Reef sharks: Recent advances in ecological understanding to inform conservation

Journal of Fish Biology

Volumn 87, Issue 6, 2015, Pages 1489-1523

  Osgood, G J ^a   Baum, J K ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Grey reef shark; IUCN Red List; Movement; Nurse shark; Trends in population abundance; Trophic ecology

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; BIODIVERSITY; CORAL REEF; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION; PHYSIOLOGY; POPULATION DENSITY; POPULATION GENETICS; SHARK;

ANIMALS; BEHAVIOR, ANIMAL; BIODIVERSITY; CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES; CORAL REEFS; ECOLOGY; ECOSYSTEM; GENETICS, POPULATION; POPULATION DENSITY; SHARKS;

EID: 84952897860     PISSN: 00221112     EISSN: 10958649     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12839     Document Type: Article

References (191)

1. Afonso, A. S., Andrade, H. A. & Hazin, F. H. V. (2014). Structure and dynamics of the shark assemblage off Recife, Northeastern Brazil. PLoS One 9, e102369. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102369
2. Aguilar, C., González-Sansón, G., Hueter, R., Rojas, E., Cabrera, Y., Briones, A., Borroto, R., Hernández, A. & Baker, P. (2014). Captura de tiburones en la región noroccidental de Cuba. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 42, 477-487. doi: 10.3856/vol42-issue3-fulltext-8
3. Al-Hassan, J. M., Afzal, M., Rao, C. V. N. & Fayad, S. (2000). Petroleum hydrocarbon pollution in sharks in the Arabian Gulf. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 65, 391-398. doi: 10.1007/s001280000140
4. Allen, G. R. & Dudgeon, C. L. (2010). Hemiscyllium michaeli, a new species of bamboo shark (Hemiscylliidae) from Papua New Guinea. Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 16, 19-30.
5. Allen, G. R. & Erdmann, M. V. (2008). Two new species of bamboo sharks (Orectolobiformes: Hemiscylliidae) from Western New Guinea. Aqua, International Journal of Ichthyology 13, 93-108.
6. Barnett, A., Abrantes, K. G., Seymour, J. & Fitzpatrick, R. (2012). Residency and spatial use by reef sharks of an isolated seamount and its implications for conservation. PLoS One 7, e36574. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036574
7. Bascompte, J., Melián, C. J. & Sala, E. (2005). Interaction strength combinations and the overfishing of a marine food web. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102, 5443-5447. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0501562102
8. Baum, J. K., Myers, R. A., Kehler, D. G., Worm, B., Harley, S. J. & Doherty, P. A. (2003). Collapse and conservation of shark populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Science 299, 389-392.
9. Bellwood, D. R., Hughes, T. P., Folke, C. & Nyström, M. (2004). Confronting the coral reef crisis. Nature 429, 827-833. doi: 10.1038/nature02691
10. Bond, M. E., Babcock, E. A., Pikitch, E. K., Abercrombie, D. L., Lamb, N. F. & Chapman, D. D. (2012). Reef sharks exhibit site-fidelity and higher relative abundance in marine reserves on the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef. PLoS One 7, e32983. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032983
11. Bond, M. E., Tolentino, E., Mangubhai, S. & Howey, L. A. (2015). Vertical and horizontal movements of a silvertip shark (Carcharhinus albimarginatus) in the Fijian archipelago. Animal Biotelemetry 3, 1-7. doi: 10.1186/s40317-015-0055-6
12. Borrell, A., Cardona, L., Kumarran, R. P. & Aguilar, A. (2011). Trophic ecology of elasmobranchs caught off Gujarat, India, as inferred from stable isotopes. ICES Journal of Marine Science 68, 547-554. doi: 10.1093/icesjms/fsq170
13. Brooks, E. J., Sloman, K. A., Sims, D. W. & Danylchuk, A. J. (2011). Validating the use of baited remote underwater video surveys for assessing the diversity, distribution and abundance of sharks in the Bahamas. Endangered Species Research 13, 231-243. doi: 10.3354/esr00331
14. Brooks, E. J., Sims, D. W., Danylchuk, A. J. & Sloman, K. A. (2013). Seasonal abundance, philopatry and demographic structure of Caribbean reef shark (Carcharhinus perezi) assemblages in the north-east Exuma Sound, The Bahamas. Marine Biology 160, 2535-2546. doi: 10.1007/s00227-013-2246-0
15. Brunnschweiler, J. M., Abrantes, K. G. & Barnett, A. (2014). Long-term changes in species composition and relative abundances of sharks at a provisioning site. PLoS One 9, e86682. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086682
16. Caira, J. N. & Euzet, L. (2001). Age of association between the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, and tapeworms of the genus Pedibothrium (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae): implications from geography. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72, 609-614. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01341.x
17. Carrier, J. C. & Pratt, H. L. (1998). Habitat management and closure of a nurse shark breeding and nursery ground. Fisheries Research 39, 209-213. doi: 10.1016/S0165-7836(98)00184-2
18. Castro, A. L. & Rosa, R. S. (2005). Use of natural marks on population estimates of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, at Atol das Rocas Biological Reserve, Brazil. Environmental Biology of Fishes 72, 213-221. doi: 10.1007/s10641-004-1479-7
19. Ceccarelli, D. M. & Williamson, D. H. (2012). Sharks that eat sharks: opportunistic predation by wobbegongs. Coral Reefs 31, 471. doi: 10.1007/s00338-012-0878-z
20. Chapman, D. D., Pikitch, E. K., Babcock, E. & Shivji, M. S. (2005). Marine reserve design and evaluation using automated acoustic telemetry: a case-study involving coral reef-associated sharks in the Mesoamerican Caribbean. Marine Technology Society Journal 39, 42-55. doi: 10.4031/002533205787521640
21. Chapman, D. D., Pikitch, E. K., Babcock, E. a. & Shivji, M. S. (2007). Deep-diving and diel changes in vertical habitat use by Caribbean reef sharks Carcharhinus perezi. Marine Ecology Progress Series 344, 271-275. doi: 10.3354/meps06941
