwood forest macroinvertebrate communities in warmer regions. PLoS ONE 8, e75843.
89. Kirby, W. (1800). Some observations upon insects that prey upon timber, with a short history of the Cerambyx violaceus of Linnaeus. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 5, 246-260.
90. Kitchell, J. F., O'Neill, R. V., Webb, D., Gallepp, G. W., Bartell, S. M., Koonce, J. F. & Ausmus, B. S. (1979). Consumer regulation of nutrient cycling. Bioscience 29, 28-34.
91. Kühnelt, W. (1976). Soil Biology: With Special Reference to the Animal Kingdom. Faber and Faber, London.
92. Kukor, J. J. & Martin, M. M. (1986). Cellulose digestion in Monochamus marmorator Kby. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): role of aquired fungal enzymes. Journal of Chemical Ecology 12, 1057-1070.
93. Kuranouchi, T., Nakamura, T., Shimamura, S., Kojima, H., Goka, K., Okabe, K. & Mochizuki, A. (2006). Nitrogen fixation in the stag beetle, Dorcus (Macrodorcus) rectus (Motschulsky) (Col., Lucanidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 130, 471-472.
94. Larsen, M. J., Jurgensen, M. F. & Harvey, A. E. (1978). N2 fixation associated with wood decayed by some common fungi in western Montana. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 8, 341-345.
95. Lavelle, P., Bignell, D., Lepage, M., Wolters, V., Roger, P., Ineson, P., Heal, O. W. & Dhillion, S. (1997). Soil function in a changing world: the role of invertebrate ecosystem engineers. European Journal of Soil Biology 33, 159-193.
96. Lavelle, P., Blanchart, E., Martin, A., Martin, S., Spain, A., Toutain, F., Barois, I. & Schaefer, R. (1993). A hierarchical model for decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: application to soils of the humid tropics. Biotropica 25, 130-150.
97. Lawrence, K. L. & Wise, D. H. (2000). Spider predation on forest-floor Collembola and evidence for indirect effects on decomposition. Pedobiologia 44, 33-39.
98. Lawrence, K. L. & Wise, D. H. (2004). Unexpected indirect effect of spiders on the rate of litter disappearance in a deciduous forest. Pedobiologia 48, 149-157.
99. Leach, J. G., Orr, L. W. & Christensen, C. (1937). Further studies on the interrelationship of insects and fungi in the deterioration of felled Norway pine logs. Journal of Agricultural Research 55, 129-140.
100. Lee, K. E. & Wood, T. G. (1971a). Physical and chemical effects on soils of some Australian termites, and their pedological significance. Pedobiologia 11, 376-409.
101. Lee, K. E. & Wood, T. G. (1971b). Termites and Soils. Academic Press, London.
102. Leidy, J. (1881). The parasites of the termites. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 8, 425-447.
103. Lensing, J. R. & Wise, D. H. (2006). Predicted climate change alters the indirect effect of predators on an ecosystem process. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103, 15502-15505.
104. Linsley, E. G. (1959). Ecology of Cerambycidae. Annual Review of Entomology 4, 99-138.
105. Lo, N., Tokuda, G. & Watanabe, H. (2011). Evolution and function of endogenous termite cellulases. In Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (eds D. E. Bignell, Y. Roisin and N. Lo ), pp. 51-67. Springer, New York.
106. Machida, M., Kitade, O., Miura, T. & Matsumoto, T. (2001). Nitrogen recycling through proctodeal trophallaxis in the Japanese damp-wood termite Hodotermopsis japonica (Isoptera, Termopsidae). Insectes Sociaux 48, 52-56.
107. Maldague, M. E. (1964). Importance des populations de Termites dans les sols équatoriaux. In Transactions of the 8th International Congress of Soil Science, pp. 743-752. Bucharest, Romania.
108. Mamaev, B. M. (1961). Dejatelnost' krupnych bespozvonočnych- odin iz osnovnych faktorov estestvennogo razrušenija drevesiny (Activity of larger invertebrates as one of the main factors of natural destruction of wood (in Russian, with english summary)). Pedobiologia 1, 38-52.
109. Martin, M. M. (1983). Cellulose digestion in insects. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 75A, 313-324.
110. Martin, M. M. (1991). The evolution of cellulose digestion in insects. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 333, 281-288.
