Beyond bidirectionality: Bilateral conceptual frameworks for understanding dynamics in parent-child relations

Handbook of Dynamics in Parent-Child Relations

Volumn , Issue , 2003, Pages 3-24

  Kuczynski, Leon ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84951929847     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781452229645.n1     Document Type: Chapter

References (118)

1. Adams, G. R., Day, T., Dyk, P. H., Frede, E., & Rogers, D. R. (1992). On the dialectics of pubescence and psychosocial development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 12, 366-388. doi:10.1177/0272431692012004002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431692012004002
2. Alanen, L. (1990). Growing up in the modern family: Rethinking socialization of the family and childhood. In N. Mandel (Ed.), Sociological studies of child development(pp. 13-28). Greenwich, CT: JAI.
3. Alanen, L. (1994). Gender and generation. In J. Qvortrup, M. Brady, G. Sgritta, & H. Wintersberger (Eds.), Childhood matters: Social theory, practice and politics(pp. 27-42). Aldershot, UK: Avebury.
4. Alwin, D. F. (1996). Parental socialization in historical perspective. In C. D. Ryff & M. M. Seltzer (Eds.), The parental experience in midlife(pp. 105-167). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
5. Archer, M. (1990). Human agency and social structure: A critique of Giddens. In J. P. Clark, C. Modgil, & S. Modgil (Eds.), Anthony Giddens: Consensus and controversy(pp. 73-84). London: Falmer.
6. Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monograph, 4(1, Pt. 2).
7. Baumrind, D. (1993). The average expectable environment is not good enough: A response to Scarr. Child Development, 64, 1299-1317. doi:10.2307/1131536 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131536
8. Baxter, L. A. (1988). A dialectical perspective on communication strategies in relationship development. In S. W. Duck (Ed.), Handbook of personal relationships(pp. 257-273). New York: Wiley.
9. Becvar, D. S., & Becvar, R. J. (1988). Family therapy: A systemic integration. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
10. Bell, R. Q. (1968). A reinterpretation of the direction of effects in studies of socialization. Psychological Review, 75, 81-95. doi:10.1037/h0025583 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0025583
11. Bell, R. Q., & Harper, L. V. (1977). Child effects on adults. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
12. Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96. doi:10.2307/1129836 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1129836
13. Blumer, H. (1969). Symbolic interactionism: Perspective and method. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
14. Boyden, J. (1990). Childhood and the policy makers: A comparative perspective on the globalization of childhood. In A. James & A. Prout (Eds.), Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood(pp. 184-215). London: Falmer.
15. Brehm, S. S. (1981). Oppositional behavior in children: A reactance theory approach. In S. S. Brehm, S. M. Kassin, & F. K. Gibbons (Eds.), Developmental social psychology: Theory and research(pp. 96-121). New York: Oxford University Press.
16. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
17. Bugental, D. B., Lyon, J. E., Krantz, J., & Cortez, V. (1997). Who’s the boss? Accessibility of dominance ideation among individuals with low perceptions of interpersonal power. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 1297-1309. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1297 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.72.6.1297
18. Chamberlain, P., & Patterson, G. R. (1995). Discipline and child compliance in parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Applied and practical parenting(pp. 205-226). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
19. Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M., & Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting: The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55, 218-232. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218
20. Cooney, T. M. (2000). Parent-child relations across adulthood. In R. M. Milardo & S. Duck (Eds.), Families as relationships(pp. 39-58). New York: Wiley.