22. Chapman, D. D., Feldheim, K. A., Papastamatiou, Y. P. & Hueter, R. E. (2015). There and back again: a review of residency and return migrations in sharks, with implications for population structure and management. Annual Review of Marine Science 7, 547-570. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010814-015730
23. Chen, X., Liu, M., Xiang, D. & Ai, W. (2013). Complete mitochondrial genome of the Japanese wobbegong Orectolobus japonicus (Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae). Mitochondrial DNA 1736, 1-2. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2013.819499
24. Chin, A., Kyne, P. M., Walker, T. I. & McAuley, R. B. (2010). An integrated risk assessment for climate change: analysing the vulnerability of sharks and rays on Australia's Great Barrier Reef. Global Change Biology 16, 1936-1953. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02128.x
25. Chin, A., Tobin, A., Simpfendorfer, C. & Heupel, M. (2012). Reef sharks and inshore habitats: patterns of occurrence and implications for vulnerability. Marine Ecology Progress Series 460, 115-125. doi: 10.3354/meps09722
26. Chin, A., Heupel, M., Simpfendorfer, C. & Tobin, A. (2013a). Ontogenetic movements of juvenile blacktip reef sharks: evidence of dispersal and connectivity between coastal habitats and coral reefs. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 23, 468-474. doi: 10.1002/aqc.2349
27. Chin, A., Tobin, A. J., Heupel, M. R. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2013b). Population structure and residency patterns of the blacktip reef shark Carcharhinus melanopterus in turbid coastal environments. Journal of Fish Biology 82, 1192-1210. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12057
28. Clarke, C. R., Lea, J. S. E. & Ormond, R. F. G. (2013). Changing relative abundance and behaviour of silky and grey reef sharks baited over 12 years on a Red Sea reef. Marine and Freshwater Research 64, 909-919. doi: 10.1071/MF12144
29. Compagno, L. J. V., Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2005). Sharks of the World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
30. Corrigan, S. & Beheregaray, L. B. (2009). A recent shark radiation: molecular phylogeny, biogeography and speciation of wobbegong sharks (family: Orectolobidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52, 205-216. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2009.03.007
31. Cubero-Pardo, P., Herrón, P. & González-Pérez, F. (2011). Shark reactions to scuba divers in two marine protected areas of the Eastern Tropical Pacific. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 21, 239-246.
32. Dale, J. J., Stankus, A. M., Burns, M. S. & Meyer, C. G. (2011). The shark assemblage at French Frigate Shoals atoll, Hawai'i: species composition, abundance and habitat use. PLoS One 6, e16962. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016962
33. Daly-Engel, T. S., Grubbs, R. D., Holland, K. N., Toonen, R. J. & Bowen, B. W. (2006). Assessment of multiple paternity in single litters from three species of carcharhinid sharks in Hawaii. Environmental Biology of Fishes 76, 419-424. doi: 10.1007/s10641-006-9008-5
34. DeMartini, E. E., Friedlander, A. M., Sandin, S. A. & Sala, E. (2008). Differences in fish-assemblage structure between fished and unfished atolls in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific. Marine Ecology Progress Series 365, 199-215. doi: 10.3354/meps07501
35. Dennis, D. M., Milton, D. A., Skewes, T. D., Taranto, T. J. & Haywood, M. D. E. (2005). A rapid assessment of the fin-fish and shark resources on the shallow reefs in the Timor Sea MOU74 Box. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 1(Suppl.), 185-198.
36. Dicken, M. L. (2014). Socio-economic aspects of the Sodwana Bay scuba diving industry, with a specific focus on sharks. African Journal of Marine Science 36, 39-47. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2014.893257
37. Dudgeon, C. L. & Ovenden, J. R. (2015). The relationship between abundance and genetic effective population size in elasmobranchs: an example from the globally threatened zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum within its protected range. Conservation Genetics 16, 1443-1454. doi: 10.1007/s10592-015-0752-y
38. Dudgeon, C. L., Feldheim, K., Schick, M. & Ovenden, J. R. (2006). Polymorphic microsatellite loci for the zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum. Molecular Ecology Notes 6, 1086-1088. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-8286.2006.01442.x
39. Dudgeon, C. L., Noad, M. J. & Lanyon, J. M. (2008). Abundance and demography of a seasonal aggregation of zebra sharks Stegostoma fasciatum. Marine Ecology Progress Series 368, 269-281. doi: 10.3354/meps07581
40. Dudgeon, C. L., Broderick, D. & Ovenden, J. R. (2009). IUCN classification zones concord with, but underestimate, the population genetic structure of the zebra shark Stegostoma fasciatum in the Indo-West Pacific. Molecular Ecology 18, 248-261. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04025.x
41. Dudgeon, C. L., Blower, D. C., Broderick, D., Giles, J. L., Holmes, B. J., Kashiwagi, T., Krück, N. C., Morgan, J. A. T., Tillett, B. J. & Ovenden, J. R. (2012). A review of the application of molecular genetics for fisheries management and conservation of sharks and rays. Journal of Fish Biology 80, 1789-1843. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2012.03265.x
42. Dudgeon, C. L., Lanyon, J. M. & Semmens, J. M. (2013). Seasonality and site fidelity of the zebra shark, Stegostoma fasciatum, in southeast Queensland, Australia. Animal Behaviour 85, 471-481. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.12.013
43. Dulvy, N. K., Fowler, S. L., Musick, J. A., Cavanagh, R. D., Kyne, P. M., Harrison, L. R., Carlson, J. K., Davidson, L. N. K., Fordham, S. V. F., Francis, M. P., Pollock, C. M., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Burgess, G. H., Carpenter, K. E., Compagno, J. V., Ebert, D. A., Gibson, C., Heupel, M., Livingstone, S. R., Sanciangco, J. C., Stevens, J. D., Valenti, S. & White, W. T. (2014). Extinction risk and conservation of the world's sharks and rays. eLife 3, e00590. doi: 10.7554/eLife.00590
