Rainforest cowboys: The rise of ranching and cattle culture in western amazonia

Rainforest Cowboys: The Rise of Ranching and Cattle Culture in Western Amazonia

Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 1-196

  Hoelle, Jeffrey ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84951945351     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.7560/761346     Document Type: Book

References (226)

1. Adams, Ryan. 2008. “Large-Scale Mechanized Soybean Farming in Amazonia.” Culture and Agriculture 30 (1): 32-37.
2. Adams, Ryan. 2010. “Elite Landowners in Satarém: Ranchers, Gaúchos, and the Arrival
3. of Soybeans in the Amazon.” PhD diss., Indiana University.
4. Allegretti, Mary. 2002. “A construcáo social de políticas ambientais: Chico Men- des e o movimento dos seringueiros” (The social construction of environmental policy: Chico Mendes and the rubber-tapper movement). PhD diss., Univer- sidade de Brasilia.
5. Almeida, Ana Luisa de Ozorio. 1992. The Colonization of the Amazon. Austin: University of Texas Press.
6. Alves de Souza, C. A. 2008. História do Acre (History of Acre). Rio Branco: Carlos Alberto Alves de Souza.
7. Arima, Eugenio, Paulo Barreto, and Marky Brito. 2006. Cattle Ranching in the Amazon: Trends and Implications for Environmental Conservation. Belém, Brazil: IMAZON.
8. Arima, Eugenio Y., Peter Richards, Robert Walker, and Marcellus M. Caldas. 2011. “Statistical Confirmation of Indirect Land Use Change in the Brazilian Amazon.” Environmental Research Letters 6 (2): 024010.
9. Atran, Scott, Douglas Medin, Norbet Ross, Elizabeth Lynch, John Coley, Ediberto Ucan Ek, and Valentina Vapnarsky. 1999. “Folkecology and Commons Man-agement in the Maya Lowlands.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 96 (13): 7598-7603.
10. Aunger, Robert. 1999. “Against Idealism/Contra Consensus.” Current Anthropology 40:S93-S101.
11. Bakx, Keith. 1988. “From Proletarian to Peasant: Rural Transformation in the State of Acre, 1870-1986.” Journal of Development Studies 24 (2): 141-160.
12. Balée, William. 2006. “The Research Program of Historical Ecology.” Annual Review of Anthropology 35:75-98.
13. Barona, Elizabeth, Navin Ramankutty, Glenn Hyman, and Oliver T. Coomes. 2010. “The Role of Pasture and Soybean in Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon.” Environmental Research Letters 5 (2): 024002.
14. Barth, Fredrik. 1956. “Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan.” American Anthropologist 58 (6): 1079-1089.
15. Barth, Fredrik. 1969. “Ecological Relationships of Ethnic Groups in Swat, North Pakistan.” In Environment and Cultural Behavior: Ecological Studies in Cultural Anthropology, ed. A. P. Vayda, 362-376. Garden City, NY: Natural History Press.
16. Bennett, John W. 1969. Northern Plainsmen: Adaptive Strategy and Agrarian Life. Chicago: Aldine.
17. Bernard, H. Russell. 2000. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18. Barth, Fredrik. 2012. “The Science in Social Science.” Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences 109 (51): 20796-20799.
19. Biersack, Aletta. 1999. “Introduction: From the ‘New Ecology’ to the New Ecolo-gies.” American Anthropologist 101 (1): 5-18.
20. Bishko, C. J. 1952. “The Peninsular Background of Latin American Cattle Ranch-ing.” Hispanic American Historical Review 32 (4): 491-515.
21. Blaikie, Piers, and Harold Brookfield. 1987. Land Degradation and Society. London: Methuen.
22. Borgatti, Stephen P., Martin G. Everett, and Linton C. Freeman. 2002. UCINET 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.
23. Bourdieu, Pierre. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
24. Brazilian Federal Public Ministry. 2012. Carne legal (Legal beef). http://www.carnelegal.mpf.gov.br/. Accessed Aug. 29, 2012.
25. Browder, J. O., and B. J. Godfrey. 1997. Rainforest Cities: Urbanization, Development, and Globalization of the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press.
26. Brubaker, R., and F. Cooper. 2000. “Beyond ‘Identity.’” Theory and Society 29: 1-47.
27. Butzer, Karl. 1988. “Cattle and Sheep from Old to New Spain: Historical Anteced-ents.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78 (1): 29-56.
