The History of Target-Controlled Infusion

Anesthesia and Analgesia

Volumn 122, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 56-69

  Struys, Michel M R F ^a,b   De Smet, Tom ^c   Glen, John B ^d   Vereecke, Hugo E M ^a   Absalom, Anthony R ^a   Schnider, Thomas W ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

^b GHENT UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Belgium)

^c Demed Engineering   (Belgium)

^d Glen Pharma Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^e CANTONAL HOSPITAL ST GALLEN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BLOOD LEVEL; COMPUTER PROGRAM; DRUG INFUSION; HUMAN; INFUSION RATE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TARGET CONTROLLED INFUSION; TARGET CONTROLLED INFUSION PUMP; UNITED STATES; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; BLOOD; CONSCIOUSNESS; DEVICES; DOSE CALCULATION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; DRUG EFFECTS; DRUG MONITORING; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HISTORY; INTRAVENOUS DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PATIENT MONITORING;

HYPNOTIC SEDATIVE AGENT; INTRAVENOUS ANESTHETIC AGENT;

ANESTHETICS, INTRAVENOUS; CONSCIOUSNESS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; DRUG DOSAGE CALCULATIONS; DRUG MONITORING; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 21ST CENTURY; HUMANS; HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES; INFUSIONS, INTRAVENOUS; MODELS, BIOLOGICAL; MONITORING, INTRAOPERATIVE; SOFTWARE;