44. Espinoza, M., Cappo, M., Heupel, M. R., Tobin, A. J. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2014). Quantifying shark distribution patterns and species-habitat associations: implications of marine park zoning. PLoS One 9, e106885. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106885
45. Espinoza, M., Heupel, M. R., Tobin, A. J. & Simpfendorfer, C. a. (2015a). Residency patterns and movements of grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) in semi-isolated coral reef habitats. Marine Biology 162, 343-358. doi: 10.1007/s00227-014-2572-x
46. Espinoza, M., Lédée, E. J., Simpfendorfer, C. A., Tobin, A. J. & Heupel, M. R. (2015b). Contrasting movements and connectivity of reef-associated sharks using acoustic telemetry: implications for management (online). Ecological Applications(in press) doi: 10.1890/14-2293.1
47. Ferreira, L. C., Afonso, A. S., Castilho, P. C. & Hazin, F. H. V. (2013). Habitat use of the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, off Recife, Northeast Brazil: a combined survey with longline and acoustic telemetry. Environmental Biology of Fishes 96, 735-745. doi: 10.1007/s10641-012-0067-5
48. Field, I. C., Meekan, M. G., Speed, C. W., White, W. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2011). Quantifying movement patterns for shark conservation at remote coral atolls in the Indian Ocean. Coral Reefs 30, 61-71. doi: 10.1007/s00338-010-0699-x
49. Fitzpatrick, R., Abrantes, K. G., Seymour, J. & Barnett, A. (2011a). Variation in depth of whitetip reef sharks: does provisioning ecotourism change their behaviour? Coral Reefs 30, 569-577. doi: 10.1007/s00338-011-0769-8
50. Fitzpatrick, S., Shivji, M. S., Chapman, D. D. & Prödohl, P. A. (2011b). Development and characterization of 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the blue shark, Prionace glauca, and their cross shark-species amplification. Conservation Genetics Resources 3, 523-527. doi: 10.1007/s12686-011-9395-6
51. Friedlander, A. M. & DeMartini, E. E. (2002). Contrasts in density, size, and biomass of reef fishes between the northwestern and the main Hawaiian islands: the effects of fishing down apex predators. Marine Ecology Progress Series 230, 253-264.
52. Friedlander, A. M., Zgliczynski, B. J., Ballesteros, E., Aburto-Oropeza, O., Bolaños, A. & Sala, E. (2012). The shallow-water fish assemblage of Isla del Coco National Park, Costa Rica: structure and patterns in an isolated, predator-dominated ecosystem. Revista de Biología Tropical 60, 321-338.
53. Furlong-Estrada, E., Tovar-Avila, J. & Rios-Jara, E. (2014). Ecological risk assessment of artisanal capture methods on sharks fished at the entrance of the Gulf of California. Hidrobiologica 24, 83-97.
54. Galván-Magaña, F., Nienhuis, H. J. & Klimley, A. P. (1989). Seasonal abundance and feeding habits of sharks of the lower Gulf of California, Mexico. California Fish and Game 75, 74-84.
55. Garla, R. C., Chapman, D. D., Wetherbee, B. M. & Shivji, M. (2006). Movement patterns of young Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi, at Fernando de Noronha Archipelago, Brazil: the potential of marine protected areas for conservation of a nursery ground. Marine Biology 149, 189-199. doi: 10.1007/s00227-005-0201-4
56. Goetze, J. S. & Fullwood, L. A. F. (2013). Fiji's largest marine reserve benefits reef sharks. Coral Reefs 32, 121-125. doi: 10.1007/s00338-012-0970-4
57. González-Pérez, F. & Cubero-Pardo, P. (2010). Short-term effects of tourism activities on the behavior of representative fauna on the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador. Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 38, 493-500. doi: 10.3856/vol38-issue3-fulltext-13
58. Goto, T. (2008). Revision of the wobbegong genus Orectolobus from Japan, with a redescription of Orectolobus japonicus (Elasmobranchii: Orectolobiformes). Ichthyological Research 55, 133-140. doi: 10.1007/s10228-007-0033-y
59. Graham, N. A. J., Spalding, M. D. & Sheppard, C. R. C. (2010). Reef shark declines in remote atolls highlight the need for multi-faceted conservation action. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 20, 543-548. doi: 10.1002/aqc.1116
60. Heagney, E. C., Lynch, T. P., Babcock, R. C. & Suthers, I. M. (2007). Pelagic fish assemblages assessed using mid-water baited video: standardising fish counts using bait plume size. Marine Ecology Progress Series 350, 255-266. doi: 10.3354/meps07193
61. Heist, E. J., Jenkot, J. L., Keeney, D. B., Lane, R. L., Moyer, G. R., Reading, B. J. & Smith, N. L. (2003). Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci in nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). Molecular Ecology Notes 3, 59-91. doi: 10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00348.x
62. Heist, E. J., Carrier, J. C., Pratt, H. L. & Pratt, T. C. (2011). Exact enumeration of sires in the polyandrous nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum). Copeia 2011, 539-544. doi: 10.1643/CE-10-165
63. Heupel, M. R. & Bennett, M. B. (1998). Observations on the diet and feeding habits of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Bonnaterre), on Heron Island Reef, Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 49, 753-756. doi: 10.1071/MF97026
64. Heupel, M. R. & Bennett, M. (2007). Estimating abundance of reef-dwelling sharks: a case study of the epaulette shark, Hemiscyllium ocellatum (Elasmobranchii: Hemiscyllidae). Pacific Science 61, 383-394. doi: 10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[383:EAORSA]2.0.CO;2
65. Heupel, M. R. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2014). Importance of environmental and biological drivers in the presence and space use of a reef-associated shark. Marine Ecology Progress Series 496, 47-57.
