Drug abuse, addiction, and crime: A cell to society perspective

The Nurture Versus Biosocial Debate in Criminology: On the Origins of Criminal Behavior and Criminality

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 333-350

  Vaughn, Michael G ^a   Salas Wright, Christopher P ^a   Maynard, Brandy R ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949895753     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781483349114.n20     Document Type: Chapter

References (87)

1. Agrawal, A., Edenberg, H. J., Foroud, T., Bierut, L. J., Dunne, G. Hinrichs, … Dick, D. M. (2006). Association of GABRA2 with drug dependence in the Collaborative Study of the Genetics of Alcoholism sample. Behavior Genetics, 36(5), 640-650. doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9069-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10519-006-9069-4
2. Amato, L., Davoli, M., Perucci, C. A., Ferri, M., Faggiano, F., & Mattick, R. P. (2005). An overview of systematic reviews of the effectiveness of opiate maintenance therapies: Available evidence to inform clinical practice and research. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28, 321-329. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2005.02.007 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2005.02.007
3. Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
4. Bender, K., Tripodi, S. J., Sarteschi, C., & Vaughn, M. G. (2011). A meta-analysis of interventions to reduce adolescent cannabis use. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(2), 153-164. doi:10.1177/1049731510380226 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731510380226
5. Bennett, T., Holloway, K., & Farrington, D. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107-118. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.001
6. Berkman, E. T., Falk, E. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2011). In the trenches of real-world self-control: Neural correlates and breaking the link between craving and smoking. Psychological Science, 22, 498-506. doi:10.1177/0956797611400918 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797611400918
7. BJA Drug Court Clearinghouse Project. (2011). Summary of drug court activity by state and county, February 2, 2011 (Tech. Rep). Washington, DC: American University. Retrieved from http://www.american.edu/spa/jpo/customcf/get.cfm?doc=Summary%20of%20Drug%20Court%20Activity%20by%20State%20and%20County%202011
8. Bouchard, T. J., (2004). Genetics influence on human psychological traits: A survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13, 148-151. doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00388 http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00388
9. Boyum, D. A., Caulkins, J. P., & Kleinman, M. A. R. (2011). Drugs, crime, and public policy. In J. Q.Wilson & J.Petersilia (Eds), Crime and public policy (2nd ed., pp. 368-402). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
10. Castro, F. G., Brook, J. S., Brook, D. W., & Rubenstone, E. (2006). Paternal, perceived maternal, and youth risk factors as predictors of youth stage of substance use: A longitudinal study. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 25, 65-75. doi:10.1300/J069v25n02_10 http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J069v25n02_10
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2012). Youth risk behavior surveillance system: Selected 2011 national health risk behaviors and health outcomes by race/ethnicity. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/yrbs/factsheets/index.htm
12. Chakravarti, A., & Little, P. (2003). Nature, nurture and human disease. Nature, 421, 412-414. doi:10.1038/nature01401 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01401
13. Chandler, R. K., Fletcher, B. W., & Volkow, N. D. (2009). Treating drug abuse and addiction in the criminal justice system: Improving public health and safety. Journal of the American Medical Association, 301(2), 183-190. doi:10.1001/jama.2008.976 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2008.976
14. Cloninger, C. R. (2005). Antisocial personality disorder: A review. In M.Maj, H. S.Akiskal, J. E.Mezzich, & A.Okasha (Eds), Personality disorders (pp. 125-169). New York, NY: Wi le y. doi:10.1002/0470090383.ch2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470090383.ch2
15. Compton, W. M., Thomas, Y. F., Stinson, F. S., & Grant, B. F. (2007). Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 566-578. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.566
16. Cuijpers, P. (2002). Effective ingredients of school-based drug prevention programs: A systematic review. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 1009-1023. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00295-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2802%2900295-2
17. D'Amico, E. J., Edelen, M. O., Miles, J. N. V., & Morral, A. R. (2008). The longitudinal association between substance use and delinquency among high risk youth. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 93, 85-92. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.09.006
18. Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J. L., & Ezzati, M. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States: Comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Medicine, 6(4), e1000058. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058 http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000058
19. DeLisi, M. (2011). Self-control theory: The Tyrannosaurus rex of criminology is poised to devour criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 103-105. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2011.02.012
20. DeLisi, M., & Vaughn, M. G. (2008). The Gottfredson-Hirschi critiques revisited: Reconciling self-control theory, criminal careers, and career criminals. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 52, 520-537. doi:10.1177/0306624X07308553 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306624X07308553
21. Dick, D. M., & Agrawal, A. (2008). Genetics of alcohol and other drug dependence. Alcohol Research and Health, 31, 111-118.