21. Corsaro, W. A. (1997). The sociology of childhood. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
22. Cowan, P. A., Powell, D., & Cowan, C. P. (1998). Parenting interventions: A family systems perspective. In I. E. Sigel & K. A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 3-72). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
23. Crockenberg, S., & Litman, C. (1990). Autonomy as competence in 2-year-olds: Maternal correlates of child defiance, compliance, and self-assertion. Developmental Psychology, 26, 961-971. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.961 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.961
24. Dawber, T., & Kuczynski, L. (1999). The question of ownness: Influence of relationship context on parental socialization strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 16, 475-493. doi:10.1177/0265407599164004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407599164004
25. Dell, P. F. (1985). Understanding Bateson and Maturana: Toward a biological foundation for the social sciences. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 11, 1-20. doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00587.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1985.tb00587.x
26. Dumas, J. E., Lafreniere, P. J., & Serketich, W. J. (1995). "Balance of power": A transactional analysis of control in mother-child dyads involving socially competent, aggressive, and anxious children. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104(1), 104-113. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.104 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.104.1.104
27. Dunn, J., & Plomin, R. (1990). Separate lives: Why siblings are so different. Basic Books.
28. Eisenberg, A. R. (1992). Conflicts between mothers and their young children. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 38, 21-43.
29. Emerson, R. M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American Sociological Review, 27, 21-44. doi:10.2307/2089716 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2089716
30. Fine, G. A. (1992). Agency, structure, and comparative contexts: Toward a synthetic interactionism. Symbolic Interaction, 15(1), 87-107. doi:10.1525/si.1992.15.1.87 http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/si.1992.15.1.87
31. Fogel, A., & Branco, A. U. (1997). Metacommunication as a source of indeterminism in relationship development. In A. Fogel, M. C. Lyra, & J. Valsiner (Eds.), Dynamics and indeterminism in developmental and social processes(pp. 65-92). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
32. Ford, D. H., & Lerner, R. M. (1992). Developmental systems theory. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
33. French, J.R.P., & Raven, B. H. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power(pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
34. Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society: Outline of the theory of structuration. Berkeley: University of California Press.
35. Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. New York: Anchor Books.
36. Goldner, V. (1985). Feminism and family therapy. Family Process, 24, 31-47. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00031.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1985.00031.x
37. Granic, I. (2000). The self-organization of parentchild relations: Beyond bidirectional models. In M. C. Lewis & I. Granic (Eds.), Emotion, development, and self-organization: Dynamic systems approaches to emotional development(pp. 267-297). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511527883.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511527883.012
38. Grolnick, W. S., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1997). Internalization within the family: The selfdetermination theory perspective. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and children’s internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory(pp. 135-161). New York: Wiley.
39. Grusec, J. E., & Goodnow, J. J. (1994). Impact of parental discipline methods on the child’s internalization of values: A reconceptualization of current points of view. Developmental Psychology, 30, 4-19. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.30.1.4
40. Halverson, C. F., & Waldrop, M. F. (1970). Maternal behavior toward own and other preschool children: The problem of "ownness." Child Development, 41, 839-845. doi:10.2307/1127229 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1127229
41. Harach, L., & Kuczynski, L. (1999, April). Defining and constructing relationships from the perspective of parents. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, NM.
42. Hartup, W. W. (1978). Perspectives on child and family interaction: Past, present and future. In R. M. Lerner & G. B. Spanier (Eds.), Child influences on marital and family interaction: A life-span perspective(pp. 23-45). New York: Academic Press.
43. Henry, C. S., Wilson, S. M., & Peterson, G. W. (1989). Parental power bases and processes as predictors of adolescent conformity. Journal of Adolescent Research, 4, 15-32. doi:10.1177/074355488941002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074355488941002
44. Hildebrandt, N., & Kuczynski, L. (1998, May). Children’s sense of agency within parent-child and other-child relationships. Paper presented at the 10th Biennial Conference of Child Development, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario.
45. Hinde, R. A. (1979). Towards understanding relationships. London: Academic Press.
46. Hoffman, L. W. (1988). Cross-cultural differences in child rearing goals. In R. A. LeVine, P. M. Miller, & M. M. West (Eds.), Parental behavior in diverse societies(pp. 99-122). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
47. Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Moral internalization, parental power and the nature of parent-child interaction. Developmental Psychology, 11, 228-239. doi:10.1037/h0076463 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0076463
48. Hogan, D. M., Etz, K. E., & Tudge, J.R.H. (1999). Reconsidering the role of children in family research. In C. L. Shehan (Ed.), Through the eyes of the child: Re-visioning children as active agents of family life(pp. 93-108). Stamford, CT: JAI.