EID: 84950329074     PISSN: 00032999     EISSN: 15267598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1213/ANE.0000000000001008     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Hu C, Horstman DJ, Shafer SL. Variability of target-controlled infusion is less than the variability after bolus injection. Anesthesiology 2005;102:639-45
2. Struys M, de Smet T. Principles of drug actions: target-controlled infusions and closed-loop administration. In: Evers AS, Maze M, Kharasch ED, eds. Anesthetic Pharmacology: Basic principles and Clinical Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011:103-122
3. Leslie K, Clavisi O, Hargrove J. Target-controlled infusion versus manually-controlled infusion of propofol for general anaesthesia or sedation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008:CD006059
4. Absalom AR, Glen JB, Zwart GJC, Schnider TW, Struys MMRF. Target-controlled infusion: a mature technology. Anesth Analg 2016;122:70-8
5. Schnider TW, Minto CF, Struys MMRF, Absalom AR. The safety of target-controlled infusions. Anesth Analg 2016;122:79-85
6. Schüttler J, Kloos S, Schwilden H, Stoeckel H. Total intravenous anaesthesia with propofol and alfentanil by computer-assisted infusion. Anaesthesia 1988;43(suppl):2-7
7. Tackley RM, Lewis GT, Prys-Roberts C, Boaden RW, Dixon J, Harvey JT. Computer controlled infusion of propofol. Br J Anaesth 1989;62:46-53
8. Jacobs JR. Analytical solution to the three-compartment pharmacokinetic model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988;35:763-5
9. Shafer SL, Varvel JR, Aziz N, Scott JC. Pharmacokinetics of fentanyl administered by computer-controlled infusion pump. Anesthesiology 1990;73:1091-102
10. Glass PS, Glen JB, Kenny GN, Schüttler J, Shafer SL. Nomenclature for computer-assisted infusion devices. Anesthesiology 1997;86:1430-1
11. Shafer SL, Gregg KM. Algorithms to rapidly achieve and maintain stable drug concentrations at the site of drug effect with a computer-controlled infusion pump. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1992;20:147-69
12. Sheiner LB, Stanski DR, Vozeh S, Miller RD, Ham J. Simultaneous modeling of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: application to d-tubocurarine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1979;25:358-71
13. Holford NH, Sheiner LB. Understanding the dose-effect relationship: clinical application of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic models. Clin Pharmacokinet 1981;6:429-53
14. Maitre PO, Shafer SL. A simple pocket calculator approach to predict anesthetic drug concentrations from pharmacokinetic data. Anesthesiology 1990;73:332-6
15. Cutler DJ. Linear systems analysis in the kinetics of anaesthetic agents. Anaesth Pharm Rev 1994;2:243-9
16. Schnider TW, Minto CF. Principles of drug action. Principles of pharmacokinetics. In: Evers AS, Maze M, Kharasch ED, eds. Anesthetic Pharmacology: Basic Principles and Clinical Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011:57-71
17. Struys MMRF, Absalom A, Shafer SL. Intravenous drug delivery systems. In: Miller RD, ed. Miller's Anesthesia. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier (Churchill Livinstone), 2014
18. Scott JC, Ponganis KV, Stanski DR. EEG quantitation of narcotic effect: the comparative pharmacodynamics of fentanyl and alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1985;62:234-41
19. Maitre PO, Vozeh S, Heykants J, Thomson DA, Stanski DR. Population pharmacokinetics of alfentanil: the average doseplasma concentration relationship and interindividual variability in patients. Anesthesiology 1987;66:3-12
20. Marsh B, White M, Morton N, Kenny GN. Pharmacokinetic model driven infusion of propofol in children. Br J Anaesth 1991;67:41-8
21. Kataria BK, Ved SA, Nicodemus HF, Hoy GR, Lea D, Dubois MY, Mandema JW, Shafer SL. The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Anesthesiology 1994;80:104-22
22. Gepts E, Shafer SL, Camu F, Stanski DR, Woestenborghs R, Van Peer A, Heykants JJ. Linearity of pharmacokinetics and model estimation of sufentanil. Anesthesiology 1995;83:1194-204
23. Minto CF, Schnider TW, Egan TD, Youngs E, Lemmens HJ, Gambus PL, Billard V, Hoke JF, Moore KH, Hermann DJ, Muir KT, Mandema JW, Shafer SL. Influence of age and gender on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. I. Model development. Anesthesiology 1997;86:10-23
24. Minto CF, Schnider TW, Shafer SL. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of remifentanil. II. Model application. Anesthesiology 1997;86:24-33
25. Schnider TW, Minto CF, Gambus PL, Andresen C, Goodale DB, Shafer SL, Youngs EJ. The influence of method of administration and covariates on the pharmacokinetics of propofol in adult volunteers. Anesthesiology 1998;88:1170-82
