Direct Evidence of a Chemical Conversion Mechanism of Atomic-Layer-Deposited TiO2 Anodes during Lithiation Using LiPF6 Salt

Journal of Physical Chemistry C

Volumn 119, Issue 51, 2015, Pages 28285-28291

  Charlton, Matthew R ^a   Dylla, Anthony G ^b   Stevenson, Keith J ^a,b  

^a The University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

^b University of Texas at Austin   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANODES; ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITION; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; DEPTH PROFILING; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; ELECTROCHEMISTRY; ELECTRODES; ELECTROLYTES; HYDROFLUORIC ACID; INORGANIC COMPOUNDS; IONS; LITHIUM; LITHIUM ALLOYS; LITHIUM COMPOUNDS; LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES; MASS SPECTROMETRY; NEGATIVE IONS; ORGANIC POLYMERS; SECONDARY BATTERIES; SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY; SOLID ELECTROLYTES; SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS; TITANIUM DIOXIDE;

ATOMIC LAYER DEPOSITED; CHEMICAL CONVERSIONS; ELECTROCHEMICAL CYCLING; LITHIUM HEXAFLUOROPHOSPHATE; ORGANIC ELECTROLYTE; PROFILING MEASUREMENTS; SOLID ELECTROLYTE INTERPHASE; TIME OF FLIGHT SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY;

X RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 84952930692     PISSN: 19327447     EISSN: 19327455     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b08298     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Aurbach, D.; Zinigrad, E.; Cohen, Y.; Teller, H. A Short Review of Failure Mechanisms of Lithium Metal and Lithiated Graphite Anodes in Liquid Electrolyte Solutions Solid State Ionics 2002, 148, 405-416 10.1016/S0167-2738(02)00080-2
2. Patil, A.; Patil, V.; Wook Shin, D.; Choi, J.-W.; Paik, D.-S.; Yoon, S.-J. Issue and Challenges Facing Rechargeable Thin Film Lithium Batteries Mater. Res. Bull. 2008, 43, 1913-1942 10.1016/j.materresbull.2007.08.031
3. Srinivasan, V. Batteries for Vehicular Applications. In Physics of Sustainable Energy: Using Energy Efficiently and Producing It Renewably; Hafemeister, D. W., Ed.; AIP Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, California, March 1-2, 2008; American Institute of Physics: Melville, NY, 2008.
4. Wagner, M. R.; Albering, J. H.; Moeller, K.-C.; Besenhard, J. O.; Winter, M. XRD Evidence for the Electrochemical Formation of Li+(PC)yCn- in PC-Based Electrolytes Electrochem. Commun. 2005, 7, 947-952 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.06.009
5. Yeo, J.-S.; Park, T.-H.; Seo, M.-H.; Miyawaki, J.; Mochida, I.; Yoon, S.-H. Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation Behavior on Well-Defined Carbon Surfaces for Li-Ion Battery Systems Electrochim. Acta 2012, 77, 111-120 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.05.080
6. Arreaga-Salas, D. E.; Sra, A. K.; Roodenko, K.; Chabal, Y. J.; Hinkle, C. L. Progression of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 9072-9077 10.1021/jp300787p
7. Verma, P.; Maire, P.; Novák, P. A Review of the Features and Analyses of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Li-Ion Batteries Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 6332-6341 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.072
8. Kong, F.; Kostecki, R.; Nadeau, G.; Song, X.; Zaghib, K.; Kinoshita, K.; McLarnon, F. In Situ Studies of SEI Formation J. Power Sources 2001, 97-98, 58-66 10.1016/S0378-7753(01)00588-2
9. Goodenough, J. B.; Park, K.-S. The Li-Ion Rechargeable Battery: A Perspective J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 1167-1176 10.1021/ja3091438
10. Kaskhedikar, N. a.; Maier, J. Lithium Storage in Carbon Nanostructures Adv. Mater. 2009, 21, 2664-2680 10.1002/adma.200901079
11. Scrosati, B.; Abraham, K.; Van Schalkwijk, W.; Hassoun, J., Eds. Lithium Batteries: Advanced Technologies and Applications; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, 2013.
12. Xu, K. Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4303-4417 10.1021/cr030203g
13. Endo, M.; Kim, C.; Nishimura, K.; Fujino, T.; Miyashita, K. Recent Development of Carbon Materials for Li Ion Batteries Carbon 2000, 38, 183-197 10.1016/S0008-6223(99)00141-4
14. Flandrois, S.; Simon, B. Carbon Materials for Lithium-Ion Rechargeable Batteries Carbon 1999, 37, 165-180 10.1016/S0008-6223(98)00290-5
15. Billaud, D.; Henry, F. X.; Willmann, P. Dependence of the Morphology of Graphitic Electrodes on the Electrochemical Intercalation of Lithium Ions J. Power Sources 1995, 54, 383-388 10.1016/0378-7753(94)02107-E
16. Aurbach, D. The Surface Chemistry of Lithium Electrodes in Alkyl Carbonate Solutions J. Electrochem. Soc. 1994, 141, L1-L3 10.1149/1.2054718
17. Dedryvère, R.; Gireaud, L.; Grugeon, S.; Laruelle, S.; Tarascon, J.-M.; Gonbeau, D. Characterization of Lithium Alkyl Carbonates by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy: Experimental and Theoretical Study J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 15868-15875 10.1021/jp051626k
18. Schroder, K. W.; Celio, H.; Webb, L. J.; Stevenson, K. J. Examining Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation on Crystalline Silicon Electrodes: Influence of Electrochemical Preparation and Ambient Exposure Conditions J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 19737-19747 10.1021/jp307372m
19. Berger, T.; Monllor-Satoca, D.; Jankulovska, M.; Lana-Villarreal, T.; Gómez, R. The Electrochemistry of Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Electrodes ChemPhysChem 2012, 13, 2824-2875 10.1002/cphc.201200073
20. Dambournet, D.; Belharouak, I.; Amine, K. Tailored Preparation Methods of TiO2 Anatase, Rutile, Brookite: Mechanism of Formation and Electrochemical Properties Chem. Mater. 2010, 22, 1173-1179 10.1021/cm902613h
21. Dylla, A. G.; Lee, J. A.; Stevenson, K. J. Influence of Mesoporosity on Lithium-Ion Storage Capacity and Rate Performance of Nanostructured TiO2(B) Langmuir 2012, 28, 2897-2903 10.1021/la2037229
22. Hardwick, L. J.; Holzapfel, M.; Novák, P.; Dupont, L.; Baudrin, E. Electrochemical Lithium Insertion into Anatase-Type TiO2: An In Situ Raman Microscopy Investigation Electrochim. Acta 2007, 52, 5357-5367 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.02.050