49. Holden, G. W. (1983). Avoiding conflict: Mothers as tacticians in the supermarket. Child Development, 54, 233-240. doi:10.2307/1129881 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1129881
50. Holden, G. W., & Ritchie, K. L. (1988). Child rearing and the dialectics of parental intelligence. In J. Valsiner (Ed.), Child development within culturally structured environments: Parental cognition and adult-child interaction(pp. 30-59). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
51. Jacobson, N. S. (1994). Rewards and dangers in researching domestic violence. Family Process, 33, 81-85. doi:10.1111/j.1545-5300.1994.00081.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1994.00081.x
52. James, A., & Prout, A. (1995). Hierarchy, boundary and agency: Toward a theoretical perspective on childhood. Sociological Studies of Children, 7, 77-99.
53. Kelley, H. H., Berscheid, E., Christensen, A., Harvey, J. H., Huston, T. L., Levinger, G., et al. (1983). Close relationships. New York: Freeman.
54. Kelly, L. (1988). Surviving sexual violence. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
55. Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. (2000). What parents know, how they know it, and several forms of adolescent adjustment: Further support for a reinterpretation of monitoring. Developmental Psychology, 36, 366-380. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.36.3.366
56. Kitzinger, J. (1990). Who are you kidding? Children, power, and the struggle against sexual abuse. In A. James & A. Prout (Eds.), Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood (pp. 157-183). London: Falmer.
57. Kochanska, G., & Aksan, N. (1995). Mother-child mutually positive affect, the quality of child compliance to requests and prohibitions, and maternal control as correlates of early internalization. Child Development, 66, 236-254. doi:10.2307/1131203 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131203
58. Kopp, C. B. (1982). Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199-214. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.18.2.199
59. Kuczynski, L., Harach, L., & Bernardini, S. C. (1999). Psychology’s child meets sociology’s child: Agency, power and influence in parent-child relations. In C. Shehan (Ed.), Through the eyes of the child: Re-visioning children as active agents of family life(pp. 21-52). Stamford, CT: JAI.
60. Kuczynski, L., & Hildebrandt, N. (1997). Models of conformity and resistance in socialization theory. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and the internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory(pp. 227-256). New York: Wiley.
61. Kuczynski, L., & Kochanska, G. (1990). Development of children’s noncompliance strategies from toddlerhood to age 5. Developmental Psychology, 26, 398-408. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.398 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.3.398
62. Kuczynski, L., Kochanska, G., Radke-Yarrow, M., & Girnius-Brown, O. (1987). A developmental interpretation of young children’s noncompliance. Developmental Psychology, 20, 799-806. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.6.799 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.6.799
63. Kuczynski, L., & Lollis, S. (2001). Four foundations for a dynamic model of parenting. In J.R.M. Gerris (Ed.), Dynamics of parenting(pp. 445-462). Leuven, Belgium: Garant.
64. Kuczynski, L., & Lollis, S.(in press). The child as agent in family life. In H. Goelman & S. K. Marshall (Eds.), Multiple lenses, multiple images: Perspectives on the child across time, space and disciplines. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
65. Kuczynski, L., Marshall, S., & Schell, K. (1997). Value socialization in a bidirectional context. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and the internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory(pp. 23-50). New York: Wiley.
