Gender inequality

Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective

Volumn , Issue , 2004, Pages 156-171

  Wharton, Amy S ^a,b  

^a WASHINGTON STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b International financial services firm ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84949808427     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4135/9781412973526.n10     Document Type: Chapter

References (86)

1. Achatz, J., J. Allmendinger, and T. Hinz. 2000. "Sex Segregation in Organizations: A Comparison of Germany and the U.S." Presented at the American Sociological Association Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
2. Acker, J. "Gendered Institutions." Contemporary Sociology 21 1992. 565-69. doi:10.2307/2075528 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075528
3. Allmendinger, J., J. R. Hackman. "The More, the Better? A Four-Nation Study of the Inclusion of Women in Symphony Orchestras." Social Forces 74 1995. 423-60.
4. Anker, R. 1998. Gender and Jobs: Sex Segregation of Occupations in the World. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.
5. Aries, E. 1996. Men and Women in Interaction. New York: Oxford University Press.
6. Becker, G. "Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division of Labor." Journal of Labor Economics 17 1985. S33-S58.
7. Beller, A. H. "Occupational Segregation by Sex: Determinants and Changes." Journal of Human Resources 17 1982. 371-92. doi:10.2307/145586 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/145586
8. Beller, A. H. and K. K. Han. 1984. "Occupational Sex Segregation: Prospects for the 1980s." Pp. 91-114 in Sex Segregation in the Workplace, edited by Barbara F. Reskin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
9. Bernhardt, A., M. Morris, and M. S. Handcock. "Women’s Gains or Men’s Losses: A Closer Look at the Shrinking Gender Gap in Earnings." American Journal of Sociology 101 1995. 302-28. doi:10.1086/230726 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/230726
10. Bielby, W. T. and J. N. Baron. 1984. "A Woman’s Place Is with Other Women: Sex Segregation within Organizations." Pp. 27-55 in Sex Segregation in the Workplace, edited by Barbara F. Reskin. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
11. Blau, F. D. and L. Kahn. 2001. "Understanding International Differences in the Gender Pay Gap." Working Paper 8200. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
12. Blau, P. M. 1977. Inequality and Heterogeneity. New York: Free Press.
13. Brinton, M. C. 1993. Women and the Economic Miracle: Gender and Work in Postwar Japan. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
14. Britton, D. M. "The Epistemology of the Gendered Organization." Gender & Society 14 2000. 418-34. doi:10.1177/089124300014003004 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124300014003004
15. Browne, I., ed. 1999. Latinas and African-American Women at Work. New York: Russell Sage.
16. Buchmann, M. C., M. Charles. "Organizational and Institutional Factors in the Process of Gender Stratification: Comparing Social Arrangements in Six European Countries." International Journal of Sociology 25 1995. 66-95.
17. Campbell, K. E. "Gender Differences in Job-Related Networks." Work and Occupations 15 1988. 179-200. doi:10.1177/0730888488015002003 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888488015002003
18. Campbell, K. E., Peter V. Marsden, and Jeanne S. Hulbert. "Social Resources and Socioeconomic Status." Social Networks 8 1986. 97-117. doi:10.1016/S0378-8733(86)80017-X http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8733%2886%2980017-X
19. Chang, M. "The Evolution of Sex Segregation Regimes." American Journal of Sociology 105 2000. 1658-701. doi:10.1086/210469 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/210469
20. Charles, M. "Accounting for Cross-National Variation in Occupational Sex Segregation." American Sociological Review 57 1992. 483-502. doi:10.2307/2096096 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2096096
21. Chatman, J. A., J. Polzer, S. Barsade, and M. Neale. "Being Different Yet Feeling Similar: The Influence of Demographic Composition and Organizational Culture on Work Processes and Outcomes." Administrative Science Quarterly 43 1998. 749-80. doi:10.2307/2393615 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393615
22. Chemers, M. M., S. Oskamp, and M. A. Costanzo. 1995. Diversity in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452243405 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452243405
23. Coleman, J. S. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94 (Supplement) 1988. S95-S121.
24. Cotter, D. A., J. DeFiore, J. M. Hermsen, B. M. Kowalewski, and R. Vanneman. "All Women Benefit: The Macrolevel Effect of Occupational Integration." American Sociological Review 62 1997. 714-34. doi:10.2307/2657356 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657356