111. Martius, C. (1989). Untersuchungen zur ökologie des holzabbaus durch termiten (Isoptera) in zentralamazonischen überschwemmungswäldern. Afra-Verlag, Frankfurt.
112. Martius, C. (1994). Diversity and ecology of termites in Amazonian forests. Pedobiologia 38, 407-428.
113. Mason, W. H. & Odum, E. P. (1969). The effect of coprophagy on retention and bioelimination of radionuclides by detritus-feeding animals. In Proceedings of the Second National Symposium on Radioecology, pp. 721-724. Ann Arbor, Michigan.
114. McGlynn, T. P. & Poirson, E. K. (2012). Ants accelerate litter decomposition in a Costa Rican lowland tropical rain forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, 437-443.
115. Meerts, P. (2002). Mineral nutrient concentrations in sapwood and heartwood: a literature review. Annals of Forest Science 59, 713-722.
116. Micó, E., Juárez, M., Sánchez, A. & Galante, E. (2011). Action of the saproxylic scarab larva Cetonia aurataeformis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Cetoniidae) on woody substrates. Journal of Natural History 45, 2527-2542.
117. Mobley, M. L., Richter, D. B. & Hein, P. R. (2013). Accumulation and decay of woody detritus in a humid subtropical secondary pine forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 43, 109-118.
118. Moorhead, D. L. & Sinsabaugh, R. L. (2006). A theoretical model of litter decay and microbial interaction. Ecological Monographs 76, 151-174.
119. Morales-Jiménez, J., de León, V.-P., García-Domínguez, A., Martínez-Romero, E., Zúñiga, G. & Hernández-Rodríguez, C. (2013). Nitrogen-fixing and uricolytic bacteria associated with the gut of Dendroctonus rhizophagus and Dendroctonus valens (Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Microbial Ecology 66, 200-210.
120. Morales-Jiménez, J., Zúñiga, G., Villa-Tanaca, L. & Hernández-Rodríguez, C. (2009). Bacterial community and nitrogen fixation in the red turpentine beetle, Dendroctonus valens LeConte (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae). Microbial Ecology 58, 879-891.
121. Morón, M. A. (1985). Los insectos degradadores, un factor poco estudiado en los bosques de Mexico. Folia Entomologica Mexicana 65, 131-137.
122. Mueller, U. G., Gerardo, N. M., Aanen, D. K., Six, D. L. & Schultz, T. R. (2005). The evolution of agriculture in insects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 36, 563-595.
123. Muller, R. N. & Liu, Y. (1991). Coarse woody debris in an old-growth deciduous forest on the Cumberland Pleateau, southeastern Kentucky. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 21, 1567-1572.
124. Müller, M. M., Varama, M., Heinonen, J. & Hallaksela, A.-M. (2002). Influence of insects on the diversity of fungi in decaying spruce wood in managed and natural forests. Forest Ecology and Management 166, 165-181.
125. Nardi, J. B., Bee, C. M., Miller, L. A., Nguyen, N. H., Suh, S. O. & Blackwell, M. (2006). Communities of microbes that inhabit the changing hindgut landscape of a subsocial beetle. Arthropod Structure and Development 35, 57-68.
126. Nardi, J. B., Mackie, R. I. & Dawson, J. O. (2002). Could microbial symbionts of arthropod guts contribute significantly to nitrogen fixation in terrestrial ecosystems? Journal of Insect Physiology 48, 751-763.
127. Newell, K. (1984a). Interaction between two decomposer basidiomycetes and a collembolan under Sitka spruce: distribution, abundance and selective grazing. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16, 227-233.
128. Newell, K. (1984b). Interaction between two decomposer basidiomycetes and a collembolan under Sitka spruce: grazing and its potential effects on fungal distribution and litter decomposition. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 16, 235-239.
129. Nielsen, U. N., Ayres, E., Wall, D. H. & Bardgett, R. D. (2011). Soil biodiversity and carbon cycling: a review and synthesis of studies examining diversity-function relationships. European Journal of Soil Science 62, 105-116.
130. Nobre, T., Rouland-Lefèvre, C. & Aanen, D. K. (2011). Comparative biology of fungus cultivation in termites and ants. In Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (eds D. Bignell, Y. Roisin and N. Lo ), pp. 193-210. Springer, New York.
