Geophysical Exploration and Dynamics of the Alpine Fault Zone

A Continental Plate Boundary: Tectonics at South Island, New Zealand

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 207-233

  Stern, Tim ^a   Okaya, David ^b   Kleffmann, Stefan ^a,c   Scherwath, Martin ^a,d   Henrys, Stuart ^e   Davey, Fred ^e  

^a VICTORIA UNIVERSITY OF WELLINGTON   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c NZ Oil and Gas   (New Zealand)

^d GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^e GNS SCIENCE   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

Continental margins New Zealand South Island; Plate tectonics New Zealand South Island

Indexed keywords

DEWATERING; METAMORPHIC ROCKS; REFLECTION; SEISMIC WAVES; SEISMOLOGY;

DETACHMENT SURFACES; GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION; GEOPHYSICAL OBSERVATIONS; LITHOSPHERIC FLEXURE; LITHOSTATIC PRESSURE; MAGNETOTELLURIC STUDIES; NEW ZEALAND; SEISMIC REFLECTION METHOD;

FAULTING;

EID: 84952658484     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1029/175GM11     Document Type: Chapter

References (78)

1. Anderson, H., and T. H. Webb (1994), New Zealand seismicity patterns revealed by the upgraded National Seismic Network, N. Z. J. Geol. and Geophys., 37, 477-493.
2. Barbier, E. (2002), Geothermal energy technology and current status:an overview, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 6, 3-65.
3. Beaumont, C., P. J. J. Kamp, J. Hamilton, and P. Fullsack (1996), The continental collision zone, South Island, New Zealand; comparison of geodynamical models and observations., J. Geophys. Res., 101, 3333-3359.
4. Blythe, A. E. (1998), Active tectonics and Ultrahigh-pressure rocks, in When continents collide: Geodynamics and Geochemistry of Ultrahigh-pressure Rocks, edited by B. R. Hacker, Liou. J. G., pp. 141-160, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
5. Bodine, J. H., M. S. Steckler, and A. B. Watts (1981), Observations of flexure and rheology of the oceanic lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 86, 3695-3707.
6. Davey, F. J., T. Henyey, S. Kleffmann, A. Melhuish, D. Okaya, T. A. Stern, and D. J. Woodward (1995), Crustal reflections from the Alpine Fault Zone, South Island, New Zealand., N. Z. J. Geol. & Geophys., 38, 601-604.
7. Davey, F. D., T. Henyey, W. S. Holbrook, D. Okaya, T. A. Stern, A. Melhuish, S. Henrys, D. Eberhart-Phillips, T. McEvilly, R. Urhammer, H. Anderson, F. Wu, G. Jiracek, P. Wannamaker, G. Caldwell, and N. Christensen, (1997), Preliminary results from a geophysical study across a modern, continent-continent collisional plate boundary -the Southern Alps, New Zealand., Tectonophysics, 288, 221-235.
8. Dobrin, M. B. (1976), Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting, 630 pp., McGraw-Hill, New York.
9. Fyfe, W. S., N. J. Price, and A. B. Thompson (1978), Fluids in the Earth's Crust, 383 pp., Elsevier, New York.
10. Gair, H. S. (1967), Sheet 20 -Mt Cook. Geological map of New Zealand, 1:250,000, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Wellington.
11. Garrick, R., and T. Hatherton (1973), Seismic velocity studies in the Southern Alps, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol & Geophys, 16, 973-995.
12. Gough, D. I. (1986), Seismic reflectors, conductivity, water and stress in the continental crust, Nature, 323, 143-147.
13. Grapes, R. H. (1995), Uplift and exhumation of Alpine Schist, Southern Alps, New Zealand., N. Z. J. Geol. & Geophys., 38, 525-534.
14. Grapes, R. H., and T. Watanabe (1992), Metamorphism and uplift of the Alpine schist in the Franz Josef-Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand, J. Metamorph. Pet., 10, 171-180.
15. Henrys, S. H., D. J. Woodward, D. Okaya, and J. Yu (2004), Mapping the Moho beneath the Southern Alps continent-continent collision, New Zealand, using wide-angle reflections, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, doi:10.1029/2004GLO20561.