66. Laursen, B., & Bukowski, W. A. (1997). A developmental guide to the organization of close relationships. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 747-770. doi:10.1080/016502597384596 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/016502597384596
67. Laursen, B., & Collins, W. A. (1994). Interpersonal conflict during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 197-209. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.197 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.2.197
68. Lawrence, J., & Valsiner, J. (1993). Conceptual roots of internalization: From transmission to transformation. Human Development, 36, 150-167. doi:10.1159/000277333 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000277333
69. Lepper, M. (1983). Social control processes, attributions of motivation, and the internalization of social values. In E. T. Higgins, D. N. Ruble, & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Social cognition and social development: A sociological perspective(pp. 294-330). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
70. Lerner, J. V. (1993). The influence of child temperamental characteristics on parent behaviors. In T. Luster & L. Okagaki (Eds.), Parenting: An ecological perspective(pp. 101-120). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
71. Lewis, C. C. (1981). The effects of parental firm control: A reinterpretation of findings. Psychological Bulletin, 90, 547-563. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.547 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.90.3.547
72. Lewis, M. (1990). Models of developmental psychopathology. In M. Lewis & S. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology(pp. 15-26). New York: Plenum. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7142-1_2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7142-1_2
73. Lewis, M., & Feinman, S. (1991). Social influences and socialization in infancy. New York: Plenum.
74. Lewis, M., & Rosenblum, L. A. (1974). The effect of the infant on its caregiver. New York: Wiley.
75. Lollis, S., & Kuczynski, L. (1997). Beyond one hand clapping: Seeing bidirectionality in parent-child relations. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 441-461. doi:10.1177/0265407597144002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407597144002
76. Maccoby, E. E. (2000). The uniqueness of the parentchild relationship. In W. A. Collins & B. Laursen (Eds.), Relationships as developmental contexts(pp. 157-175). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
77. Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Mussen manual of child psychology (4th ed., Vol. 4, pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
78. Maturana, H. R. (1978). Biology of language: The epistemology of reality. In G. A. Miller & E. Lenneberg (Eds.), Psychology and biology of language and thought: Essays in honor of Eric Lenneberg(pp. 27-63). New York: Academic Press.
79. Mayall, B. (1994). Introduction. In B. Mayall (Ed.), Children’s childhoods: Observed and experienced(pp. 1-12). Washington, DC: Falmer.
80. Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self& society from the standpoint of a social behaviorist (Charles W. Morris, Ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
81. Oakley, A. (1994). Women and children first and last: Parallels and differences between children’s and women’s studies. In B. Mayall (Ed.), Children’s childhoods: Observed and experienced(pp. 13-23). Washington, DC: Falmer.
82. Patterson, G. R. (1982). Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
83. Patterson, G., Reid, J., & Dishion, T. (1992). Antisocial boys: Vol. 4. A social interactional approach. Eugene, OR: Castalia.
84. Pelzer, D. (1995). A child called "it": An abused child’s journey from victim to victor. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
85. Perlman, M., & Ross, H. S. (1997). Who’s the boss? Parents’ failed attempts to influence the outcomes of conflicts between their children. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 463-480. doi:10.1177/0265407597144003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407597144003
86. Perlman, M., Siddiqui, A., Ram, A., & Ross, H. S. (1999). An analysis of sources of power in children’s conflict interactions. In R. Mills & S. Duck (Eds.), The developmental psychology of personal relationships(pp. 155-174).
87. Peterson, G. W. (1986). Parent-youth power dimensions and behavioral autonomy of adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 1, 231-249. doi:10.1177/074355488612008 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074355488612008
88. Reiss, H.G.T., Collins, W. A., & Berscheid, E. (2000). The relationship context of human behavior and development. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 844-872. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.844 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.6.844
89. Reiss, H. W. (1982). A comment on the meanings of "dialectics." Human Development, 25, 423-429. doi:10.1159/000272824 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000272824
90. Rheingold, H. L. (1969). The social and socializing infant. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research(pp. 779-789). Chicago: Rand McNally.