131. Ocloo, J. K. (1973). The estimation of damage by the larger macrotermitinae (Isoptera, Insecta) using volume measurement. Ghana Journal of Science 13, 92-96.
132. Ohkuma, M. (2003). Termite symbiotic systems: efficient bio-recycling of lignocellulose. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 61, 1-9.
133. Ohkuma, M. & Brune, A. (2011). Diversity, structure, and evolution of the termite gut microbial community. In Biology of Termites: A Modern Synthesis (eds D. E. Bignell, Y. Roisin and N. Lo ), pp. 413-438. Springer, New York.
134. Paim, U. & Beckel, W. E. (1963). Seasonal oxygen and carbon dioxide content of decaying wood as a component of the microenvironment of Orthosoma brunneum (Forster) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 41, 1133-1147.
135. Panshin, A. J. & de Zeeuw, C. (1970). Textbook of Wood Technology. Third Edition (). McGraw-Hill, New York.
136. von Pechman, H., von Aufsess, H., Liese, W. & Ammer, U. (1967). Untersuchungen über die Rotstreifigkeit des Fichtenholzes. Forstwissenschaftliche Forschungen, Beihefte zum Forstwissenschaftlichen Centralblatt 27, 112 pp..
137. Persson, T., Ihrmark, K. & Stenlid, J. (2011). Do bark beetles facilitate the establishment of rot fungi in Norway spruce? Fungal Ecology 4, 262-269.
138. Persson, Y., Vasaitis, R., Långström, B., Öhrn, P., Ihrmark, K. & Stenlid, J. (2009). Fungi vectored by the bark beetle Ips typographus following hibernation under the bark of standing trees and in the forest litter. Microbial Ecology 58, 651-659.
139. Pettey, T. M. & Shaw, C. G. (1986). Isolation of Fomitopsis pinicola from in-flight bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Canadian Journal of Botany 64, 1507-1509.
140. Preiss, F. J. & Catts, E. P. (1968). The mechanical breakdown of hardwood in the laboratory by Popilius disjunctus. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 41, 240-242.
141. Rayner, A. D. M. & Boddy, L. (1988). Fungal Decomposition of Wood: Its Biology and Ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
142. Reid, N. M., Addison, S. L., Macdonald, L. J. & Lloyd-Jones, G. (2011). Biodiversity of active and inactive bacteria in the gut flora of wood-feeding Huhu beetle larvae (Prionoplus reticularis). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, 7000-7006.
143. Richards, O. W. (1926). Studies on the ecology of english heaths III. Animal communities of the felling and burn successions at Oxshott heath, Surrey. Journal of Ecology 14, 244-281.
144. Rosengaus, R. B., Guldin, M. R. & Traniello, J. F. A. (1998). Inhibitory effect of termite fecal pellets on fungal spore germination. Journal of Chemical Ecology 24, 1697-1706.
145. Rosengaus, R. B., Lefebvre, M. L. & Traniello, J. F. A. (2000). Inhibition of fungal spore germination by Nasutitermes: evidence for a possible antiseptic role of soldier defense secretions. Journal of Chemical Ecology 26, 21-39.
146. Rouland, C., Lenoir, F. & Lepage, M. (1991). The role of the symbiotic fungus in the digestive metabolism of several species of fungus-growing termites. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology 99, 657-663.
147. Salick, J., Herrera, R. & Jordan, C. F. (1983). Termitaria: nutrient patchiness in nutrient-deficient rain forests. Biotropica 15, 1-7.
148. Scharf, M. E., Karl, Z. J., Sethi, A. & Boucias, D. G. (2011). Multiple levels of synergistic collaboration in termite lignocellulose digestion. PLoS ONE 6, e21709.
149. Scharf, M. E. & Tartar, A. (2008). Termite digestomes as sources for novel lignocellulases. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining 2, 540-552.
150. Schowalter, T. D. (1992). Heterogeneity of decomposition and nutrient dynamics of oak (Quercus) logs during the first 2 years of decomposition. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, 161-166.
151. Schowalter, T. D., Caldwell, B. C., Carpenter, S. E., Griffiths, R. P. & Harmon, M. E. (1992). Decomposition of fallen trees: effects of initial conditions and heterotroph colonization rates. In Tropical Ecosystems: Ecology and Management (eds K. P. Singh and J. S. Singh ), pp. 373-383. Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi.
