Traffic Offences: Planned or Habitual? Using the Theory of Planned Behaviour and habit strength to explain frequency and magnitude of speeding and driving under the influence of alcohol

British Journal of Psychology

Volumn 107, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 52-71

  Lheureux, Florent ^a   Auzoult, Laurent ^a   Charlois, Colette ^a   Hardy Massard, Sandrine ^a   Minary, Jean Pierre ^a  

^a University of Franche Comté ^*  (France)

Author keywords

Attitude; Behavioural intention; Drinking and driving; Self Reported Index of Habit strength; Speeding; Traffic offences

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BEHAVIOR; CAR DRIVING; CRIME; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DRUNKEN DRIVING; FEMALE; FRANCE; HABIT; HUMAN; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PSYCHOLOGY; QUESTIONNAIRE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; STATISTICAL MODEL; YOUNG ADULT;

ADULT; AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; CRIME; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; DRIVING UNDER THE INFLUENCE; FEMALE; FRANCE; HABITS; HUMANS; INTENTION; LOGISTIC MODELS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SURVEYS AND QUESTIONNAIRES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 84953637008     PISSN: 00071269     EISSN: 20448295     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12122     Document Type: Article

References (82)

1. Åberg, L. (1993). Drinking and driving: Intentions, attitudes, and social norms of Swedish male drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 25, 289-296. doi:10.1016/0001-4575(93)90023-P
2. Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
3. Ajzen, I. (2002). Residual effects of past on later behavior: Habituation and reasoned action perspectives. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(2), 107-122. doi:10.1207/S15327957PSPR0602_02
4. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999a). Predictive validity of the theory of planned behaviour: The role of questionnaire format and social desirability. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 9, 261-272. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199907/08)9:4<261:AID-CASP503>3.0.CO;2-5
5. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (1999b). The theory of planned behaviour: Assessment of predictive validity and 'perceived control'. British Journal of Social Psychology, 38(1), 35-54. doi:10.1348/014466699164022
6. Armitage, C. J., & Conner, M. (2001). Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta-analytic review. British Journal of Social Psychology, 40, 471-499. doi:10.1348/014466601164939
7. Bayer, J. B., & Campbell, S. W. (2012). Texting while driving on automatic: Considering the frequency-independent side of habit. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 2083-2090. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.06.012
8. Brijs, K., Daniels, S., Brijs, T., & Wets, G. (2011). An experimental approach towards the evaluation of a seat belt campaign with an inside view on the psychology behind seat belt use. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 14, 600-613. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.07.003
9. Budd, R. J., & Spencer, C. P. (1986). Lay theories of behavioural intention: A source of response bias in the theory of reasoned action? British Journal of Social Psychology, 25(2), 109-117. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00709.x
10. Castanier, C., Deroche, T., & Woodman, T. (2013). Theory of planned behaviour and road violations: The moderating influence of perceived behavioural control. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 18, 148-158. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.12.014
11. Conner, M., & Armitage, C. J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 28, 1429-1464. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01685.x
12. Conner, M., Godin, G., Sheeran, P., & Germain, M. (2013). Some feelings are more important: Cognitive attitudes, affective attitudes, anticipated affect, and blood donation. Health Psychology, 32, 264-272. doi:10.1037/a0028500
13. Conner, M., Lawton, R., Parker, D., Chorlton, K., Manstead, A. S. R., & Stradling, S. (2007). Application of the theory of planned behaviour to the prediction of objectively assessed breaking of posted speed limits. British Journal of Psychology, 98, 429-453. doi:10.1348/000712606X133597
14. Conner, M., McEachan, R., Taylor, N., O'Hara, J., & Lawton, J. (2015). Role of affective attitudes and anticipated affective reactions in predicting health behaviors. Health Psychology. 34, 642-652. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/hea0000143
15. Cristea, M., Paran, F., & Delhomme, P. (2013). Extending the theory of planned behavior: The role of behavioral options and additional factors in predicting speed behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 21, 122-132. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2013.09.009
16. De Bruijn, G.-J., Kremers, S. P. J., Singh, A., van den Putte, B., & van Mechelen, W. (2009). Adult active transportation: Adding habit strength to the theory of planned behavior. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36(3), 189-194. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.10.019