66. Heupel, M. R. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2015). Long-term movement patterns of a coral reef predator. Coral Reefs 34, 679-691. doi: 10.1007/s00338-015-1272-4
67. Heupel, M. R., Williams, A. J., Welch, D. J., Ballagh, a., Mapstone, B. D., Carlos, G., Davies, C. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2009). Effects of fishing on tropical reef associated shark populations on the Great Barrier Reef. Fisheries Research 95, 350-361. doi: 10.1016/j.fishres.2008.10.005
68. Heupel, M. R., Simpfendorfer, C. A. & Fitzpatrick, R. (2010). Large-scale movement and reef fidelity of grey reef sharks. PLoS One 5, e9650. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009650
69. Hisano, M., Connolly, S. R. & Robbins, W. D. (2011). Population growth rates of reef sharks with & without fishing on the Great Barrier Reef: robust estimation with multiple models. PLoS One 6, e25028. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025028
70. Hobson, E. S. (1963). Feeding behavior in three species of sharks. Pacific Science 17, 171-194.
71. Hoegh-Guldberg, O., Mumby, P. J., Hooten, A. J., Steneck, R. S., Greenfield, P., Gomez, E., Harvell, C. D., Sale, P. F., Edwards, A. J., Caldeira, K., Knowlton, N., Eakin, C. M., Iglesias-Prieto, R., Muthiga, N., Bradbury, R. H., Dubi, A. & Hatziolos, M. E. (2007). Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification. Science 318, 1737-1742. doi: 10.1126/science.1152509
72. Holland, K. N., Meyer, C. G. & Dagorn, L. C. (2009). Inter-animal telemetry: results from first deployment of acoustic 'business card' tags. Endangered Species Research 10, 287-293. doi: 10.3354/esr00226
73. Holzwarth, S. R., DeMartini, E. E., Schroeder, R. E., Zgliczynski, B. J. & Laughlin, J. L. (2006). Sharks and jacks in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands from towed-diver surveys 2000-2003. Atoll Research Bulletin 543, 257-279.
74. Hoyt, E. (2014). The role of marine protected areas and sanctuaries. In Sharks: Conservation, Governance, and Management (Techera, E. J. & Klein, N., eds), pp. 263-285. New York, NY: Routledge.
75. Hussey, N. E., Dudley, S. F. J., McCarthy, I. D., Cliff, G. & Fisk, A. T. (2011). Stable isotope profiles of large marine predators: viable indicators of trophic position, diet, and movement in sharks? Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, 2029-2045. doi: 10.1139/f2011-115
76. Hutchings, J. A., Myers, R. A., García, V. B., Lucifora, L. O. & Kuparinen, A. (2012). Life-history correlates of extinction risk and recovery potential. Ecological Applications 22, 1061-1067. doi: 10.1890/11-1313.1
77. Huveneers, C., Luo, K., Otway, N. M. & Harcourt, R. G. (2009). Assessing the distribution and relative abundance of wobbegong sharks (Orectolobidae) in New South Wales, Australia, using recreational scuba-divers. Aquatic Living Resources 22, 255-264. doi: 10.1051/alr/2009046
78. Jackson, J. B., Kirby, M. X., Berger, W. H., Bjorndal, K. a., Botsford, L. W., Bourque, B. J., Bradbury, R. H., Cooke, R., Erlandson, J., Estes, J., Hughe, T. P., Kidwell, S., Langel, C. B., Lenihan, H. S., Pandolfi, J. M., Peterson, C. H., Steneck, R. S., Tegner, M. & Warner, R. R. (2001). Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293, 629-637. doi: 10.1126/science.1059199
79. Joshi, K. K., Balachandran, K. & Raje, S. G. (2008). Changes in the shark fishery at Cochin. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India 50, 103-105.
80. Karl, S. A., Castro, A. L. F. & Garla, R. C. (2012). Population genetics of the nurse shark (Ginglymostoma cirratum) in the western Atlantic. Marine Biology 159, 489-498. doi: 10.1007/s00227-011-1828-y
81. Keeney, D. B. & Heist, E. J. (2003). Characterization of microsatellite loci isolated from the blacktip shark and their utility in requiem and hammerhead sharks. Molecular Ecology Notes 3, 501-504. doi: 10.1007/s00227-011-1828-y
82. Kinney, M. J. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2009). Reassessing the value of nursery areas to shark conservation and management. Conservation Letters 2, 53-60. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-263X.2008.00046.x
83. Kumar, K. V. A., Pravin, P., Meenakumari, B., Khanolkar, P. S. & Baiju, M. V. (2015). Shark bycatch in the experimental tuna longline fishery in Lakshadweep Sea, India. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 31, 301-307. doi: 10.1111/jai.12682
84. Last, P. R. & Chidlow, J. A. (2008). Two new wobbegong sharks, Orectolobus floridus sp. nov. and O. parvimaculatus sp. nov.(Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae), from southwestern Australia. Zootaxa 1673, 49-67.
85. Last, P. R., Chidlow, J. A. & Compagno, L. J. (2006). A new wobbegong shark, Orectolobus hutchinsi n. sp. (Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae) from southwestern Australia. Zootaxa 1239, 35-48.
86. Last, P., Pogonoski, J. J. & White, W. T. (2008). Orectolobus reticulatus sp. nov., a new wobbegong shark (Orectolobiformes: Orectolobidae) from the continental shelf of northwestern Australia. In Descriptions of New Australian Chondrichthyans (Last, P., White, W. T. & Pogonoski, J. J., eds), pp. 39-47. Hobart: CSIRO Publishing.