91. Rheingold, H. L., Cook, K. V., & Kolowitz, V. (1987). Commands activate the behavior and pleasure of 2-year-old children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 146-151. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.146 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.23.1.146
92. Riegel, K. F. (1976). The dialectics of human development. American Psychologist, 10, 689-700. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.31.10.689 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.31.10.689
93. Rowe, D. (1994). The limits of family influence: Genes, experience, and behavior. New York: Guilford.
94. Russell, A., Petit, G., & Mize, J. (1998). Horizontal qualities in parent-child relationships: Parallels with and possible consequences for children’s peer relationships. Developmental Review, 18, 313-352. doi:10.1006/drev.1997.0466 http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/drev.1997.0466
95. Sameroff, A. (1975a). Early influences on development: Fact or fancy? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 21, 267-293.
96. Sameroff, A. (1975b). Transactional models of early social relations. Human Development, 18, 65-79. doi:10.1159/000271476 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000271476
97. Sanson, A., & Rothbart, M. K. (1995). Child temperament and parenting. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 4. Applied and practical parenting(pp. 299-323). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
98. Scarr, S. (1992). Developmental theories for the 1990s: Developmental and individual differences. Child Development, 63, 1-19. doi:10.2307/1130897 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1130897
99. Scarr, S. (1993). Biological and cultural diversity. The legacy of Darwin for development. Child Development, 64, 1333-1353. doi:10.2307/1131538 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1131538
100. Scarr, S., & McCartney, K. (1983). How people make their own environments: A theory of genotypeenvironment effects. Child Development, 54, 424-435.
101. Schaffer, H. R. (1984). The child’s entry into a social world. London: Academic Press.
102. Scott, J. C. (1990). Domination and the arts of resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
103. Seligman, M.P.E. (1975). Helplessness: On depression, development and death. San Francisco: Freeman.
104. Siegel, M., & Cohen, J. (1984). Appraisals of intervention: The mother’s versus the culprit’s behavior as determinants of children’s evaluation of discipline techniques. Child Development, 55, 1760-1766. doi:10.2307/1129923 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1129923
105. Skinner, E. A. (1995). Perceived control, motivation, & coping. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
106. Smetana, J. (1997). Parenting and the development of social knowledge reconceptualized: A social domain analysis. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and the internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory(pp. 162-192). New York: Wiley.
107. Stern, D. (1977). The first relationship. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
108. Ta, L., Kuczynski, L., Bernardini, S. C., & Harach, L. (1999, April). Parents’ perceptions of children’s influence in the context of the parent-child relationship. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque, NM.
109. Thomas, A., Chess, S., & Birch, H. G. (1977). Temperament and development. New York: Brunner/Mazel.
110. Thorne, B. (1987). Revisioning women and social change: Where are the children? Gender and Society, 1, 85-109. doi:10.1177/089124387001001005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124387001001005
111. Valsiner, J. (1989). Human development and culture. Lexington, MA: Heath.
112. Valsiner, J., Branco, A. U., & Dantas, C. M. (1997). Co-construction of human development: Heterogeneity within parental belief orientations. In J. E. Grusec & L. Kuczynski (Eds.), Parenting and the internalization of values: A handbook of contemporary theory(pp. 283-304). New York: Wiley.
113. Valsiner, J., & Cairns, R. (1992). Theoretical perspectives on conflict and development. In C. U. Shantz & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Conflict in child and adolescent development(pp. 15-35). New York: Cambridge University Press.
114. Vuchinich, S. (1987). Starting and stopping spontaneous family conflicts. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 49, 591-601. doi:10.2307/352204 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/352204
115. Wade, A. (1997). Small acts of living: Everyday acts of resistance to violence and other forms of oppression. Contemporary Family Therapy, 19, 23-39. doi:10.1023/A:1026154215299 http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026154215299
116. Wenar, C. (1982). On negativism. Human Development, 25, 1-23. doi:10.1159/000272787 http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000272787
117. Youniss, J., & Smollar, J. (1985). Adolescent relations with mothers, fathers, and friends. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
118. Zarit, S. H., & Eggebeen, D. J. (1995). Parent-child relationships in adulthood and old age. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting(pp. 119-140). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.