28. Campbell, D. G. 2007. A Land of Ghosts: The Braided Lives of People and the Forest in the Far Western Amazon. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
29. Campbell, D. G., and H. D. Hammond, eds. 1989. Floristic Inventory of Tropical Countries. New York: New York Botanical Garden.
30. Cancian, Frank. 1989. “Economic Behavior in Peasant Communities.” In Economic Anthropology, ed. Stuart Plattner, 127-170. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
31. Charnley, S., and W. H. Durham. 2010. “Anthropology and Environmental Policy: What Counts?” American Anthropologist 112 (3): 397-415.
32. Chavez, Leo, F. Allan Hubbell, Juliet McMullin, Rebecca Martinez, and Shiraz Mishra. 1995. “Structure and Meanings in Models of Breast and Cervical Cancer Risk Factors.” Medical Anthropology Quarterly 9 (1): 40-74.
33. Chayanov, A. V. 1986. The Theory of the Peasant Economy. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
34. Chibnik, Michael. 1991. “Quasi-Ethnic Groups in Amazonia.” Ethnology 30 (2): 167-182.
35. Cleary, David. 1993. “After the Frontier: Problems with Political Economy in the Modern Brazilian Amazon.” Journal of Latin American Studies 25 (2): 331-349.
36. Clifford, James. 1988. The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
37. Cohen, Abner. 1981. The Politics of Elite Culture: Explorations in the Dramaturgy of Power in a Modern African Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
38. Colson, Elizabeth. 1955. “Native Cultural and Social Patterns in Contemporary Africa.” In Africa Today, ed. C. G. Haines, 69-89. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
39. Comaroff, Jean, and John L. Comaroff. 1990. “Goodly Beast, Beastly Goods: Cattle and Commodities in the South African Context.” American Ethnologist 17 (2): 195-216.
40. Conklin, Beth A., and Laura R. Graham. 1995. “The Shifting Middle Ground: Am-azonian Indians and Eco-politics.” American Anthropologist 97 (4): 695-710.
41. Cosgrove, Denis. 1984. Social Formation and Symbolic Landscape. London: Croom Helm.
42. Cowell, Adrian. 1990. The Decade of Destruction. London: Hodder and Stoughton.
43. “The Cradle of Life.” 2011. Wild Amazon. TV. Produced by Mitch Turnbull. National Geographic Channel.
44. Cronon, William. 1983. Changes in the Land: Indians, Colonists, and the Ecology of New England. New York: Hill and Wang.
45. Crumley, Carol. 1994. Historical Ecology: Cultural Knowledge and Changing Landscapes. Santa Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research.
46. Cunha, Euclides da. 1944. Rebellion in the Backlands [Os sertoes]. Trans. Samuel Putnam. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
47. Daly, Douglas C., and Ghillean T. Prance. 1989. “Brazilian Amazon.” In Floris- tic Inventory of Tropical Countries, ed. D. G. Campbell and H. D. Hammond, 401-426. New York: New York Botanical Garden.
48. Dary, David. 1981. Cowboy Culture. New York: Knopf.
49. Davis, Shelton. 1977. Victims of the Miracle: Development and the Indians of Brazil. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
50. Dean, Warren. 1987. Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Denevan, William M. 1992. “The Pristine Myth: The Landscape of the Americas in 1492.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 82 (3): 369385.
52. Dent, Alexander Sebastian. 2009. River of Tears: Country Music, Memory, and Modernity in Brazil. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
53. Descola, Philippe. 1994. In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
54. Descola, Philippe. 2013. Beyond Nature and Culture. Trans. Janet Lloyd. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
55. Deshler, W. W. 1965. “Native Cattle Keeping in Eastern Africa.” In Man, Culture, and Animals, ed. Anthony Leeds and A. P. Vayda, 153-168. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
56. DeWalt, B. R. 1983. “The Cattle Are Eating the Forest.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist 39:18-23.
57. Dove, Michael, and Carol Carpenter. 2007. “Introduction: Major Historical Currents in Environmental Anthropology.” In Environmental Anthropology: A Historical Reader, ed. Michael Dove and Carol Carpenter, 1-86. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
58. Dressler, William, Jose Ernesto dos Santos, and Mauro Campos Baleiro. 1996. “Studying Diversity and Sharing in Culture: An Example of Lifestyle in Brazil.” Journal of Anthropological Research 52 (3): 331-353.
59. Durning, Alan B., and Holly B. Brough. 1991. Taking Stock: Animal Farming and the Environment. Worldwatch Paper 103. Washington, DC: Worldwatch Institute.