17. de Pelsmacker, P., & Janssens, W. (2007). The effect of norms, attitudes and habits on speeding behavior: Scale development and model building and estimation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 39(1), 6-15. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2006.05.011
18. Delhomme, P., Cristea, M., & Paran, F. (2013). Self-reported frequency and perceived difficulty of adopting eco-friendly driving behavior according to gender, age, and environmental concern. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 20, 55-58. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2013.02.002
19. Dinh, D. D., & Kubota, H. (2013). Speeding behavior on urban residential streets with a 30 km/h speed limit under the framework of the theory of planned behavior. Transport Policy, 29, 199-208. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2013.06.003
20. Efrat, K., & Shoham, A. (2013). The theory of planned behavior, materialism, and aggressive driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention Prevention, 59, 459-465. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.06.023
21. Elliott, M. A., & Armitage, C. J. (2009). Promoting drivers' compliance with speed limits: Testing an intervention based on the theory of planned behaviour. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 111-132. doi:10.1348/000712608X318626
22. Elliott, M. A., Armitage, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2003). Drivers' compliance with speed limits: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 964-972. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.964
23. Elliott, M. A., Armitage, C. J., & Baughan, C. J. (2007). Using the theory of planned behaviour to predict observed driving behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 69-90. doi:10.1348/014466605X90801
24. Elliott, M. A., & Thomson, J. A. (2010). The social cognitive determinants of offending drivers' speeding behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 1595-1605. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.03.018
25. Elliott, M. A., Thomson, J. A., Robertson, K., Stephenson, C., & Wicks, J. (2013). Evidence that changes in social cognitions predict changes in self-reported driver behavior: Causal analyses of two-wave panel data. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 905-916. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.017
26. Evans, D., & Norman, P. (1998). Understanding pedestrians' road crossing decisions: An application of the theory of planned behaviour. Health Education Research, 13, 481-489. Retrieved from http://her.oxfordjournals.org/content/13/4/481.1.full.pdf
27. Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research (pp. 578). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company.
28. Gardner, B. (2009). Modelling motivation and habit in stable travel mode contexts. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12(1), 68-76. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2008.08.001
29. Gardner, B. (2012). Habit as automaticity, not frequency. The European Health Psychologist, 14(2), 32-36. Retrieved from http://www.ehps.net/ehp/issues/2012/v14iss2_June2012/14_2_Gardner.pdf
30. Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions: Strong effects of simple plans. American Psychologist, 54, 493-503. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.493
31. Holland, C. A., Hill, R., & Cooke, R. (2009). Understanding the role of self-identity in habitual risky behaviours: Pedestrian road-crossing decisions across the lifespan. Health Education Research, 24, 674-685. doi:10.1093/her/cyp003
32. Horswill, M. S., Waylen, A. E., & Tofield, M. I. (2004). Drivers' ratings of different components of their own driving skill: A greater illusion of superiority for skills that relate to accident involvement. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(1), 177-195. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02543.x
33. Horvath, C., Lewis, I., & Watson, B. (2012). The beliefs which motivate young male and female drivers to speed: A comparison of low and high intenders. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 334-341. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.023
34. Klein, C. T. F., & Helweg-Larsen, M. (2002). Perceived control and the optimistic bias: A meta-analytic review. Psychology & Health, 17, 437-446. doi:10.1080/0887044022000004920
35. Lajunen, T., & Summala, H. (2003). Can we trust self-reports of driving? Effects of impression management on driver behaviour questionnaire responses. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 6(2), 97-107. doi:10.1016/S1369-8478(03)00008-1
36. Lawton, R., Conner, M., & McEachan, R. (2009). Desire or reason: Predicting health behaviors from affective and cognitive attitudes. Health Psychology, 28(1), 56-65. doi:10.1037/a0013424
37. Lawton, R., Conner, M., & Parker, D. (2007). Beyond cognition: Predicting health risk behaviors from instrumental and affective beliefs. Health Psychology, 26, 259-267. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.3.259