22. Dick, D. M., Latendresse, S. J., Lansford, J. E., Budde, J. P., Goate, A., Dodge, K. A., … Bates, J. E. (2009). Role of GABRA2 in trajectories of externalizing behavior across development and evidence of moderation by parental monitoring. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66, 649-657. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.48 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.48
23. Donovan, J. E. (2004). Adolescent alcohol initiation: A review of psychosocial risk factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 35(6), 529.e7-529.e18. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2004.02.003
24. Dutra, L., Stathopoulou, G., Basden, S. L., Leyro, T. M., Powers, M. B., & Otto, M. W. (2008). A meta-analytic review of psychosocial interventions for substance use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 165, 179-187. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851 http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851
25. Edenberg, H. J., Dick, D. M., Xuel, X., Tian, H., Almasy, L., Bauer, L. O., … Begleiter, H. (2004). Variations in GABRA2, encoding the alpha 2 subunit of the GABA (A) receptor, are associated with alcohol dependence and with brain oscillations. American Journal of Human Genetics, 74(4), 705-714. doi:10.1086/383283 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/383283
26. Faggiano, F., Vigna-Taglianti, Taglianti. F., Versino, E., Zambon, A., Borraccino, A., & Lemma, P. (2008). School-based prevention for illicit drug use: A systematic review. Preventive Medicine, 46, 385-391. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.012 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.11.012
27. Fishbein, D. (2000). Neuropsychological function, drug abuse, and violence: A conceptual framework. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 27, 139-159. doi:10.1177/0093854800027002001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854800027002001
28. Foxcroft, D. R., Ireland, D., Lowe, G., & BreenR. (2002). Primary prevention for alcohol misuse and young people. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD003024.
29. Friedmann, P. D., Hoskinson, R., Gordon, M., Schwartz, R., Kinlock, T., Knight, K., … for the M. A. T. W. G. o. C. J. D. A. T. (2012). Medication-assisted treatment in criminal justice agencies affiliated with the Criminal Justice-Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS): Availability, barriers, and intentions. Substance Abuse, 33(1), 9-18. doi:10.1080/08897077.2011.611460 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08897077.2011.611460
30. Gatzke-Kopp, Kopp. L., Beauchaine, T. P., Shannon, K. E., Chipman, J., Fleming, A. P., Crowell, S. E., … Johnson, L. C. (2009). Neurological correlates of reward responding in adolescents with and without externalizing behavior disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 203-213. doi:10.1037/a0014378 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0014378
31. Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 15, 493-506.
32. Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
33. Guo, G., Wilhelmsen, K., & Hamilton, N. (2007). Gene-life course interaction for alcohol consumption in adolescence and young adulthood: Five monoamine genes. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B (Neuropsychiatric Genetics), 144B, 417-423. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30340 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.30340
34. Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Arthur, M. W. (2002). Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors, 27, 951-976. doi:10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00298-8 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0306-4603%2802%2900298-8
35. Haynie, D. L., & Osgood, D. W. (2005). Reconsidering peers and delinquency: How do peers matter? Social Forces, 84, 1109-1130. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0018 http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2006.0018
36. Henggeler, S. W., Halliday-Boykins, Boykins. C., Cunningham, P. B., Randall, J., Shapiro, S. B., & Chapman, J. E. (2006). Juvenile drug court: Enhancing outcomes by integrating evidence-based treatments. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(1), 42-54. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.42 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.1.42
37. Hicks, B. M., Krueger, R. F., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M., & Patrick, C. J. (2004). Family transmission and heritability of externalizing disorders: A twin-family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61, 922-928. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.922 http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.61.9.922
38. Hill, K. G., Howell, J. C., Hawkins, J. D., & Battin-Pearson, Pearson. S. (1999). Childhood risk factors for adolescent gang membership: Results from the Seattle Social Development Project. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36, 300-322. doi:10.1177/0022427899036003003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427899036003003
39. Iacono, W. M., Malone, S. M., & McGue, M. (2008). Behavioral disinhibition and the development of early-onset addiction: Common and specific influences. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 4, 325-348. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157
40. Jainchill, N., Hawke, J., & Messina, M. (2005). Post-treatment outcomes among adjudicated adolescent males and females in modified therapeutic community treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, 40(7), 975-996. doi:10.1081/JA-200058857 http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/JA-200058857
41. Jensen, C. D., Cushing, C. C., Aylward, B. S., Craig, J. T., Sorell, D. M., & Steele, R. G. (2011). Effectiveness of motivational interviewing interventions for adolescent substance use behavior change: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79(4), 433-440. doi:10.1037/a0023992 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0023992
42. Johnson, B. A. (2008). Update on neuropharmacological treatments for alcoholism: Scientific basis and clinical findings. Biochemical Pharmacology, 75, 34-56. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2007.08.005
43. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G., & Schulenberg, J. E. (2012). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2011. Volume I: Secondary school students. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.