87. Lowe, C. G., Wetherbee, B. M. & Meyer, C. G. (2006). Using acoustic telemetry monitoring techniques to quantity movement patterns and site fidelity of sharks and giant trevally around French frigate shoals and midway atoll. Atoll Research Bulletin 543, 281-303.
88. Luiz, O. J. & Edwards, A. J. (2011). Extinction of a shark population in the Archipelago of Saint Paul's Rocks (equatorial Atlantic) inferred from the historical record. Biological Conservation 144, 2873-2881. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.08.004
89. Lyle, J. M. (1986). Mercury and selenium concentrations in sharks from northern Australian waters. Marine and Freshwater Research 37, 309-321.
90. Maljković, A. & Côté, I. M. (2011). Effects of tourism-related provisioning on the trophic signatures and movement patterns of an apex predator, the Caribbean reef shark. Biological Conservation 144, 859-865. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2010.11.019
91. Masunaga, G., Kosuge, T., Asai, N. & Ota, H. (2008). Shark predation of sea snakes (Reptilia: Elapidae) in the shallow waters around the Yaeyama Islands of the southern Ryukyus, Japan. Marine Biodiversity Records 1, e96. doi: 10.1017/S1755267207009700
92. 15N) values in juvenile sharks within nursery areas suggest rapid shifts in energy pathways. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 465, 83-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2015.01.012
93. McCauley, D. J., Young, H. S., Dunbar, R. B., Estes, J. A., Semmens, B. X. & Micheli, F. (2012a). Assessing effects of large mobile predators on ecosystem connectivity. Ecological Applications 23, 1711-1717. doi: 10.1890/11-1653.1
94. McCauley, D. J., McLean, K. A., Bauer, J., Young, H. S. & Micheli, F. (2012b). Evaluating the performance of methods for estimating the abundance of rapidly declining coastal shark populations. Ecological Applications 22, 385-392. doi: 10.1890/11-1059.1
95. McKibben, J. N. & Nelson, D. R. (1986). Patterns of movement and grouping of gray reef sharks, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Enewetak, Marshall Islands. Bulletin of Marine Science 38, 89-110.
96. Meneses, T. S., Pereira, C. W. & Santos, F. N. (2011). Pequenos tubarões costeiros capturados por espinhel de fundo operado por embarcação artesanal no litoral de Sergipe. Arquivos de Ciência do Mar 44, 47-52.
97. Meyer, C. G., Dale, J. J., Papastamatiou, Y. P., Whitney, N. M. & Holland, K. N. (2009). Seasonal cycles and long-term trends in abundance and species composition of sharks associated with cage diving ecotourism activities in Hawaii. Environmental Conservation 36, 104-111. doi: 10.1017/S0376892909990038
98. Meyer, C. G., Papastamatiou, Y. P. & Holland, K. N. (2010). A multiple instrument approach to quantifying the movement patterns and habitat use of tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier) and Galapagos sharks (Carcharhinus galapagensis) at French Frigate Shoals, Hawaii. Marine Biology 157, 1857-1868. doi: 10.1007/s00227-010-1457-x
99. Momigliano, P., Robbins, W. D., Gardner, M. & Stow, A. (2014). Characterisation of 15 novel microsatellite loci for the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos). Conservation Genetics Resources 6, 661-663. doi: 10.1007/s12686-014-0174-z
100. Momigliano, P., Harcourt, R., Robbins, W. D. & Stow, A. (2015). Connectivity in grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) determined using empirical and simulated genetic data. Scientific Reports 5, 13229. doi: 10.1038/srep13229
101. Mourier, J. & Planes, S. (2013). Direct genetic evidence for reproductive philopatry and associated fine-scale migrations in female blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in French Polynesia. Molecular Ecology 22, 201-214. doi: 10.1111/mec.12103
102. Mourier, J., Vercelloni, J. & Planes, S. (2012). Evidence of social communities in a spatially structured network of a free-ranging shark species. Animal Behaviour 83, 389-401. doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.008
103. Mourier, J., Mills, S. C. & Planes, S. (2013). Population structure, spatial distribution and life-history traits of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus. Journal of Fish Biology 82, 979-993. doi: 10.1111/jfb.12039
104. Nadon, M. O., Baum, J. K., Williams, I. D., Mcpherson, J. M., Zgliczynski, B. J., Richards, B. L., Schroeder, R. E. & Brainard, R. E. (2012). Re-creating missing population baselines for pacific reef sharks. Conservation Biology 26, 493-503.
105. Nageon de Lestang, J. (1999). Management of shark fisheries in the Seychelles. In Case studies of the Management of Elasmobranch Fisheries (Shotton, R., ed.), pp. 285-316. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 378/1. 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2012.01835.x
106. Obura, D., Stone, G., Mangubhai, S., Bailey, S., Yoshinaga, A., Holloway, C. & Barrel, R. (2011). Baseline marine biological surveys of the Phoenix Islands, July 2000. Atoll Research Bulletin 589, 1-62.