16. Hickman, S., M. D. Zoback, and W. Ellsworth (2004), Introduction to special sections: preparing for the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L12S01, doi:10.1029/2004GL020688.
17. Hole, J. A. (1996), Seismic reflections from the near vertical San Andreas Fault., Geophys. Res. Lett., 23, 237-240.
18. Hole, J. A., R. D. Catchings, K. C. St Clair, M. J. Rymer, D. Okaya, and B. J. Carney (2001), Steep-dip seismic imaging of the shallow San Andreas Fault near Parkfield, Science, 294, 1513-1515.
19. Holt, W. E., and T. A. Stern (1991), Sediment loading on the Western Platform of the New Zealand continent: Implications for the strength of a continental margin, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 107, 523-538.
20. Jones, T. D., and A. Nur (1984), The nature of seismic reflections from deep crustal fault zones, J. Geophys. Res., 89, 3153-3171.
21. Julian, B. (2002), Seismological detection of slab metamorphism, Science, 296, 1625-1626.
22. Kamp, P. J., and J. M. Tippett (1993), Dynamics of Pacific Plate crust in the South Island (New Zealand) zone of oblique continent-continent convergence, J. Geophys. Res., 98, 16,105-116,118.
23. Kanamori, H. (1989), A slow seismic event recorded in Pasadena, Geophys. Res. Lett., 16, 1411-1414.
24. Kanamori, H., and E. Hauksson (1992), A slow earthquake in the Santa Maria Basin, California, Bull. Seis. Soc. Am., 82, 2087-2096.
25. Kennett, B. L. N., and E. R. Engdahl (1991), Travel times for global earthquake location and phase identification, Geophys. J. Int., 105, 429-465.
26. King Hubbert, M., and W. W. Rubey (1959), Role of Fluid pressure in mechanics of overthrust faulting, Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., 70, 115-166.
27. Kleffmann, S. (1999), Crustal structure studies of a transpressional plate boundary -the central South Island of New Zealand, PhD thesis, 233 pp, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington.
28. Kleffmann, S., F. Davey, A. Melhuish, D. Okaya, and T. Stern (1998), Crustal structure in the central South Island from the Lake Pukaki seismic experiment., N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 41, 39-49.
29. Kodaira, S., T. Iidaka, A. Kato, J. O. Park, T. Iwasaki, and Y. Kaneda (2004), High Pore Fluid Pressure May Cause Silent Slip in the Nankai Trough, Science, 304, 1295-1298.
30. Koons, P. O. (1987), Some thermal and mechanical consequences of rapid uplift: an example from the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 86, 307-319.
31. Koons, P. O. (1990), Two-sided orogen; collision and erosion from the sandbox to the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geology, 18, 679-682.
32. Koons, P. O., D. Craw, S. C. Cox, P. Upton, A. S. Templeton, and C. P. Chamberlain (1998), Fluid flow during active oblique convergence: A Southern Alps model from mechanical and geochemical observations, Geology, 26, 159-162.
33. Leitner, B., D. Eberhart-Phillips, H. Anderson, and J. Nabeleck (2001), A focussed look at the Alpine fault, New Zealand: seismicity, focal mechanisms, and stress observations, J. Geophys. Res., 106, 2193-2220.
34. Linde, A. T., M. T. Gladwin, M. J. S. Johnston, R. L. Gwyther, and R. G. Bilham (1996), A slow earthquake sequence on the San Andreas fault, Nature, 383, 65-68.
35. Little, T. A. (2004), Transpressive ductile flow and oblique ramping of lower crust in a two-sided orogen: Insight from quartz grain-shaped fabrics near the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, Tectonics, doi:10.1029/2002TC001456.
36. Little, T. A., S. Cox, J. K. Vry, and G. Batt (2005), Variations in exhumation level and uplift rate along the oblique-slip Alpine fault, central Southern Alps, GSA Bull., 117, 707-723.