44. Kilpatrick, D. G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H. S., Best, C. L., & Schnurr, P. P. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 19-30. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.19 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.68.1.19
45. Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2005). Neurobiology of addiction. Burlington, MA: Academic Press.
46. Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). A world report on violence and health. Lancet, 360, 1083-1088. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736%2802%2911133-0
47. Lambert, S. F., Brown, T. L., Phillips, C. M., & Ialongo, N. S. (2004). The relationship between perceptions of neighborhood characteristics and substance use among urban African American adolescents. American Journal of Community Psychology, 34, 205-218. doi:10.1007/s10464-004-7415-3 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10464-004-7415-3
48. Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278, 45-47. doi:10.1126/science.278.5335.45 http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5335.45
49. Lubman, D. I., Yucel, M., & Pantelis, C. (2004). Addiction, a condition of compulsive behaviour? Neuroimaging and neuropsychological evidence of inhibitory dysregulation. Addiction, 99, 1491-1502. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00808.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00808.x
50. Magill, M., & Ray, L. A. (2009). Cognitive-behavioral treatment with adult alcohol and illicit drug users: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 70, 516-527.
51. Marlowe, D. B. (2011). Evidence-based policies and practices for drug-involved offenders. Prison Journal, 91(3 Suppl), 27S-47S. doi:10.1177/0032885511415223 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032885511415223
52. Maynard, B. R., Salas-Wright, Wright. C., Vaughn, M. G., & Peters, K. E. (2012). Who are truant youth? Examining distinctive profiles of truant youth using latent profile analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 1671-1684. doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9788-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9788-1
53. McCabe, S. E., Cranford, J. A., & West, B. T. (2008). Trends in prescription drug abuse and dependence, co-occurrence with other substance use disorders, and the treatment utilization: Results from two national surveys. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1297-1305. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.06.005
54. McCusker, C. G. (2001). Cognitive biases and addiction: An evolution in theory and method. Addiction, 96, 47-56. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961474.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2001.961474.x
55. Mercer, D., & Woody, G. E. (2007). Individual psychotherapy and counseling for addiction. In G. O.Gabbard, J. S.Beck, & J.Holmes (Eds), Oxford textbook of psychotherapy, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
56. Meyer-Lindenberg, A., & Weinberger, D. R. (2006). Intermediate phenotypes and genetic mechanisms of psychiatric disorders. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 7, 818-827. doi:10.1038/nrn1993 http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn1993
57. Miller, W. R., & Rollnick, S. (2002). Motivational interviewing: Preparing people to change addictive behavior. New York, NY: Guildford Press.
58. Minozzi, S., Amato, L., & Davoli, M. (2009). Maintenance treatments for opiate dependent adolescent. Cochrane Library, 2, 1-24.
59. Mitchell, O., Wilson, D. B., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2007). Does incarceration-based drug treatment reduce recidivism? A meta-analytic synthesis of the research. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3(4), 353-375. doi:10.1007/s11292-007-9040-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-007-9040-2
60. Moore, T. M., Stuart, G. L., Meehan, J. C., Rhatigan, D. L., Helmuth, J. C., & Keen, S. M. (2008). Drug abuse and aggression between intimate partners: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 28, 247-274. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.05.003
61. Nelson, R. J., & Chiavegatto, S. (2001). Molecular basis of aggression. Trends in Neurosciences, 24(12), 713-719. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(00)01996-2 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236%2800%2901996-2
62. Noble, E. P. (2000). The DRD2 gene in psychiatric and neurological disorders and its phenotypes. Pharmacogenomics, 1, 309-333. doi:10.1517/14622416.1.3.309 http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14622416.1.3.309
63. Office of Justice Programs. (2012, May 15). Drug courts. Retrieved from http://www.nij.gov/topics/courts/drug-courts/welcome.htm
64. Ogilvie, J. M., Stewart, A. L., Chan, R. C. K., & Shum, D. H. K. (2011). Neuropsychological measures of executive function and antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Criminology, 49, 1063-1107. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2011.00252.x
65. Pealer, J. (2004). A community of peers-promoting behavior change: The effectiveness of a therapeutic community for juvenile male offenders in reducing recidivism (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses database. (UMI No. 3146517)
66. Poelen, E. A., Scholte, R. H., Willemsen, G., Boomsma, D. I., & Engels, C. M. (2007). Drinking by parents, siblings, and friends as predictors of regular alcohol use in adolescents and young adults: A longitudinal twin-family study. Alcohol & Alcoholism, 42, 362-369. doi:10.1093/alcalc/agm042 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agm042
67. Prendergast, M., Podus, D., Finney, J., Greenwell, L., & Roll, J. (2006). Contingency management for treatment of substance use disorders: A meta-analysis. Addiction, 101(11), 1546-1560. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01581.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01581.x
68. Rehm, J., Taylor, B., & Room, R. (2006). Global burden of disease from alcohol, illicit drugs and tobacco. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25, 503-513. doi:10.1080/09595230600944453 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595230600944453
69. Scheier, L. M. (2010). Social-cognitive models of drug use etiology. In L. M.Scheier (Ed), Handbook of drug use etiology: Theory, methods, and empirical findings. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Press.