26. Schnider TW, Minto CF, Shafer SL, Gambus PL, Andresen C, Goodale DB, Youngs EJ. The influence of age on propofol pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology 1999;90:1502-16
27. Absalom A, Amutike D, Lal A, White M, Kenny GN. Accuracy of the 'Paedfusor' in children undergoing cardiac surgery or catheterization. Br J Anaesth 2003;91:507-13
28. Hull CJ, Van Beem HB, McLeod K, Sibbald A, Watson MJ. A pharmacodynamic model for pancuronium. Br J Anaesth 1978;50:1113-23
29. Shafer SL, Varvel JR, Gronert GA. A comparison of parametric with semiparametric analysis of the concentration versus effect relationship of metocurine in dogs and pigs. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1989;17:291-304
30. Coppens MJ, Eleveld DJ, Proost JH, Marks LA, Van Bocxlaer JF, Vereecke H, Absalom AR, Struys MM. An evaluation of using population pharmacokinetic models to estimate pharmacodynamic parameters for propofol and bispectral index in children. Anesthesiology 2011;115:83-93
31. Minto CF, Schnider TW, Gregg KM, Henthorn TK, Shafer SL. Using the time of maximum effect site concentration to combine pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Anesthesiology 2003;99:324-33
32. Cortínez LI, Nazar C, Munõz HR. Estimation of the plasma effect-site equilibration rate constant (ke0) of rocuronium by the time of maximum effect: a comparison with non-parametric and parametric approaches. Br J Anaesth 2007;99:679-85
33. Gustafsson LL, Ebling WF, Osaki E, Harapat S, Stanski DR, Shafer SL. Plasma concentration clamping in the rat using a computer-controlled infusion pump. Pharm Res 1992;9:800-7
34. Shafer SL, Siegel LC, Cooke JE, Scott JC. Testing computercontrolled infusion pumps by simulation. Anesthesiology 1988;68:261-6
35. Alvis JM, Reves JG, Spain JA, Sheppard LC. Computer-assisted continuous infusion of the intravenous analgesic fentanyl during general anesthesia-an interactive system. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1985;32:323-9
36. Jacobs JR. Algorithm for optimal linear model-based control with application to pharmacokinetic model-driven drug delivery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1990;37:107-9
37. Bailey JM, Shafer SL. A simple analytical solution to the three-compartment pharmacokinetic model suitable for computer-controlled infusion pumps. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1991;38:522-5
38. Widmark EMP. Studies in the concentration of indifferent narcotics in blood and tissues. Acta Med Scand 1919;52:87-164
39. Krüger-Thiemer E. Continuous intravenous infusion and multicompartment accumulation. Eur J Pharmacol 1968;4:317-24
40. Vaughan DP, Tucker GT. General derivation of the ideal intravenous drug input required to achieve and maintain a constant plasma drug concentration. Theoretical application to lignocaine therapy. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1976;10:433-40
41. Vaughan DP, Tucker GT. General theory for rapidly establishing steady state drug concentrations using two consecutive constant rate intravenous infusions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1975;9:235-8
42. Schwilden H. A general method for calculating the dosage scheme in linear pharmacokinetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1981;20:379-86
43. Schüttler J, Schwilden H, Stoekel H. Pharmacokinetics as applied to total intravenous anaesthesia. Practical implications. Anaesthesia 198338(suppl):53-6
44. Schwilden H, Schüttler J, Stoekel H. Pharmacokinetics as applied to total intravenous anaesthesia. Theoretical considerations. Anaesthesia 1983;38(suppl):51-2
45. Schüttler J, Schwilden H, Stoeckel H. Infusion strategies to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of hypnotic drugs: etomidate as an example. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1985;2:133-42
46. Schwilden H, Schüttler J, Stoeckel H. Quantitation of the EEG and pharmacodynamic modelling of hypnotic drugs: etomidate as an example. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1985;2:121-31
47. Ausems ME, Hug CC. Plasma concentrations of alfentanil required to supplement nitrous oxide anaesthesia for lower abdominal surgery. Br J Anaesth 1983;55(suppl 2):191S-7S
48. Ausems ME, Hug CC Jr, de Lange S. Variable rate infusion of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide anesthesia for general surgery. Anesth Analg 1983;62:982-6
49. Ausems ME, Stanski DR, Hug CC. An evaluation of the accuracy of pharmacokinetic data for the computer assisted infusion of alfentanil. Br J Anaesth 1985;57:1217-25
50. Maitre PO, Ausems ME, Vozeh S, Stanski DR. Evaluating the accuracy of using population pharmacokinetic data to predict plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1988;68:59-67
51. Ausems ME, Vuyk J, Hug CC Jr, Stanski DR. Comparison of a computer-assisted infusion versus intermittent bolus administration of alfentanil as a supplement to nitrous oxide for lower abdominal surgery. Anesthesiology 1988;68:851-61