60. Dyson-Hudson, Rada, and Neville Dyson-Hudson. 1980. “Nomadic Pastoralism.” Annual Review of Anthropology 9:15-61.
61. Edelman, Marc. 1995. “Rethinking the Hamburger Thesis: Deforestation and the Crisis of Central America’s Beef Exports.” In The Social Causes of Environmental Destruction in Latin America, ed. Michael Painter and William H. Durham, 25-62. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
62. EDF (Environmental Defense Fund). N.d. “Ready for REDD: Acre’s State Programs for Sustainable Development and Deforestation Control.” Environmental Defense Fund. http://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/Acre_Ready_for _REDD_EDF.pdf. Accessed Sept. 20, 2013.
63. Ehringhaus, Christiane. 2005. “Post-Victory Dilemmas: Land Use, Development, and Social Movement in Amazonian Extractive Reserves.” PhD diss., Yale University.
64. Ensminger, Jean. 1992. Making a Market: The Institutional Transformation of an African Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Evans-Pritchard, E. E. 1940. The Nuer. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
66. Fabian, Johannes. 2002. Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes Its Object. New York: Columbia University Press.
67. Faminow, M. D. 1998. Cattle, Deforestation, and Development in the Amazon: An Economic, Agronomic, and Environmental Perspective. New York: CAB International.
68. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2006. “Cattle Ranching and Deforestation.” Livestock Policy Brief 3. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep /fao/010/a0262e/a0262e00.pdf. Accessed April 19, 2012.
69. Fearnside, Philip. 2005. “Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: History, Rates, and Consequences.” Conservation Biology 19 (3): 680-688.
70. Ferguson, James. 1985. “The Bovine Mystique: Power, Property, and Livestock in Rural Lesotho.” Man, n.s., 20 (4): 647-674.
71. Ferguson, James. 2006. Global Shadows: Africa in the Neoliberal World Order. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
72. Foweraker, Joe. 1981. The Struggle for Land: A Political Economy of the Pioneer Frontier in Brazil from 1930 to the Present Day. Cambridge: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
73. Galvin, Kathleen A. 2009. “Transitions: Pastoralists Living with Change.” Annual Review of Anthropology 38:185-198.
74. Gezon, Lisa, and Susan Paulson. 2005. “Place, Power, Difference: Multiscale Re-search at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century.” In Political Ecology across Spaces, Scales, and Social Groups, ed. Susan Paulson and Lisa Gezon, 1-16. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
75. Glacken, Clarence J. 1973. Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press.
76. Goldschmidt, Walter. 1969. Kambuya’s Cattle: The Legacy of an African Herdsman. Berkeley: University of California Press.
77. Gomes, C. V. 2009. “Twenty Years after Chico Mendes: Extractive Reserves’ Ex-pansion, Cattle Adoption, and Evolving Self-Definition among Rubber Tappers in the Brazilian Amazon.” PhD diss., University of Florida.
78. Gomes, C. V., J. M. Vadjunec, and S. G. Perz. 2012. “Rubber Tapper Identities: Political-Economic Dynamics, Livelihood Shifts, and Environmental Implica-tions in a Changing Amazon.” Geoforum 43 (2): 260-271.
79. Gongalves, D. N., and Franco Iacomini. 1997. “O Brasil cowboy” (The Brazilian cowboy). Veja, Aug. 27. http://veja.abril.com.br/270897/p_092.html. Accessed Jan. 15, 2011.
80. Governo do Acre. 2006. Zoneamento ecologico-economico, fase II (Ecological- economic zoning, phase II). Rio Branco: SEMA.
81. Gravlee, Clarence. 2005. “Ethnic Classification in Southeastern Puerto Rico: The Cultural Model of ‘Color.’” Social Forces 83 (3): 949-970.
82. Greenpeace Brasil. 2009. O farra do boi na Amazonia (The Festival of the Oxen in Amazonia). Sao Paulo: Greenpeace Brasil.
83. Gupta, Akhil, and James Ferguson. 1992. “Beyond ‘Culture’: Space, Identity, and the Politics of Difference.” Cultural Anthropology 7 (1): 6-23.
84. Hale, Charles R. 1996. Resistance and Contradiction: Miskitu Indians and the Nicaraguan State, 1894-1987. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
85. Hale, Charles R. 1997. “Cultural Politics of Identity in Latin America.” Annual Review ofAnthropology 26:567-590.
86. Hames, Raymond. 2007. “The Ecologically Noble Savage Debate.” Annual Review of Anthropology 36:177-190.
87. Handwerker, W. Penn. 2002. “The Construct Validity of Cultures: Cultural Di-versity, Culture Theory, and a Method for Ethnography.” American Anthro-pologist 104 (1): 106-122.