70. Séguin, J. R. (2004). Neurocognitive elements of antisocial behavior: Relevance of an orbitofrontal cortex account. Brain and Cognition, 55, 185-197.
71. Sinha, R. (2008). Chronic stress, drug use, and vulnerability to addiction. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1141, 105-130. doi:10.1196/annals.1441.030 http://dx.doi.org/10.1196/annals.1441.030
72. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2002). Science-based prevention programs and principles: Effective substance abuse and mental health programs for every community. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
73. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2012). Results from the 2011 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention.
74. Tarter, R. A. (1992). Prevention of drug abuse: Theory and application. American Journal on Addictions, 1(1), 2-20.
75. Tobler, A. L., Komro, K. A., & Maldonado-Molina, Molina. M. (2009). Relationship between neighborhood context, family management practices and alcohol use among urban, multiethnic, young adolescents. Prevention Science, 10, 313-324. doi:10.1007/s11121-009-0133-1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-009-0133-1
76. Vaughn, M. G. (2007). Biosocial dynamics: A transdisciplinary approach to violence. In M.DeLisi & P. J.Conis (Eds), Violent offenders: Theory, research, public policy, & practice (pp. 63-77). Burlington, MA: Jones & Bartlett.
77. Vaughn, M. G., Beaver, K. M., DeLisi, M., Perron, B. E., & Schelbe, L. (2009). Gene-environment interplay and the importance of self-control in predicting polydrug use and substance-related problems. Addictive Behaviors, 34, 112-116. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.08.011 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.08.011
78. Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., Gunter, T., Fu, Q., Beaver, K. M., Perron, B. E., & Howard, M. O. (2011). The severe 5%: A latent class analysis of the externalizing spectrum in the United States. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 75-80. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.12.001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2010.12.001
79. Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., & Matto, H. (2013). Human behavior: A cell to society approach. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
80. Vaughn, M. G., & Howard, M. O. (2004). Adolescent substance abuse treatment: A synthesis of controlled evaluations. Research on Social Work Practice, 14(5), 325-335. doi:10.1177/1049731504265834 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731504265834
81. Vaughn, M. G., & Howard, M. O. (2005). The construct of psychopathy and its role in contributing to the study of serious, violent, and chronic youth offending. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 3, 235-252. doi:10.1177/1541204005276320 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204005276320
82. Volkow, N. D. (2003). The addicted brain: Why such poor decisions? NIDA Notes, 18, 1-15.
83. Welsh, B. C., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Evidence-based crime prevention. Preventing crime: What works for children, offenders, victims, and places. New York, NY: Springer Science and Business Media.
84. White, H. R., Loeber, R., & Farrington, D. P. (2008). Substance use, drug dealing, gang membership, and the gun carrying and their predictive associations with serious violence and serious theft. In R.Loeber, D. P.Farrington, M.Stouthamer-Loeber, & H. R.White (Eds), Violence and serious theft: Development and prediction from childhood to adulthood (pp. 137-166). New York, NY: Routledge.
85. White, H. R., Tice, P., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2002). Illegal acts committed by adolescents under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 131-152. doi:10.1177/002242780203900201 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002242780203900201
86. Wilson, D. B., Mitchell, O., & MacKenzie, D. L. (2006). A systematic review of drug court effects on recidivism. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2(4), 459-487. doi:10.1007/s11292-006-9019-4 http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11292-006-9019-4
87. Yacoubian, G. S., Urbach, B. J., Larsen, K. L., Johnson, R. J., & Peters, R. J. (2001). A comparison of drug use between prostitutes and other female arrestees. Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education, 46(2), 12-26.