107. Pandolfi, J. M., Bradbury, R. H., Sala, E., Hughes, T. P., Bjorndal, K. A., Cooke, R. G., McArdle, D., McClenachan, L., Newman, M. J. H., Paredes, G., Warner, R. & Jackson, J. (2003). Global trajectories of the long-term decline of coral reef ecosystems. Science 301, 955-958. doi: 10.1126/science.1085706
108. Papastamatiou, Y. P., Wetherbee, B. M., Lowe, C. G. & Crow, G. L. (2006). Distribution and diet of four species of carcharhinid shark in the Hawaiian Islands: evidence for resource partitioning and competitive exclusion. Marine Ecology Progress Series 320, 239-251. doi: 10.3354/meps320239
109. Papastamatiou, Y. P., Caselle, J. E., Friedlander, a. M. & Lowe, C. G. (2009a). Distribution, size frequency, and sex ratios of blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus at Palmyra Atoll: a predator-dominated ecosystem. Journal of Fish Biology 75, 647-654. doi: 10.3354/meps320239
110. Papastamatiou, Y. P., Lowe, C. G., Caselle, J. E., Friedlander, A. M. & Caselle, E. (2009b). Scale-dependent effects of habitat on movements and path structure of reef sharks at a predator-dominated atoll. Ecology 90, 996-1008. doi: 10.1890/08-0491.1
111. Papastamatiou, Y. P., Friedlander, A. M., Caselle, J. E. & Lowe, C. G. (2010). Long-term movement patterns and trophic ecology of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) at Palmyra Atoll. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 386, 94-102. doi: 10.1016/j.jembe.2010.02.009
112. Papastamatiou, Y., Meyer, C., Kosaki, R., Wallsgrove, N. & Popp, B. (2015). Movements and foraging of predators associated with mesophotic coral reefs and their potential for linking ecological habitats. Marine Ecology Progress Series 521, 155-170. doi: 10.3354/meps11110
113. Pikitch, E. K., Chapman, D. D., Babcock, E. a. & Shivji, M. S. (2005). Habitat use and demographic population structure of elasmobranchs at a Caribbean atoll (Glover's Reef, Belize). Marine Ecology Progress Series 302, 187-197. doi: 10.3354/meps302187
114. Randall, J. E. (1977). Contribution to the biology of the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus). Pacific Science 31, 143-164.
115. Rezzolla, D., Boldrocchi, G. & Storai, T. (2014). Evaluation of a low-cost, non-invasive survey technique to assess the relative abundance, diversity and behaviour of sharks on Sudanese reefs (southern Red Sea). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 94, 599-606. doi: 10.1017/S0025315413001781
116. Richards, B. L., Williams, I. D., Nadon, M. O. & Zgliczynski, B. J. (2011). A towed-diver survey method for mesoscale fishery-independent assessment of large-bodied reef fishes. Bulletin of Marine Science 87, 55-74. doi: 10.5343/bms.2010.1019
117. Richards, B. L., Williams, I. D., Vetter, O. J. & Williams, G. J. (2012). Environmental factors affecting large-bodied coral reef fish assemblages in the Mariana Archipelago. PLoS One 7, e31374. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031374
118. Rizzari, J. R., Frisch, A. J. & Magnenat, K. A. (2014a). Diversity, abundance, and distribution of reef sharks on outer-shelf reefs of the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Marine Biology 161, 2847-2855. doi: 10.1007/s00227-014-2550-3
119. Rizzari, J. R., Frisch, A. J. & Connolly, S. R. (2014b). How robust are estimates of coral reef shark depletion? Biological Conservation 176, 39-47. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.003
120. Rizzari, J. R., Bergseth, B. J. & Frisch, A. J. (2015). Impact of conservation areas on trophic interactions between apex predators and herbivores on coral reefs. Conservation Biology 29, 418-429. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12385
121. Robbins, W. D., Hisano, M., Connolly, S. R. & Choat, J. H. (2006). Ongoing collapse of coral-reef shark populations. Current Biology 16, 2314-2319. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.044
122. Robinson, L. & Sauer, W. H. H. (2013). A first description of the artisanal shark fishery in northern Madagascar: implications for management. African Journal of Marine Science 35, 9-15. doi: 10.2989/1814232X.2013.769906
123. Rooney, N., McCann, K., Gellner, G. & Moore, J. C. (2006). Structural asymmetry and the stability of diverse food webs. Nature 442, 265-269. doi: 10.1038/nature04887
124. Ruppert, J. L. W., Travers, M. J., Smith, L. L., Fortin, M. J. & Meekan, M. G. (2013). Caught in the middle: combined impacts of shark removal and coral loss on the fish communities of coral reefs. PLoS One 8, e74648. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074648
125. Rutterford, L. A., Simpson, S. D., Jennings, S., Johnson, M. P., Blanchard, J. L., Schön, J. P., Sims, D. W., Tinker, J. & Genner, M. J. (2015). Future fish distributions constrained by depth in warming seas. Nature Climate Change 5, 569-574. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2607
126. Sale, P. F. (Ed.) (1991). The Ecology of Fishes on Coral Reefs. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
127. Sale, P. F. (Ed.) (2006). Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
128. Salini, J. P., Blaber, S. J. M. & Brewer, D. T. (1992). Diets of sharks from estuaries and adjacent waters of the north-eastern Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 43, 87-96. doi: 10.1071/MF9920087
129. Sandin, S. A., Smith, J. E., DeMartini, E. E., Dinsdale, E. A., Donner, S. D., Friedlander, A. M., Konotchick, T., Malay, M., Maragos, J. E., Obura, D., Pantos, O., Paulay, G., Richie, M., Rohwer, F., Schroeder, R. E., Walsh, S., Jackson, J., Knowlton, N. & Sala, E. (2008). Baselines and degradation of coral reefs in the Northern Line Islands. PLoS One 3, e1548. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001548
130. Saville, K. J., Lindley, A. M., Maries, E. G., Carrier, J. C. & Pratt, H. L. (2002). Multiple paternity in the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum. Environmental Biology of Fishes 63, 347-351. doi: 10.1023/A:1014369011709
131. Shawky, A. M. & De Maddalena, A. (2013). Human impacts on the presence of sharks at diving sites of the southern Red Sea, Egypt. Bollettino del Museo di Storia Naturale di Venezia 64, 51-62.
132. Smale, M. J. (1996). Cephalopods as prey. IV. Fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 351, 1067-1081. doi: 10.1098/rstb.1996.0094
133. Smith, W. D., Bizzarro, J. J. & Cailliet, G. M. (2009). The artisanal elasmobranch fishery on the east coast of Baja California, Mexico: characteristics and management considerations. Ciencias Marinas 35, 209-236.
