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0347755518
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note
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The low fecundity and late age at maturity of elasmobranchs (sharks, skates, rays) render these fishes more vulnerable to overexploitation than most teleost fishes, as evidenced by the history of collapsed shark fisheries (6).
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6
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Castro, J.I.1
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Brudek, R.L.3
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0347755517
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note
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We examined all available scientific observer and logbook data for the pelagic longline fleets targeting swordfish and tunas in the Northwest Atlantic: (i) U.S. observers on Japanese boats (1978 to 1988); (ii) U.S. observers on U.S. boats (198S to 2000); (iii) Canadian observers on Japanese boats (1979 to 1984, 1986 to 2000); (iv) Canadian observers on Canadian boats (1979 to 2000); and (v) logbook data from U.S. boats (1986 to 2000). For each of these data sets, we standardized catch per unit effort (CPUE) time series using CLMs to obtain unbiased indices of abundance. Reliable trends could only be estimated from (v). Estimated trends from (i) to (iv) were extremely uncertain and contained much wider year-to-year fluctuations than are realistic according to shark life histories. This is likely the result of limited and/or nonrandom fleet coverage (<5%), or the limited temporal and spatial overlap among data sets.
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11
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0346494799
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note
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If the reporting rate has changed over time, then the ratio of missing values to true zeros will change, and using the assumed zeros to infer trends may lead to biased results.
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13
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0346494800
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note
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Methods and robustness analysis details are available as supporting online material on Science Online.
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0346494801
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FAO, Rome, Fish. Synop. 125
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Compagno, L.J.V.1
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17
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0345863887
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note
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No white sharks have been caught in the 4200 sets monitored since 1990 by the U.S. observer programs for pelagic longline fleets in this region. Before this time, observers had recorded 142 white sharks.
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18
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0345863886
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FAO, Rome
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L. J. V. Compagno, FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, no. 1, vol. 2, Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date (FAO, Rome, 2001).
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Compagno, L.J.V.1
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21
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0347125184
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note
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Controversy over 1997 large coastal shark quota cuts resulted in lawsuits between the fishing industry and the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). In 2002, a lawsuit protesting NMFS's failure to protect these species was also launched.
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23
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K. Brander, Nature 290, 48 (1981).
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0347125185
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U.S. Federal Register, vol. 66, p. 36711. This closure remains enforced to date (U.S. Federal Register, vol. 67, p. 45393).
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U.S. Federal Register
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29
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0347125187
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U.S. Federal Register, vol. 66, p. 36711. This closure remains enforced to date (U.S. Federal Register, vol. 67, p. 45393).
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U.S. Federal Register
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30
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0347125188
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note
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We included sea turtle and finfish species listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and/or NMFS as severely overfished, with further overfishing occurring, threatened, or endangered (see table S2 for details). Common dolphinfish, wahoo, and oilfish were included because they are caught in large numbers, but very little is known about their stock status and sensitivity to overfishing. All species were caught in at least two areas with a minimum sample size of 25 individuals.
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31
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0003522666
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IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK
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IUCN, 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, 2002) (www.redlist.org).
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2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
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Essington, T.1
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34
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Lotze, H.K.2
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Sommer, U.4
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35
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0347755514
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note
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NMFS has reduced directed shark fishery quotas and has also closed areas within the Gulf of Mexico and along the U.S. east coast in 2000 and 2001, respectively, with the aim of reducing incidental catch (of species other than sharks) (31). No analysis has been undertaken to test their effectiveness.
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36
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0004201345
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National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD
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NMFS Final Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Tuna, Swordfish, and Sharks (National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD, 1999).
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(1999)
Final Fishery Management Plan for Atlantic Tuna, Swordfish, and Sharks
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37
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0347755515
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note
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We thank NOAA-NMFS for data; J. Cramer, L. R. Beerkircher, and J. Musick for advice; W. Blanchard, L. Gerber, and M. Ortiz for technical assistance; H. Keith for initial dosed-area model implementation; and H. K. Lotze and H. Whitehead for comments on the manuscript. Many thanks to the longline fishers who provided their logbooks to NMFS. This research is part of a larger project on pelagic longlining initiated and supported by a Pew Charitable Trusts grant to L.B. Crowder and R.A.M., with additional support by Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada scholarships to J.K.B. and D.G.K.
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