88. Harris, Mark. 2000. Life on the Amazon: The Anthropology of a Brazilian Peasant Village. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
89. Harris, Mark. 2004. “Introduction.” Some Other Amazonians: Perspectives on Modern Amazonia, ed. Mark Harris and Stephen Nugent, 1-11. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas.
90. Harris, Marvin. 1956. Town and Country in Brazil. New York: Norton.
91. Harris, Marvin. 1966. “The Cultural Ecology of India’s Sacred Cow.” Current Anthropology 33 (1): 261-276.
92. Harris, Marvin. 1985. Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture. New York: Simon andSchuster.
93. Hecht, Susanna. 1982. “The Environmental Effects of Cattle Development in the Amazon Basin.” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley.
94. Hecht, Susanna. 1993. “The Logic of Livestock and Deforestation in Amazonia.” Bioscience 43 (10): 687-695.
95. Hecht, Susanna. 2012. “From Eco-Catastrophe to Zero Deforestation? Interdisciplinarities, Politics, Environmentalisms and Reduced Clearing in Amazonia.” Environmental Conservation 39 (1): 4-19.
96. Hecht, Susanna, and Alexander Cockburn. 1989. The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon. London: Verso.
97. Heckenberger, Michael, Afukaka Kuikuro, Urissapa Tabata Kuikuro, J. Christian Russel, Morgan Schmidt, Carlos Fausto, and Bruna Franchetto. 2007. “Amazo-nia, 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?” Science 301:1710-1713.
98. Herskovits, Melville J. 1926. “The Cattle Complex in East Africa.” American An-thropologist 28 (1): 230-272.
99. Hobsbawm, E. J. 2013. Fractured Times: Culture and Society in the Twentieth Century. London: Little, Brown.
100. Hutchinson, Sharon. 1996. Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War, and the State. Berkeley: University of California Press.
101. IBGE. 2008. Brazilian Institute of Statistics and Geography. http://www.ibge.gov.br/english. Accessed July 1, 2009.
102. Ingold, Tim. 1980. Hunters, Pastoralists, and Ranchers: Reindeer Economies and Their Transformations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
103. Jarvis, Lovell. 1986. Livestock in Latin America. New York: Oxford University Press.
104. Jordan, Terry G. 1993. North American Cattle-Ranching Frontiers: Origins, Diffusion, and Differentiation. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
105. Kaimowitz, David, B. Mertens, Sven Wunder, and Paulo Pacheco. 2004. Hamburger Connection Fuels Amazon Destruction. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.
106. Kainer, Karen, Marianne Schmink, A. C. Pinheiro Leite, and M. J. da Silva Fadell. 2003. “Experiments in Forest-Based Development in the Western Amazon.” Society and Natural Resources 16:869-886.
107. Kawa, Nicholas C. 2012. “Magic Plants of Amazonia and Their Contribution to Agrobiodiversity.” Human Organization 71 (3): 225-233.
108. Keck, Margaret E. 1995. “Social Equity and Environmental Politics in Brazil: Lessons from the Rubber Tappers of Acre.” Comparative Politics 27 (4): 409424.
109. Knauft, Bruce. 1996. Genealogies for the Present. New York: Routledge.
110. Kottak, Conrad. 1990. Prime-Time Society: An Anthropological Analysis of Television and Culture. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
111. Krech, Shepard. 2000. The Ecological Indian: Myth and History. New York; London: Norton.
112. Lawrence, Elizabeth A. 1990. “Rodeo Horses: The Wild and the Tame.” In Signifying Animals, ed. Roy Willis, 222-235. London: Unwin Hyman.
113. Lea, Tom. 1957. The King Ranch. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown.
114. Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1969. Totemism. Boston: Beacon.
115. Limón, José E. 1989. “‘Carne, carnales,’ and the Carnivalesque: Bakhtinian ‘batos,’ Disorder, and Narrative Discourses.” American Ethnologist 16 (3): 471-486.
116. Little, Paul. 1999. “Environments and Environmentalisms in Anthropological Research: Facing a New Millennium.” Annual Review of Anthropology 28: 253-284.
117. Loker, William. 1993. “The Human Ecology of Cattle Raising in the Peruvian Amazon: The View from the Farm.” Human Organization 52 (1): 14-24.