134. Soler, G. A., Bessudo, S. & Guzmán, A. (2013). Long term monitoring of pelagic fishes at Malpelo Island, Colombia. Latin American Journal of Conservation 3, 28-37.
135. Speed, C. W., Field, I. C., Meekan, M. G. & Bradshaw, C. J. (2010). Complexities of coastal shark movements and their implications for management. Marine Ecology Progress Series 408, 275-293. doi: 10.3354/meps08581
136. Speed, C. W., Meekan, M. G., Field, I. C., McMahon, C. R., Stevens, J. D., McGregor, F., Huveneers, C., Berger, Y. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2011). Spatial and temporal movement patterns of a multi-species coastal reef shark aggregation. Marine Ecology Progress Series 429, 261-275. doi: 10.3354/meps09080
137. Speed, C. W., Meekan, M. G., Field, I. C., McMahon, C. R., Abrantes, K. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2012). Trophic ecology of reef sharks determined using stable isotopes and telemetry. Coral Reefs 31, 357-367. doi: 10.1007/s00338-011-0850-3
138. Speed, C. W., Meekan, M. G., Field, I. C., McMahon, C. R., Harcourt, R. G., Stevens, J. D., Babcock, R. C., Pillans, R. D. & Bradshaw, C. J. A. (2015). Reef shark movements relative to a coastal marine protected area. Regional Studies in Marine Science (online). doi: 10.1016/j.rsma.2015.05.002
139. Stallings, C. D. (2009). Fishery-independent data reveal negative effect of human population density on Caribbean predatory fish communities. PLoS One 4, e5333. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005333.t00
140. Stevens, J. D. (1984). Life-history and ecology of sharks at Aldabra Atoll, Indian Ocean. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 222, 79-106. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1984.0050
141. Stevens, J. D. & McLoughlin, K. J. (1991). Distribution, size and sex composition, reproductive biology and diet of sharks from northern Australia. Marine and Freshwater Research 42, 151-199.
142. Stevenson, C., Katz, L. S., Micheli, F., Block, B., Heiman, K. W., Perle, C., Weng, K., Dunbar, R. & Witting, J. (2007). High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific islands. Coral Reefs 26, 47-51. doi: 10.1007/s00338-006-0158-x
143. Tavares, R. (2009). Fishery biology of the Caribbean reef sharks, Carcharhinus perezi (Poey, 1876), in a Caribbean insular platform: Los Roques Archipelago National Park, Venezuela. Pan-American Journal of Aquatic Sciences 4, 500-512.
144. Teh, L. S. L., Zeller, D., Cabanban, A., Teh, L. C. & Sumaila, U. R. (2007). High apex predator biomass on remote Pacific islands L. Seasonality and historic trends in the reef fisheries of Pulau Banggi, Sabah, Malaysia. Coral Reefs 26, 251-263. doi: 10.1007/s00338-006-0182-x
145. Tilley, A., López-Angarita, J. & Turner, J. R. (2013). Diet reconstruction and resource partitioning of a Caribbean marine mesopredator using stable isotope Bayesian modelling. PLoS One 8, e79560. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079560
146. Torres-Herrera, M. R. & Tovar-Avila, J. (2014). Temporal variation of shark catches in the islands and central coast of Nayarit, Mexico, based on official landing statistics. Hidrobiologica 24, 99-107.
147. Trebilco, R., Baum, J. K., Salomon, A. K. & Dulvy, N. K. (2013). Ecosystem ecology: size-based constraints on the pyramids of life. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28, 423-431. doi: 10.1016/j.tree.2013.03.008
148. Vanderklift, M. A., Boschetti, F., Roubertie, C., Pillans, R. D., Haywood, M. D. E. & Babcock, R. C. (2014). Density of reef sharks estimated by applying an agent-based model to video surveys. Marine Ecology Progress Series 508, 201-209. doi: 10.3354/meps10813
149. Vianna, G. M. S., Meekan, M. G., Pannell, D. J., Marsh, S. P. & Meeuwig, J. J. (2012). Socio-economic value and community benefits from shark-diving tourism in Palau: a sustainable use of reef shark populations. Biological Conservation 145, 267-277. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2011.11.022
150. Vianna, G. M. S., Meekan, M. G., Meeuwig, J. J. & Speed, C. W. (2013). Environmental influences on patterns of vertical movement and site fidelity of grey reef sharks (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) at aggregation sites. PLoS One 8, e60331. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060331
151. Vianna, G. M. S., Meekan, M. G., Bornovski, T. H. & Meeuwig, J. J. (2014). Acoustic telemetry validates a citizen science approach for monitoring sharks on coral reefs. PLoS One 9, e95565. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095565
152. Vignaud, T. M., Clua, E., Mourier, J., Maynard, J. & Planes, S. (2013). Microsatellite analyses of blacktip reef sharks (Carcharhinus melanopterus) in a fragmented environment show structured clusters. PLoS One 8, e61067. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061067
153. Vignaud, T. M., Mourier, J., Maynard, J. A., Leblois, R., Spaet, J. L. Y., Clua, E., Neglia, V. & Planes, S. (2014). Blacktip reef sharks, Carcharhinus melanopterus, have high genetic structure and varying demographic histories in their Indo-Pacific range. Molecular Ecology 23, 5193-5207. doi: 10.1111/mec.12936
154. Vincent, A. C., Sadovy de Mitcheson, Y. J., Fowler, S. L. & Lieberman, S. (2014). The role of CITES in the conservation of marine fishes subject to international trade. Fish and Fisheries 15, 563-592. doi: 10.1111/faf.12035
155. Ward-Paige, C. A., Mora, C., Lotze, H. K., Pattengill-Semmens, C., McClenachan, L., Arias-Castro, E. & Myers, R. A. (2010). Large-scale absence of sharks on reefs in the greater-Caribbean: a footprint of human pressures. PLoS One 5, e11968. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011968
156. Wetherbee, B. M., Crow, G. L. & Lowe, C. G. (1997). Distribution, reproduction and diet of the gray shark Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos in Hawaii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 151, 181-189. doi: 10.3354/meps151181