152. Schuurman, G. (2005). Decomposition rates and termite assemblage composition in semiarid Africa. Ecology 86, 1236-1249.
153. Seifert, K. (1962). Die chemische Veränderung der Holzzellwand-Komponenten unter dem Einfluβ pflanzlicher und tierischer Schädlinge. 2. Mitteilung: Abbau von Pinus sylvestris L. durch Coniophora cerebella Pers. Holzforschung 16, 102-113.
154. Sethi, A., Slack, J. M., Kovaleva, E. S., Buchman, G. W. & Scharf, M. E. (2012). Lignin-associated metagene expression in a lignocellulose-digesting termite. Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 43, 91-101.
155. Speight, M. C. D. (1989). Saproxylic Invertebrates and Their Conservation. Council of Europe, Strasbourg.
156. Stokland, J. N., Siitonen, J. & Jonsson, B. G. (2012). Biodiversity in Dead Wood. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
157. Striganova, B. R. (1968). Study of the role of wood lice and earthworms in the humification of decomposing wood. Soviet Soil Science 8, 1108-1112.
158. Suh, S.-O., Marshall, C. J., McHugh, J. V. & Blackwell, M. (2003). Wood ingestion by passalid beetles in the presence of xylose-fermenting gut yeasts. Molecular Ecology 12, 3137-3145.
159. Suh, S.-O., McHugh, J. V., Pollock, D. D. & Blackwell, M. (2005). The beetle gut: a hyperdiverse source of novel yeasts. Mycological Research 3, 261-265.
160. Swift, M. J. (1977a). The ecology of wood decomposition. Science Progress 64, 175-199.
161. Swift, M. J. (1977b). The roles of fungi and animals in the immobilisation and release of nutrient elements from decomposing branch-wood. Ecological Bulletins 25, 193-202.
162. Swift, M. J. & Boddy, L. (1984). Animal-microbial interactions in wood decomposition. In Invertebrate-Microbial Interactions (eds J. M. Anderson, A. D. M. Rayner and D. W. H. Walton ), pp. 89-131. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
163. Swift, M. J., Heal, O. W. & Anderson, J. M. (1979). Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecoysystems. University of California Press, Berkeley.
164. Swift, M. J., Healey, I. N., Hibberd, J. K., Sykes, J. M., Bampoe, V. & Nesbitt, M. E. (1976). The decomposition of branch-wood in the canopy and floor of a mixed deciduous woodland. Oecologia 26, 139-149.
165. Szlávecz, K. & Pobozsny, M. (1995). Coprophagy in isopods and diplopods: a case for indirect interaction. Acta Zoologica Fennica 196, 124-128.
166. Takamura, K. (2001). Effects of termite exclusion on decay of heavy and light hardwood in a tropical rain forest of peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, 541-548.
167. Takamura, K. & Kirton, L. G. (1999). Effects of termite exclusion on decay of a high-density wood in tropical rain forests of peninsular Malaysia. Pedobiologia 43, 289-296.
168. Tanahashi, M., Kubota, K., Matsushita, N. & Togashi, K. (2010). Discovery of mycangia and the associated xylose-fermenting yeasts in stag beetles (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). Naturwissenschaften 97, 311-317.
169. Tartar, A., Wheeler, M. M., Zhou, X., Coy, M. R., Boucias, D. G. & Scharf, M. E. (2009). Parallel metatranscriptome analyses of host and symbiont gene expression in the gut of the termite Reticulitermes flavipes. Biotechnology for Biofuels 2, 25.
170. Tayasu, I., Sugimoto, A., Wada, E. & Abe, T. (1994). Xylophagous termites depending on atmospheric nitrogen. Naturwissenschaften 81, 229-231.
171. Tokuda, G. & Watanabe, H. (2007). Hidden cellulases in termites: revision of an old hypothesis. Biology Letters 3, 336-339.
172. Ulyshen, M. D. (2013). Strengthening the case for saproxylic arthropod conservation: a call for ecosystem services research. Insect Conservation and Diversity 6, 393-395.
173. Ulyshen, M. D. (2014). Interacting effects of insects and flooding on wood decomposition. PLoS ONE 9, e101867.
174. Ulyshen, M. D. & Wagner, T. L. (2013). Quantifying arthropod contributions to wood decay. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 4, 345-352.