118. Loy, Jane M. 1981. “Horsemen of the Tropics: A Comparative View of the Llaneros in the History of Venezuela and Colombia.” Boletín Americanista 31:159-171.
119. Luzar, Jeffrey. 2006. “Roads, Governance, and Land Use in the Brazilian State of Acre.” PhD diss., University of Florida.
120. Mahar, Dennis. 1989. Frontier Policy in Brazil: A Study of Amazonia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
121. Marcus, George. 1983. Elites: Ethnographic Issues. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
122. Martinello, Pedro. 2004. A batalha da borracha na Segunda Guerra Mundial (The rubber battle in the Second World War). Rio Branco: EDUFAC.
123. Marx, Karl. 1977 [1867]. Capital. Vol. I. New York: Random House/Vintage.
124. Mazza, Cristina, Carlos Mazza, Jose Sereno, Sandra Santos, and Aiesca Pellegrin. 1994. Etnobiologia e conservagao do bovino pantaneiro (Ethnobiology and conservation of Pantaneiro cattle in Brazil). Brasilia: EMBRAPA.
125. McCabe, Terrance. 2004. Cattle Bring Us to Our Enemies: Turkana Ecology, History, and Raiding in a Disequilibrium System. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
126. McCann, Bryan. Forthcoming. “Popular Culture in Emergent Brazil.” In Emergent Brazil, ed. Jeffrey Needell. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
127. Meggars, Betty. 1971. Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise. Arlington Heights, IL: AHM.
128. Meillassoux, Claude. 1980. “From Reproduction to Production: A Marxist Ap-proach to Economic Anthropology.” In The Articulation of Modes of Production, ed. H. Wolpe, 189-201. London: Routledge.
129. Mitchell, S. T. 2010. “Paranoid Styles of Nationalism after the Cold War: Notes from an Invasion of the Amazon.” In Anthropology and Global Insurgency, ed. J. D. Kelly et al., 89-104. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
130. Moog, Clodomir Vianna. 1994. “Bandeirantes and Pioneers.” In Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History, ed. David J. Weber and Jane M. Rausch, 165-172. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Books.
131. Moore, S. F. 1993. “Changing Perspectives on a Changing Africa: The Work of An-thropology.” In Africa and the Disciplines, ed. Robert Bates, V. Y. Mudimbe, and Jean O’Barr, 3-57. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
132. Moran, Emilio. 1981. Developing the Amazon. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
133. Moran, Emilio. 1982. “Ecological, Anthropological, and Agronomic Research in the Amazon Basin.” Latin American Research Review 17 (1): 3-41.
134. Moran, Emilio. 1993. “Deforestation and Land Use in the Brazilian Amazon.” Human Ecology 21 (1): 1-21.
135. Mortiz, Mark, Kristen Ritchey, and Saidou Kari. 2011. “The Social Context of Herding Contracts in the Far North Region of Cameroon.” Journal of Modern African Studies 49 (2): 263-285.
136. Mosca, Gaetano. 1939. The Ruling Class. New York: McGraw-Hill.
137. Mullin, Molly H. 1999. “Mirrors and Windows: Sociocultural Studies of Human-Animal Relationships.” Annual Review of Anthropology 28:201-224.
138. Myers, Norman. 1981. “How Central America’s Forests Became North America’s Hamburgers.” Ambio 10 (1): 3-8.
139. Nader, Laura. 1972. “Up the Anthropologist-Perspectives Gained from Studying Up.” In Reinventing Anthropology, ed. Dell H. Hymes, 284-311. New York: Pantheon.
140. Nations, James, and Daniel Komer. 1983. “Rainforests and the Hamburger Society.” Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 25 (3): 1983.
141. Nepstad, Daniel, Britaldo S. Soares-Filho, Frank Merry, Andre Lima, Paulo Mou- tinho, John Carter, Maria Bowman, et al. 2009. “The End of Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.” Science 326:1350-1351.
142. Netting, Robert. 1993. Smallholders, Householders: Farm Families and the Ecology of Intensive, Sustainable Agriculture. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
143. Nichols, Madaline Wallis. 1968. The Gaucho. New York: Guardian Press.
144. Nugent, Stephen. 1993. Amazonian Caboclo Society: An Essay on Invisibility and Peasant Economy. Providence, RI: Berg.
145. Oliven, G. O. 2000. “‘The Largest Popular Culture Movement in the Western World’: Intellectuals and Gaucho Traditionalism in Brazil.” American Ethnologist 27 (1): 128-146.