52. Kay NH, Uppington J, Sear JW, Douglas EJ, Cockshott ID. Pharmacokinetics of propofol ('Diprivan') as an induction agent. Postgrad Med J 1985;61(suppl 3):55-7
53. Gray C, Swinhoe CF, Myint Y, Mason D. Target controlled infusion of ketamine as analgesia for TIVA with propofol. Can J Anaesth 1999;46:957-61
54. Alvis JM, Reves JG, Govier AV, Menkhaus PG, Henling CE, Spain JA, Bradley E. Computer-assisted continuous infusions of fentanyl during cardiac anesthesia: comparison with a manual method. Anesthesiology 1985;63:41-9
55. Reves JG, Glass P, Jacobs JR. Alfentanil and midazolam: new anesthetic drugs for continuous infusion and an automated method of administration. Mt Sinai J Med 1989;56:99-107
56. Maitre PO, Stanski DR. Bayesian forecasting improves the prediction of intraoperative plasma concentrations of alfentanil. Anesthesiology 1988;69:652-9
57. Vuyk J, Engbers FH, Burm AG, Vletter AA, Griever GE, Olofsen E, Bovill JG. Pharmacodynamic interaction between propofol and alfentanil when given for induction of anesthesia. Anesthesiology 1996;84:288-99
58. van den Nieuwenhuyzen MC, Engbers FH, Burm AG, Vletter AA, van Kleef JW, Bovill JG. Computer-controlled infusion of alfentanil versus patient-controlled administration of morphine for postoperative analgesia: a double-blind randomized trial. Anesth Analg 1995;81:671-9
59. White M, Kenny GN. Intravenous propofol anaesthesia using a computerised infusion system. Anaesthesia 1990;45:204-9
60. Roberts FL, Dixon J, Lewis GT, Tackley RM, Prys-Roberts C. Induction and maintenance of propofol anaesthesia. A manual infusion scheme. Anaesthesia 1988;43(suppl):14-7
61. Kenny GN, White M. Intravenous propofol anaesthesia using a computerised infusion system. Anaesthesia 1991;46:156-7
62. Crofts SL, Hutchison GL. General anaesthesia and undrained pneumothorax. The use of a computer-controlled propofol infusion. Anaesthesia 1991;46:192-4
63. Jacobs JR, Williams EA. Algorithm to control "effect compartment" drug concentrations in pharmacokinetic model-driven drug delivery. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1993;40:993-9
64. De Smet T, Struys MM, Greenwald S, Mortier EP, Shafer SL. Estimation of optimal modeling weights for a Bayesian-based closed-loop system for propofol administration using the bispectral index as a controlled variable: a simulation study. Anesth Analg 2007;105:1629-38
65. De Smet T, Struys MM, Neckebroek MM, Van den Hauwe K, Bonte S, Mortier EP. The accuracy and clinical feasibility of a new bayesian-based closed-loop control system for propofol administration using the bispectral index as a controlled variable. Anesth Analg 2008;107:1200-10
66. Stonell CA, Leslie K, Absalom AR. Effect-site targeted patientcontrolled sedation with propofol: comparison with anaesthetist administration for colonoscopy. Anaesthesia 2006;61:240-7
67. de Grood PM, Mitsukuri S, van Egmond J, Rutten JM, Crul JF. Comparison of etomidate and propofol for anaesthesia in microlaryngeal surgery. Anaesthesia 1987;42:366-72
68. Servin F, Cockshott ID, Farinotti R, Haberer JP, Winckler C, Desmonts JM. Pharmacokinetics of propofol infusions in patients with cirrhosis. Br J Anaesth 1990;65:177-83
69. Glen JB. The development of 'Diprifusor': a TCI system for propofol. Anaesthesia 1998;53(suppl 1):13-21
70. Gray JM, Kenny GN. Development of the technology for 'Diprifusor' TCI systems. Anaesthesia 1998;53(suppl 1):22-7
71. Glen JB. The development and future of target controlled infusion. In: Vuyk J, Schraag S, eds. Advances in Modelling and Clinical Applications if Intravenous Anaesthesia. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2003:123-33
72. Coetzee JF, Glen JB, Wium CA, Boshoff L. Pharmacokinetic model selection for target controlled infusions of propofol. Assessment of three parameter sets. Anesthesiology 1995;82:1328-45
73. Struys MM, De Smet T, Depoorter B, Versichelen LF, Mortier EP, Dumortier FJ, Shafer SL, Rolly G. Comparison of plasma compartment versus two methods for effect compartment-controlled target-controlled infusion for propofol. Anesthesiology 2000;92:399-406
74. Kataria BK, Ved SA, Nicodemus HF, Hoy GR, Lea D, Dubois MY, Mandema JW, Shafer SL. The pharmacokinetics of propofol in children using three different data analysis approaches. Anesthesiology 1994;80:104-22
75. Scott JC, Stanski DR. Decreased fentanyl and alfentanil dose requirements with age. A simultaneous pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;240:159-66
76. Absalom AR, Mani V, De Smet T, Struys MM. Pharmacokinetic models for propofol-defining and illuminating the devil in the detail. Br J Anaesth 2009;103:26-37
77. Eleveld DJ, Proost JH, Cortínez LI, Absalom AR, Struys MM. A general purpose pharmacokinetic model for propofol. Anesth Analg 2014;118:1221-37