38. Lawton, R., Parker, D., Manstead, A. S. R., & Stradling, S. G. (1997). The role of affect in predicting social behaviors: The case of road traffic violations. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27, 1258-1276. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb01805.x
39. Leandro, M. (2012). Young drivers and speed selection: A model guided by the Theory of Planned Behavior. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15(3), 219-232. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.12.011
40. Letirand, F., & Delhomme, P. (2005). Speed behaviour as a choice between observing and exceeding the speed limit. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 8, 481-492. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2005.06.002
41. Lheureux, F. (2012). Speeding or not speeding? When subjective assessment of safe, pleasurable and risky speeds determines speeding behaviour. European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context, 4(1), 79-98. Retrieved from http://www.webs.uvigo.es/sepjf/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=45&Itemid=110&lang=en
42. LimeSurvey Project Team/Carsten Schmitz (2012). LimeSurvey: An Open Source survey tool. LimeSurvey Project Hamburg, Germany. Retrieved from http://www.limesurvey.org
43. Loewenstein, G. F., Weber, E. U., Hsee, C. K., & Welch, N. (2001). Risk as feelings. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 267-286. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.2.267
44. Manning, M. (2009). The effects of subjective norms on behaviour in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 649-705. doi:10.1348/014466608X393136
45. Marcil, I., Bergeron, J., & Audet, T. (2001). Motivational factors underlying the intention to drink and drive in young male drivers. Journal of Safety Research, 32, 363-376. doi:10.1016/S0022-4375(01)00062-7
46. McEachan, R. R. C., Conner, M., Taylor, N. J., & Lawton, R. J. (2011). Prospective prediction of health-related behaviours with the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 5(2), 97-144. doi:10.1080/17437199.2010.521684
47. McKenna, F. P. (1993). It won't happen to me: Unrealistic optimism or illusion of control? British Journal of Psychology, 84(1), 39-50. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.1993.tb02461.x
48. Moan, I. S., & Rise, J. (2011). Predicting intentions not to 'drink and drive' using an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 1378-1384. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.012
49. Moyano-Diaz, E. (2002). Theory of planned behavior and pedestrians' intentions to violate traffic regulations. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 5(3), 169-175. doi:10.1016/S1369-8478(02)00015-3
50. Nemme, H. E., & White, K. M. (2010). Texting while driving: Psychosocial influences on young people's texting intentions and behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 42, 1257-1265. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2010.01.019
51. Nigg, C. R., Lippke, S., & Maddock, J. E. (2009). Factorial invariance of the theory of planned behavior applied to physical activity across gender, age, and ethnic groups. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(2), 219-225. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.09.005
52. Norris, E., & Myers, L. (2013). Determinants of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) use in UK motorcyclists: Exploratory research applying an extended theory of planned behaviour. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 60, 219-230. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.002
53. Okamura, K., Fujita, G., Kihira, M., Kosuge, R., & Mitsui, T. (2012). Predicting motivational determinants of seatbelt non-use in the front seat: A field study. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15, 502-513. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.05.001
54. Orbell, S., & Verplanken, B. (2010). The automatic component of habit in health behavior: Habit as cue-contingent automaticity. Health Psychology, 29, 374-383. doi:10.1037/a0019596
55. Ouellette, J. A., & Wood, W. (1998). Habit and intention in everyday life: The multiple processes by which past behavior predicts future behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 124(1), 54-74. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.1.54
56. Özkan, T., Lajunen, T., Doğruyol, B., Yildirim, Z., & Çoymak, A. (2012). Motorcycle accidents, rider behaviour, and psychological models. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 49, 124-132. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.03.009
57. Palat, B., & Delhomme, P. (2012). What factors can predict why drivers go through yellow traffic lights? An approach based on an extended Theory of Planned Behavior. Safety Science, 50, 408-417. doi:10.1016/j.ssci.2011.09.020
58. Parker, D., Lajunen, T., & Stradling, S. (1998). Attitudinal predictors of interpersonally aggressive violations on the road. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 1(1), 11-24. doi:10.1016/S1369-8478(98)00002-3
59. Parker, D., Manstead, A. S. R., Stradling, S. G., Reason, J. T., & Baxter, J. S. (1992). Intention to commit driving violations: An application of the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(1), 94-101. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.77.1.94
60. Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun, D. N. Jackson & D. E. Wiley (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 49-69). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
61. Sandberg, T., & Conner, M. (2008). Anticipated regret as an additional predictor in the theory of planned behaviour: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 589-606. doi:10.1348/014466607X258704
62. Schank, R., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structure. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
63. Şimşekoğlu, Ö., & Lajunen, T. (2008). Social psychology of seat belt use : A comparison of theory of planned behavior and health belief model. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11, 181-191. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2007.10.001
64. Stead, M., Tagg, S., Mackintosh, A. M., & Eadie, D. (2005). Development and evaluation of a mass media Theory of Planned Behaviour intervention to reduce speeding. Health Education Research, 20(1), 36-50. doi:10.1093/her/cyg093
65. Steg, L., & van Brussel, A. (2009). Accidents, aberrant behaviours, and speeding of young moped riders. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12, 503-511. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2009.09.001
66. Sun, H., & Zhang, P. (2006). The role of moderating factors in user technology acceptance. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 64(2), 53-78. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2005.04.013
67. Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-Cultural Research, 27, 155-180. doi:10.1177/106939719302700301
68. Tseng, C., Chang, H., & Woo, T. H. (2013). Modeling motivation and habit in driving behavior under lifetime driver's license revocation. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 51, 260-267. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.11.017
69. Van Hooft, E. A. J., & De Jong, M. (2009). Predicting job seeking for temporary employment using the theory of planned behaviour: The moderating role of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 295-316. doi:10.1348/096317908X325322
70. Verplanken, B. (2006). Beyond frequency: Habit as mental construct. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45, 639-656. doi:10.1348/014466605X49122
71. Verplanken, B., & Aarts, H. (1999). Habit, attitude, and planned behaviour: Is habit an empty construct or an interesting case of goal-directed automaticity? European Review of Social Psychology, 10, 101-134. doi:10.1080/14792779943000035
72. Verplanken, B., & Faes, S. (1999). Good intentions, bad habits, and effects of forming implementation intentions on healthy eating. European Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 591-604. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-0992(199908/09)29:5/6<591:AID-EJSP948>3.0.CO;2-H
73. Verplanken, B., Herabadi, A. G., Perry, J. A., & Silvera, D. H. (2005). Consumer style and health: The role of impulsive buying in unhealthy eating. Psychology & Health, 20, 429-441. doi:10.1080/08870440412331337084
74. Verplanken, B., & Orbell, S. (2003). Reflections on past behavior: A self-report index of habit strength. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 33, 1313-1330. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2003.tb01951.x
75. Verplanken, B., & Wood, W. (2006). Interventions to break and create consumer habits. Journal of Public Policy & Marketing, 25(1), 90-103. doi:10.1509/jppm.25.1.90
76. Wallén Warner, H., Özkan, T., & Lajunen, T. (2009). Cross-cultural differences in drivers' speed choice. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 41, 816-819. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2009.04.004
77. Walsh, S. P., White, K. M., Hyde, M. K., & Watson, B. (2008). Dialling and driving: Factors influencing intentions to use a mobile phone while driving. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 40, 1893-1900. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2008.07.005
78. Webb, T. L., Sheeran, P., & Luszczynska, A. (2009). Planning to break unwanted habits: Habit strength moderates implementation intention effects on behaviour change. British Journal of Social Psychology, 48, 507-523. doi:10.1348/014466608X370591
79. White, M. J., Cunningham, L. C., & Titchener, K. (2011). Young drivers' optimism bias for accident risk and driving skill: Accountability and insight experience manipulations. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43, 1309-1315. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.01.013
80. World Health Organization. (2013). Global status report on road safety 2013. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/violence:injury_prevention/road_safety_status/2013/en/index.html
81. Xu, Y., Li, Y., & Zhang, F. (2013). Pedestrians' intention to jaywalk: Automatic or planned? A study based on a dual-process model in China. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 50, 811-819. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2012.07.007
82. Zhou, R., Wu, C., Rau, P. P., & Zhang, W. (2009). Young driving learners' intention to use a handheld or hands-free mobile phone when driving. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 12, 208-217. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2008.11.003