146. Olwig, Kenneth. 2002. Landscape, Nature, and the Body Politic: From Britain’s Renaissance to America’s New World. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
147. Orlove, Benjamin S. 1980. “Ecological Anthropology.” Annual Review of Anthro-pology 9:235-273.
148. Ortner, Sherry B. 1974. “Is Female to Male as Nature Is to Culture?” In Readings in Ecology and Feminist Theology, ed. Mary Heather McKinnon and Moni McIntyre, 36-55. Kansas City, MO: Sheed and Ward.
149. Ortner, Sherry B. 2006. Anthropology and Social Theory. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
150. Pace, Richard. 2009. “Television’s Interpellation: Heeding, Missing, Ignoring, and Resisting the Call for Pan-National Identity in the Brazilian Amazon.” American Anthropologist 111 (4): 407-419.
151. Pace, Richard, and Brian Hinote. 2013. Amazon Town TV: An Audience Ethnography in Gurupd, Brazil. Austin: University of Texas Press.
152. Pacheco, Pablo, and René Poccard-Chapuis. 2012. “The Complex Evolution of Cattle Ranching Development amid Market Integration and Policy Shifts in the Brazilian Amazon.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102 (6): 1366-1390.
153. Pareto, Vilfredo. 1968. The Rise and Fall of Elites: An Application of Theoretical Sociology. Totowa, NJ: Bedminster.
154. Pàrssinen, M., D. Schaan, and A. Ranzi. 2009. “Pre-Columbian Geometric Earth-works in the Upper Purus: A Complex Society in Western Amazonia.” Antiquity 83 (322): 1084-1095.
155. Perramond, Eric. 2010. Political Ecologies of Cattle Ranching in Northern Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.
156. Perz, Stephen G., Liliana Cabrera, Lucas Araujo Carvalho, Jorge Castillo, and Grenville Barnes. 2010. “Global Economic Integration and Local Community Resilience: Road Paving and Rural Demographic Change in the Southwestern Amazon.” Rural Sociology 75 (2): 300-325.
157. Perz, Stephen G., Liliana Cabrera, Lucas Araujo Carvalho, Jorge Castillo, Ros- mery Chacacanta, Rosa E. Cossio, Yeni Franco Solano, et al. 2011. “Regional Integration and Local Change: Road Paving, Community Connectivity, and Social-Ecological Resilience in a Tri-national Frontier, Southwestern Amazonia.” Regional Environmental Change 12 (1): 35-53.
158. Phillips, O., A. H. Gentry, C. Reynel, P. Wilkin, and B. Galvez-Durand. 1994. “Quantitative Ethnobotany and Amazonian Conservation.” Conservation Biology 8 (1): 225-248.
159. Plattner, Stuart. 1989. “Marxism.” In Economic Anthropology, ed. Stuart Plattner, 379-398. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
160. Polanyi, Karl. 1958. “The Economy as an Instituted Process.” In Trade and Markets in the Early Empires, ed. Karl Polanyi, Conrad Arensberg, and Harry Pearson, 243-270. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
161. Porro, Noemi. 2002. “Rupture and Resilience: Gender Relations and Life Trajec-tories in the Babagu Palm Forests of Brazil.” PhD diss., University of Florida.
162. Posey, Darrell. 1985. “Indigenous Management of Tropical Forest Ecosystems: The Case of the Kayapó Indians of the Brazilian Amazon.” Agroforestry Systems 3 (2): 139-158.
163. Raffles, Hugh. 2002. In Amazonia: A Natural History. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
164. Redford, Kent H. 1991. “The Ecologically Noble Savage.” Cultural Survival Quarterly 15 (1): 46-48.
165. Resor, Randolph. 1977. “Rubber in Brazil: Dominance and Collapse, 1876-1945.” Business History Review 51 (3): 341-366.
166. Revkin, Andrew. 1990. The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rainforest. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
167. Rifkin, Jeremy. 1993. Beyond Beef: The Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture. New York: Plume.
168. Rimas, Andrew, and Evan Fraser. 2008. Beef: The Untold Story of How Milk, Meat, and Muscle Shaped the World. New York: HarperCollins.
169. Rival, Laura. 2002. Trekking through History. New York: Columbia University Press.
170. Rivière, Peter. 1972. The Forgotten Frontier: Ranchers of North Brazil. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
171. Robben, Antonius C. G. M. 1989. Sons of the Sea Goddess: Economic Practice and Discursive Practice in Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.