37. Little et al. (this volume), Transpression models and ductile deformation of the lower crust of the Pacific Plate in the central Southern Alps, a perspective from structural geology Little, T., R. Wightman, R. J. Holcombe, and M. Hill (this volume), Transpression models and ductile deformation of the lower crust of the Pacific Plate in the central Southern Alps, a perspective from structural geology.
38. Meissner, R., and T. Wever (1992), The possible role of fluids for the structuring of the continental crust, Earth Sci. Rev., 32, 19-32.
39. Molnar, P., H. Anderson, E. Audoine, D. Eberhart-Philips, K. Gledhill, E. Klosko, T. McEvilly, D. Okaya, M. Savage, T. Stern, and F. Wu (1999), Continuous deformation versus faulting through the continental lithosphere of New Zealand, Science, 286, 516-619.
40. Mooney, W. D., and A. Ginzburg (1986), Seismic measurements of the internal properties of fault zones, Pure. Appl. Geophys., 124, 141-157.
41. Nadeau, R. M., and D. Dolenc (2005), Nonvolcanic tremors deep beneath the San Andreas Fault, Science, 307, 389.
42. Norris, R. J., and A. F. Cooper (2003), Very high strains recorded in mylonites along the Alpine Fault, New Zealand: implications for the deep structure of plate boundary faults, J. of Struct. Geol., 25.
43. Norris, R. J., P. O. Koons, and A. F. Cooper (1990), The obliquely convergent plate boundary in the South Island of New Zealand; implications for ancient collision zones, J. Struct. Geology, 12, 715-725.
44. Obara, K. (2002), Nonvolcanic deep tremor associated with subduction in southwestern Japan, Science, 296, 1679-1681.
45. Okaya, D., N. Christensen, D. Stanley, and T. Stern (1995), Crustal anisotropy in the vicinity of the Alpine Fault Zone, South Island New Zealand., N. Z. J. Geol. & Geophys., 38, 579-584.
46. Okaya, D., S. Henrys, and T. Stern (2002), Double-sided onshore-offshore seismic imaging of a Plate Boundary: Super-gathers across South Island of New Zealand, Tectonophysics, 355, 247-263.
47. Okaya, D., T. A. Stern, and S. H. Henrys (2007), Seismic image of continental collision at a transform plate boundary, New Zealand, Science, submitted.
48. Pulford, A., M. K. Savage, and T. A. Stern (2003), Absent anisotropy:the paradox of the Southern Alps orogen, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2003GL017758.
49. Reyners, M. (1987), Subcrustal earthquakes in the central South Island, New Zealand, and the root of the Southern Alps, Geology, 15, 1168-1171.
50. Rice, J. R. (1992), Fault stress states, pore pressure distributions, and the weakness of the San Andreas fault., in Fault mechanics and the transport properties of rocks, edited by B. Evans and T. F. Wong, pp. 475-504, Academic Press, New York.
51. Rogers, G., and H. Dragert (2003), Episodic tremor and slip: the chatter of slow earthquakes, Science, 300, 1942-1944. Savage et al. (this volume).
52. Scherwath, M., T. Stern, A. Melhusih, and P. Molnar (2002), Pn anisotropy and distributed upper mantle deformation associated with a continental transform fault, Geophys. Res. Lett., doi:10.1029/2001GL014179.
53. Scherwath, M., T. A. Stern, F. J. Davey, D. Okaya, W. S. Holbrooke, R. Davies, and S. Kleffmann (2003), Lithospheric structure across oblique continental collision in New Zealand from wide-angle P-wave modeling, J. Geophys. Res., doi:10.1029/2002JB002286.
54. Scholz, C. (2000), Evidence for a strong San Andreas fault., Geology, 28, 163-166.
55. Shelly, D. R., G. C. Beroza, S. Ide, and S. Nakamula (2006), Lowfrequency earthquakes in Shikoku, Japan, and their relationship to episodic tremor and slip, Nature, 442, 188-191.
56. Sheriff, R. E., and L. P. Geldart (1995), Exploration Seismology, 2nd ed., 592 pp., Cambridge University Press.
57. Shi, Y., R. Allis, and F. Davey (1996), Thermal modelling of the Southern Alps, Pure. Appl. Geophys., 146, 469-501.
58. Sibson, R. H. (1986), Earthquakes and rock deformation on a crustal fault, Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 14, 149-176.