23. Dylla, A. G.; Henkelman, G.; Stevenson, K. J. Lithium Insertion in Nanostructured TiO(2)(B) Architectures Acc. Chem. Res. 2013, 46, 1104-1112 10.1021/ar300176y
24. Barlowz, C. G. Reaction of Water with Hexafluorophosphates and with Li Bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide Salt Electrochem. Solid-State Lett. 1999, 2, 362-364 10.1149/1.1390838
25. Vincent, C. A.; Scrosati, B. Modern Batteries: An Introduction to Electrochemical Power Sources; E. Arnold: London, 1997.
26. Wu, J.; Membreno, N.; Yu, W.; Wiggins-Camacho, J. D.; Flaherty, D. W.; Mullins, C. B.; Stevenson, K. J. Influence of Hydrofluoric Acid Formation on Lithium Ion Insertion in Nanostructured V2O5 J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 21208-21215 10.1021/jp305937b
27. Xiong, X.; Wang, Z.; Yan, G.; Guo, H.; Li, X. Role of V2O5 Coating on LiNiO2-Based Materials for Lithium Ion Battery J. Power Sources 2014, 245, 183-193 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.06.133
28. Kostecki, R.; Schnyder, B.; Alliata, D.; Song, X.; Kinoshita, K.; Kotz, R. Surface Studies of Carbon Films from Pyrolyzed Photoresist Thin Solid Films 2001, 396, 36-43 10.1016/S0040-6090(01)01185-3
29. Loussaert, J. A.; Fosdick, S. E.; Crooks, R. M. Electrochemical Properties of Metal-Oxide-Coated Carbon Electrodes Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition Langmuir 2014, 30, 13707-13715 10.1021/la503232m
30. Mathews, N. R.; Morales, E. R.; Cortés-Jacome, M. A.; Toledo Antonio, J. A. TiO2 Thin Films-Influence of Annealing Temperature on Structural, Optical and Photocatalytic Properties Sol. Energy 2009, 83, 1499-1508 10.1016/j.solener.2009.04.008
31. Orendorz, A.; Brodyanski, A.; Lösch, J.; Bai, L. H.; Chen, Z. H.; Le, Y. K.; Ziegler, C.; Gnaser, H. Phase Transformation and Particle Growth in Nanocrystalline Anatase TiO2 Films Analyzed by X-Ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy Surf. Sci. 2007, 601, 4390-4394 10.1016/j.susc.2007.04.127
32. Powder Diffraction File 01-078-2486, International Centre for Diffraction Data, 1961.
33. Patterson, A. The Scherrer Formula for X-Ray Particle Size Determination Phys. Rev. 1939, 56, 978-982 10.1103/PhysRev.56.978
34. Scherrer, P. Determining the Size and the Internal Structure of Colloidal Particles by Means of X-Rays Göttingen News Life 1918, 2, 98-100
35. Kuznetsov, M. V.; Zhuravlev, J. F.; Zhilyaev, V. A.; Gubanov, V. A. XPS Study of the Nitrides, Oxides and Oxynitrides of Titanium J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1992, 58, 1-9 10.1016/0368-2048(92)80001-O
36. Sodergren, S.; Siegbahn, H.; Rensmo, H.; Lindstrom, H.; Hagfeldt, A.; Lindquist, S. Lithium Intercalation in Nanoporous Anatase TiO2 Studied with XPS J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 3087-3090 10.1021/jp9639399
37. Lange, F.; Schmelz, H.; Knözinger, H. An X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of Oxides of Arsenic Supported on TiO2 J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 1991, 57, 307-315 10.1016/0368-2048(91)80017-O
38. Louvain, N.; Karkar, Z.; El-Ghozzi, M.; Bonnet, P.; Guérin, K.; Willmann, P. Fluorination of Anatase TiO2 towards Titanium Oxyfluoride TiOF2: A Novel Synthesis Approach and Proof of the Li-Insertion Mechanism J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 15308 10.1039/C4TA02553A
39. Wagemaker, M.; Borghols, W. J. H.; Mulder, F. M. Large Impact of Particle Size on Insertion Reactions. A Case for Anatase Li(x)TiO2 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 4323-4327 10.1021/ja067733p
40. Cava, R. J.; Murphy, D. W.; Zahurak, S.; Santoro, A.; Roth, R. S. The Crystal Structures of the Lithium-Inserted Metal Oxides Li0.5TiO2 Anatase, LiTi2O4 Spinel, and Li2Ti2O4 J. Solid State Chem. 1984, 53, 64-75 10.1016/0022-4596(84)90228-7
41. Zakharova, G. S.; Jahne, C.; Popa, A.; Taschner, C.; Gemming, T.; Leonhardt, A.; Buchner, B.; Klingeler, R. Anatase Nanotubes as an Electrode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries J. Phys. Chem. C 2012, 116, 8714-8720 10.1021/jp300955r
42. Beamson, G.; Briggs, D. High Resolution XPS of Organic Polymers: The Scienta ESCA300 Database; Wiley: Chichester, U.K., 1992.
43. Le, T. K.; Flahaut, D.; Martinez, H.; Pigot, T.; Nguyen, H. K. H.; Huynh, T. K. X. Surface Fluorination of Single-Phase TiO2 by Thermal Shock Method for Enhanced UV and Visible Light Induced Photocatalytic Activity Appl. Catal., B 2014, 144, 1-11 10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.06.027
44. Kanamura, K.; Tamura, H.; Shiraishi, S.; Takehara, Z.-I. XPS Analysis for the Lithium Surface Immersed in Δ-Butyrolactone Containing Various Salts Electrochim. Acta 1995, 40, 913-921 10.1016/0013-4686(93)E0020-M
45. Aurbach, D.; Markovsky, B.; Shechter, A.; Ein-Eli, Y.; H, C. A Comparative Study of Synthetic Graphite and Li Electrodes in Electrolyte Solutions Based on Ethylene Carbonate-Dimethyl Carbonate Mixtures J. Electrochem. Soc. 1996, 143, 3809-3820 10.1149/1.1837300