172. Robbins, Paul. 2007. Lawn People. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
173. Romney, A. K., S. C. Weller, and W. H. Batchelder. 1986. “Culture as Consensus: A Theory of Culture and Informant Accuracy.” American Anthropologist 88 (2): 313-338.
174. Roseberry, William. 1989. Anthropologies and Histories: Essays in Culture, History, and Political Economy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
175. Rudel, Thomas K., Diane Bates, and Rafael Machinguiashi. 2002. “Ecologically Noble Amerindians? Cattle Ranching and Cash Cropping among Shuar and Colonists in Ecuador.” Latin American Research Review 37 (1): 144-159.
176. Sahlins, Marshall. 1972. Stone Age Economics. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
177. Said, Edward. 2003. Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient. London: Penguin.
178. Salisbury, David, and Marianne Schmink. 2007. “Cows versus Rubber: Changing Livelihoods among Amazonian Extractivists.” Geoforum 38 (6): 1233-1249.
179. Santos, Roberto. 1980. História econòmica da Amazonia (History and economy of Amazonia). Sao Paulo: Queiroz.
180. Sarmiento, Domingo. 1868. Life in the Argentine Republic in the Days of the Tyrants; or, Civilization and Barbarism. New York: Hurd and Houghton.
181. Sayre, Nathan. 1999. “The Cattle Boom in Southern Arizona: Towards a Critical Political Ecology.” Journal of the Southwest 41 (2): 239-271.
182. Schmink, Marianne. 1982. “Land Conflicts in Amazonia.” American Ethnologist 9 (2): 341-357.
183. Schmink, Marianne. 2011. “Forest Citizens: Changing Life Conditions and Social Identities in the Land of the Rubber Tappers.” Latin American Research Review 46: 141-158.
184. Schmink, Marianne, and Mancio Lima Cordeiro. 2008. Rio Branco: A cidade da florestania (Rio Branco: The city of the forest). Belem, Brazil: Universidade Federal do Para.
185. Schmink, Marianne, and Charles Wood. 1992. Contested Frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press.
186. Schneider, Harold K. 1957. “The Subsistence Role of Cattle among the Pakot and in East Africa.” American Anthropologist 59 (2): 278-300.
187. Schwartzman, Stephan. 1989. “Extractive Reserves: The Rubber Tappers’ Strategy for Sustainable Use of the Amazon Rainforest.” In Fragile Lands of Latin America: Strategies for Sustainable Development, ed. J. O. Browder, 150-163. Boulder, CO: Westview.
188. Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing Like a State. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
189. Shane, Douglas. 1986. Hoofprints on the Forest. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
190. Sheridan, Thomas E. 2007. “Embattled Ranchers, Endangered Species, and Urban Sprawl: The Political Ecology of the New American West.” Annual Review of Anthropology 36:121-138.
191. Shore, Chris, and Stephen Nugent. 2002. “Introduction: Towards an Anthropology of Elites.” In Elite Cultures: Anthropological Perspectives, ed. C. Shore and S. Nugent, 1-21. London: Routledge.
192. Shoumatoff, Alexander. 1990. The World Is Burning. Boston: Little, Brown.
193. Slater, Candace. 2002. Entangled Edens: Visions of the Amazon. Berkeley: University of California Press.
194. Slatta, Richard. 1990. Cowboys of the Americas. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
195. Slatta, Richard. 1990. 1997. Comparing Cowboys and Frontiers: New Perspectives on the History of the Americas. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
196. Smeraldi, Roberto, and Peter H. May. 2008. O reino do gado (The cattle kingdom). Sao Paulo: Amigos da Terra.
197. Smith, Nigel. 1982. Rainforest Corridors: The Transamazon Colonization Scheme. Berkeley: University of California Press.
198. Smith, Nigel. 2002. Amazon Sweet Sea: Land, Life, and Water at the River’s Mouth.Austin: University of Texas Press.
199. Spear, Thomas. 1993. “Introduction.” In Being Maasai: Ethnicity and Identity in East Africa, ed. Thomas Spear and R. Waller, 1-18. Athens: Ohio University Press.
200. Sponsel, Leslie E. 1986. “Amazon Ecology and Adaptation.” Annual Review of Anthropology 15:67-97.
201. Steward, Julian, ed. 1946. Handbook of South American Indians. 7 vols. Washington, DC: US Bureau of American Ethnology/Government Printing Office.