59. Simpson, D. W. (1986), Triggered earthquakes, Ann Rev. Earth and Planet Sci., 14, 21-42.
60. Smith, E. G., C., T. Stern, and B. O'Brien (1995), A seismic velocity profile across the central South Island, New Zealand, from explosion data, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 565-570.
61. Stern, T., S. Kleffmann, D. Okaya, M. Scherwath, and S. Bannister (2001), Low seismic wave-speeds and enhanced fluid pressure beneath the Southern Alps, New Zealand, Geology, 29, 679-682.
62. Stern, T. A. (1995), Gravity anomalies and crustal loading at and adjacent to the Alpine Fault, New Zealand, N. Z. J. Geol. Geophys., 38, 593-600.
63. Stern, T. A., and J. H. McBride (1998), Seismic exploration of strike-slip zones, Special issue: Deep Seismic Profiling of the Continents: General Results and New Methods, Tectonophysics, 286, 63-78.
64. Stern, T. A., P. Molnar, D. Okaya, and D. Eberhart-Phillips (2000), Teleseismic P-wave delays and modes of shortening the mantle beneath the South Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 21,615-621,631.
65. Stewart, J., and A. B. Watts (1997), Gravity anomalies and spatial variations of flexural rigidity at mountain ranges, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 5327-5352.
66. Sutherland, R., D. Eberhart-Phillips, R. A. Harris, T. Stern, J. Beavan, S. Ellis, S. Henrys, S. Cox, R. J. Norris, K. R. Berryman, J. Townend, S. Bannister, J. Pettinga, B. Leitner, L. Wallace, T. A. Little, A. F. Cooper, M. Yetton, and M. Stirling (this volume), Do great earthquakes occur on the Alpine fault in central South Island, New Zealand? Townend, J., and Z. Zoback (2001), Implications of earthquake focal mechanisms for the frictional strength of the San Andreas fault system, Special Publication of the geological Society of London, in press.
67. Tullis, T. E., and J. Tullis (1986), Experimental rock deformation techniques., in Mineral and Rock Deformation: Laboratory Studies, edited by B. E. Hobbs, Heard, H. C., American Geophysical Union, Washington.
68. van Avendonk, H., W. S. Holbrook, D. Okaya, J. Austin, F. Davey, and T. Stern (2004), Continental crust under compression: a seismic reflection study of South Island Geophysical Transect 1, South Island, New Zealand, J. Geophys. Res., 109, doi:10.1029/2003JB002790.
69. Vry, J. K., A. C. Storkey, and C. Harris (2001), Role of fluids in the metamorphism of the Alpine Fault Zone, New Zealand, J. Metamorphic Geol., 19, 21-31.
70. Wannamaker, P. E., G. R. Jiracek, J. A. Stodt, T. G. Caldwell, V. M. Gonzalez, J. D. McKnight, and A. D. Porter (2002), Fluid generation and pathways beneath an active compressional orogen, the New ZealandSouthern Alps, inferred from magnetotelluric data, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 2117, doi2110.1029/2001JB000186.
71. Warner, M. (1987), Migration -why doesn't it work for deep continental data?, Geophys. J. R. astron. Soc., 89, 21-26.
72. Warner, M. (1990), Absolute reflection coefficients from deep seismic reflections, Tectonophysics, 173, 15-23.
73. Warner, M. (2004), Free water and seismic reflectivity in the lower continental crust, J. of Geophysics and Engineering, 1, 88-101.
74. Watts, A. B. (2001), Isostasy and flexure of the lithosphere, 458 pp., Cambridge University Press.
75. Wellman, H. W. (1979), An uplift map for the South Island of New Zealand, Bull. Roy. Soc. N. Z., 18, 13-20.
76. Wightman, R. H., and T. A. Little (this volume), Deformation of the Pacific Plate above the Alpine Fault ramp and its relationship to expulsion of metamorphic fluids: an array of backshears.
77. Zeitler, P. K., A. S. Meltzer, P. O. Koons, D. Craw, B. Hallet, C. P. Chamberlin, W. S. F. Kidd, S. K. Park, L. Seeber, M. Bishop, and J. Shroder (2001), Erosion, himalayan geodynamics, and the geomorphology of metamorphism, GSA Today, 11, 4-9.
78. Zoback, M. (2000), Strength of the San Andreas, Nature, 405, 31.