157. White, W. T. (2007). Catch composition and reproductive biology of whaler sharks (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae) caught by fisheries in Indonesia. Journal of Fish Biology 71, 1512-1540. doi: 10.1017/S0025315407058572
158. White, W. T. & Sommerville, E. (2010). Elasmobranchs of topical marine ecosystems. In Sharks and their Relatives, Vol. II (Carrier, J. C., Musick, J. A. & Heithaus, M. R., eds), pp. 159-239. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
159. White, E. R., Myers, M. C., Flemming, J. M. & Baum, J. K. (2015). Shifting elasmobranch community assemblage at Cocos Island -an isolated marine protected area. Conservation Biology 29, 1186-1197. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12478
160. Whitney, N. M., Pyle, R. L., Holland, K. N. & Barcz, J. T. (2012a). Movements, reproductive seasonality, and fisheries interactions in the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus) from community-contributed photographs. Environmental Biology of Fishes 93, 121-136. doi: 10.1007/s10641-011-9897-9
161. Whitney, N. M., Robbins, W. D., Schultz, J. K., Bowen, B. W. & Holland, K. N. (2012b). Oceanic dispersal in a sedentary reef shark (Triaenodon obesus): genetic evidence for extensive connectivity without a pelagic larval stage. Journal of Biogeography 39, 1144-1156. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02660.x
162. Wiley, T. R. & Simpfendorfer, C. A. (2007). The ecology of elasmobranchs occurring in the Everglades National Park, Florida: implications for conservation and management. Bulletin of Marine Science 80, 171-189.
163. Williams, I. D., Richards, B. L., Sandin, S. A., Baum, J. K., Schroeder, R. E., Nadon, M. O., Zgliczynski, B., Craig, P., McIlwain, J. L. & Brainard, R. E. (2011). Differences in reef fish assemblages between populated and remote reefs spanning multiple archipelagos across the central and western Pacific. Journal of Marine Biology 2011, 1-14. doi: 10.1155/2011/826234
164. Zanella, I., López-Garro, A., Golfín-Duarte, G. & Saenz, J. C. (2012). Abundancia, tamaño y estructura poblacional del tiburón punta blanca de arrecife, Triaenodon obesus (Carcharhiniformes: Carcharhinidae), en Bahía Chatham, Parque Nacional Isla del Coco, Costa Rica. Revista De Biologia Tropical 60, 339-346.
165. Zhang, Y., Peimao, C. & Xiaoyun, L. (2006). Relationship between food and food habits for main fish species in the transitional waters around coral reefs in the South China Sea. Periodical of Ocean University of China 36, 635-638.
166. Bennett, M. B. & Kyne, P. M. (2003). Hemiscyllium ocellatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41818/0/
167. Bennett, M. B., Gordon, I. & Kyne, P. M. (2003). Carcharhinus galapagensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41736/0/
168. CITES (2015). Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Appendices I, II, and III. Available at https://www.cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php/
169. Corrigan, S. & Huveneers, C. (2011). Orectolobus reticulatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/195439/0/
170. Dudgeon, C. (2012). Hemiscyllium michaeli. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/195438/0/
171. Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (Eds) (2015). FishBase Version 04/2015. Available at http://www.fishbase.org/ (last accessed July 2015).
172. Garayzar, C. V. (2006). Heterodontus mexicanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/60235/0/
173. Heupel, M. R. (2009). Hemiscyllium hallstromi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39375/0/
174. Heupel, M. R. & Kyne, P. M. (2003a). Hemiscyllium hallstromi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41875/0/
175. Heupel, M. R. & Kyne, P. M. (2003b). Hemiscyllium strahani. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41819/0/
176. Huveneers, C. & McAuley, R. B. (2009a). Orectolobus floridus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/161664/0/
177. Huveneers, C. & McAuley, R. B. (2009b). Orectolobus hutchinsi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/42717/0/
178. IUCN (2015). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, Version 2015.2. Available at www.iucnredlist.org (last accessed 30 July 2015).
179. Kyne, P. M. & Heupel, M. R. (2011). Hemiscyllium freycineti. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/199932/0/
180. Kyne, P. M., Rivera, F. & Leandro, L. (2004). Heterodontus quoyi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/44579/0/
181. Moore, A. B. M. (2009). Chiloscyllium arabicum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/161426/0/
182. Nel, R., Yahya, S., Jiddawi, N. & Semesi, S. (2004). Pseudoginglymostoma brevicaudatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/44617/0/
183. Pillans, R. (2003a). Nebrius ferrugineus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41835/0/
184. Pillans, R. (2003b). Eucrossorhinus dasypogon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41873/0/
185. Pillans, R. & Simpfendorfer, C. (2003). Stegostoma fasciatum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41878/0/
186. Pillans, R. Medina, E. & Dulvy, N. K. (2009). Carcharhinus albimarginatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/161526/0/
187. Rosa, R. S., Mancini, P., Caldas, J. P. & Graham, R. T. (2006a). Carcharhinus perezi. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/60217/0/
188. Rosa, R. S., Castro, A. L. F., Furtado, M., Monzini, J. & Grubbs, R. D. (2006b). Ginglymostoma cirratum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/60223/0/
189. Smale, M. J. (2005). Triaenodon obesus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39384/0/
190. Smale, M. J. (2009). Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/39365/0/
191. White, W. T. (2003). Atelomycterus marmoratus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. Available at http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/41730/0/