202. Stoeltje, Beverly J. 1989. “Rodeo: From Custom to Ritual.” Western Folklore 48 (3): 244-255.
203. Strickon, Arnold. 1965. “The Euro-American Ranching Complex.” In Man, Culture, and Animals, ed. Anthony Leeds and A. P. Vayda, 229-258. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.
204. Tinker, Edward Larocque. 1961. Life and Literature in the Pampas. Gainesville: University of Florida Press.
205. Toni, Fabiano, Jair Carvalho dos Santos, Ronei Sant’Ana de Menezes, Charles H. Wood, and Henrique Sant’Anna. 2007. Expansao e trajetorias da pecuaria na Amazonia: Acre, Brasil (Expansion and trajectories of cattle raising in Amazonia: Acre, Brazil). Brasilia: Editora Universidade de Brasilia.
206. Tribuna. 2008. “RESEX: 300 familias podem ser expulsas” (300 families could be expelled from RESEX). Oct. 14. http://www.amazonia.org.br/noticias/noticia.cfm?id=288124. Accessed Aug. 15, 2010.
207. Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 2005. Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
208. Tuan, Y.-F. 1974. Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perception, Attitudes, and Values. New York: Columbia University Press.
209. Turner, Frederick Jackson. 1920. The Frontier in American History. New York: Henry Holt.
210. Vadjunec, Jacqueline, Marianne Schmink, and C. V. Gomes. 2011. “Rubber Tapper Citizens: Emerging Places, Policies, and Shifting Rural-Urban Identities in Acre, Brazil.” Journal of Cultural Geography 28 (1): 73 -98.
211. Vadjunec, Jacqueline, Marianne Schmink, and A. L. Greiner. 2011. “New Ama-zonian Geographies: Emerging Identities and Landscape.” Journal of Cultural Geography 28 (1): 1-20.
212. Valentim, J. F. 2008. “Evoluqao da produqao agropecuaria no Acre” (Evolution of agricultural production in Acre). Oct. 2, 2008. http://www.cpafac.embrapa.br /imprensa/artigos_tecnicos/artigos-de-midia-3/artigos-de-midia-2008 /evolucao-da-producao-agropecuaria-no-acre/?searchterm=Evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20produ%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20agropecu%C3%A1ria%20no%20Acre. Accessed Sept. 21, 2011.
213. Valentim, J. F., and C. M. Andrade. 2009. “Tendencias e perspectivas da pecuaria bovina na Amazonia brasileira” (Tendencies and perspectives on cattle raising in the Brazilian Amazon). Amazonia: Ciencia e Desenvolvimento, Belem 4 (8): 9-32.
214. Vivieros de Castro, E. 1998. “Cosmological Deixis and Amerindian Perspectiv- ism.” Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, n.s., 4 (3): 469-488.
215. Wagley, Charles. 1971. An Introduction to Brazil. New York: Columbia University Press.
216. Walker, Robert, John Browder, Eugenio Arima, Cynthia Simmons, Ritaumaria Pereira, Marcellus Caldas, Ricardo Shirota, and Sergio de Zen. 2009. “Ranching and the New Global Range: Amazonia in the 21st Century.” Geoforum 40:732-745.
217. Walker, Robert, Emilio Moran, and Luc Anselin. 2000. “Deforestation and Cattle Ranching in the Brazilian Amazon: External Capital and Household Processes.” World Development 28 (4): 683-699.
218. Wallace, Richard. 2004. “The Effects of Wealth and Markets on Rubber Tapper Use and Knowledge of Forest Resources in Acre, Brazil.” PhD diss., University of Florida.
219. Weber, David J., and Jane M. Rausch. 1994. “Introduction.” Where Cultures Meet: Frontiers in Latin American History, ed. David Weber and Jane M. Rausch, xiii-xli. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources Books.
220. Weinstein, Barbara. 1983. The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850-1920. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
221. Weller, S. C. 2007. “Cultural Consensus Theory: Applications and Frequently Asked Questions.” Field Methods 19 (4): 339-368.
222. West, Paige, James Igoe, and Dan Brockington. 2006. “Parks and Peoples: The Social Impact of Protected Areas.” Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (1): 251-277.
223. Wilk, Richard R., and Lisa C. Cliggett. 2006. Economies and Cultures: Foundations of Economic Anthropology. Boulder, CO: Westview.
224. Williams, Raymond. 1975. The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press.
225. Wolf, Eric. 1982. Europe and the People without History. Berkeley: University of California Press.
226. Wolpe, Harry. 1980. The Articulation of Modes of Production. London: Routledge.