175. Ulyshen, M. D., Wagner, T. L. & Mulrooney, J. E. (2014). Contrasting effects of insect exclusion on wood loss in a temperate forest. Ecosphere 5, 1-15.
176. Urbina, H., Schuster, J. & Blackwell, M. (2013). The gut of Guatemalan passalid beetles: a habitat colonized by cellobiose- and xylose-fermenting yeasts. Fungal Ecology 6, 339-355.
177. Usher, M. B. (1975). Studies on a wood-feeding termite community in Ghana, West Africa. Biotropica 7, 217-233.
178. van der Wal, A., de Boer, W., Smant, W. & van Veen, A. (2007). Initial decay of woody fragments in soil is influenced by size, vertical position, nitrogen availability and soil origin. Plant and Soil 301, 189-201.
179. van der Wal, A., Geydan, T. D., Kuyper, T. W. & de Boer, W. (2013). A thready affair: linking fungal diversity and community dynamics to terrestrial decomposition dynamics. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 37, 477-494.
180. Warnecke, F., Luginbühl, P., Ivanova, N., Ghassemian, M., Richardson, T. H., Stege, J. T., Cayouette, M., McHardy, A. C., Djordjevic, G., Aboushadi, N., Sorek, R., Tringe, S. G., Podar, M., Martin, H. G., Kunin, V., Dalevi, D., Madejska, J., Kirton, E., Platt, D., Szeto, E., Salamov, A., Barry, K., Mikhailova, N., Kyrpides, N. C., Matson, E. G., Ottesen, E. A., Zhang, X., Hernández, M., Murillo, C., Acosta, L. G., Rigoutsos, I., Tamayo, G., Green, B. D., Chang, C., Rubin, E. M., Mathur, E. J., Robertson, D. E., Hugenholtz, P. & Leadbetter, J. R. (2007). Metagenomic and functional analysis of hindgut microbiota of a wood-feeding higher termite. Nature 450, 560-565.
181. Warren, R. J. & Bradford, M. A. (2012). Ant colonization and coarse woody debris decomposition in temperate forests. Insectes Sociaux 59, 215-221.
182. Watanabe, H., Noda, H., Tokuda, G. & Lo, N. (1998). A cellulase gene of termite origin. Nature 394, 330-331.
183. Watanabe, H. & Tokuda, G. (2001). Animal cellulases. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 58, 1167-1178.
184. Watanabe, H. & Tokuda, G. (2010). Cellulolytic systems in insects. Annual Review of Entomology 55, 609-632.
185. Weslien, J., Djupström, L. B., Schroeder, M. & Widenfalk, O. (2011). Long-term priority effects among insects and fungi colonizing decaying wood. Journal of Animal Ecology 80, 1155-1162.
186. Wood, T. G. (1976). The role of termites (Isoptera) in decomposition processes. In The Role of Terrestrial and Aquatic Organisms in Decomposition Processes (eds J. M. Anderson and A. Macfadyen ), pp. 145-168. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford.
187. Wood, T. G. & Thomas, R. J. (1989). The mutualistic association between Macrotermitinae and Termitomyces. In Insect-Fungus Interactions (eds N. Wilding, N. M. Collins, P. M. Hammond and J. F. Webber ), pp. 69-92. Academic Press, London.
188. Woodwell, G. M., Whittaker, R. H. & Houghton, R. A. (1975). Nutrient concentrations in plants in the Brookhaven oak-pine forest. Ecology 56, 318-332.
189. Yamada, A., Inoue, T., Wiwatwitaya, D., Ohkuma, M., Kudo, T. & Sugimoto, A. (2006). Nitrogen fixation by termites in tropical forests, Thailand. Ecosystems 9, 75-83.
190. Yokoe, Y. (1964). Cellulase activity in the termite, Leucotermes speratus, with new evidence in support of a cellulase produced by the termite itself. Scientific Papers of the College of General Education, University of Tokyo 14, 115-120.
191. Zhang, N., Suh, S. O. & Blackwell, M. (2003). Microorganisms in the gut of beetles: evidence from molecular cloning. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 84, 226-233.
192. Zhong, H. & Schowalter, T. D. (1989). Conifer bole utilization by wood-boring beetles in western Oregon. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 19, 943-947.