25. Cotter, D. A., J. DeFiore, J. M. Hermsen, B. M. Kowalewski, and R. Vanneman. "Occupational Gender Desegregation in the 1980s." Work and Occupations 22 1995. 3-21. doi:10.1177/0730888495022001001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888495022001001
26. England, P. 1992. Comparable Worth: Theories and Evidence. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
27. England, P. and G. Farkas. 1986. Households, Employment, and Gender: A Social, Economic and Demographic View. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
28. Esping-Andersen, G. 1990. The Three Worlds of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.
29. Esping-Andersen, G. 1999. Social Foundations of Postindustrial Economies. New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/0198742002.001.0001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/0198742002.001.0001
30. Flynn, F. J., J. A. Chatman, and S. E. Spataro. "Getting to Know You: The Influence of Personality Impressions and Performance of Demographically Different People in Organizations." Administrative Science Quarterly 46 2001. 414-42. doi:10.2307/3094870 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3094870
31. Friedland, R. and R. R. Alford. 1991. "Bringing Society Back In: Symbols, Practices, and Institutional Contradictions." Pp. 232-65 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
32. Goldin, C. 1990. Understanding the Gender Gap: An Economic History of American Women. New York: Oxford University Press.
33. Granovetter, M. S. 1974. Getting a Job. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
34. Hall, E. J. "Waitering/Waitressing: Engendering the Work of Table Servers." Gender & Society 7 1993. 329-46. doi:10.1177/089124393007003002 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124393007003002
35. Hanson, S., G. Pratt. "Job Search and the Occupational Segregation of Women." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 81 1991. 229-53. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01688.x http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1991.tb01688.x
36. Hawkesworth, M. "Confounding Gender." Signs 22 1997. 649-85. doi:10.1086/495188 http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/495188
37. Hogg, M. A. and D. Abrams. 1988. Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes. London, England: Routledge.
38. Ibarra, H. "Homophily and Differential Returns: Sex Differences in Network Structure and Access in an Advertising Firm." Administrative Science Quarterly 37 1992. 363-99.
39. Ibarra, H. "Personal Networks of Women and Minorities in Management: A Conceptual Overview." Academy of Management Review 18 1993. 56-87.
40. Ibarra, H. and L. Smith-Lovin. 1997. "New Directions in Social Network Research in Gender and Organizational Careers." Pp. 359-84 in Handbook of Organizational Behavior, edited by S. Jackson and C. Cooper. New York: Wiley.
41. Jacobs, J. A. 1999. "The Sex Segregation of Occupations: Prospects for the 21st Century." Pp. 125-41 in Handbook of Gender and Work, edited by G. N. Powell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452231365 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452231365
42. Jacobs, J. A., S. T. Lim. "Trends in Occupational and Industrial Occupation by Sex in 56 Countries, 1960-80." Work and Occupations 19 1992. 450-86. doi:10.1177/0730888492019004006 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888492019004006
43. Jehn, K. A., G. B. Northcraft, and M. A. Neale. "Why Differences Make a Difference: A Field Study of Diversity, Conflict, and Performance in Workgroups." Administrative Science Quarterly 44 1999. 741-63. doi:10.2307/2667054 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2667054
44. Jepperson, R. L. 1991. "Institutions, Institutional Effects, and Institutionalism." Pp. 143-63 in The New Institutionalism in Organizational Analysis, edited by W. W. Powell and P. J. DiMaggio. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
45. Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation. New York: Basic Books.
46. Kilbourne, B. S., P. England, and K. Beron. "Effects of Individual, Occupational, and Industrial Characteristics on Earnings: Intersections of Race and Gender." Social Forces 72 1994. 1149-76.
47. Maier, M. 1999. "On the Gendered Substructure of Organization: Dimensions and Dilemmas of Corporate Masculinity." Pp. 69-93 in Handbook of Gender and Work, edited by G. N. Powell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452231365 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452231365
48. Marx, K. [1857] 1973. Grundrisse: Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy. Translated by Martin Nicolaus. New York: Random House.
49. McPherson, J. M., P. A. Popielarz, and S. Drobnic. "Social Networks and Organizational Dynamics." American Sociological Review 57 1992. 153-70. doi:10.2307/2096202 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2096202
50. Mincer, J., S. Polachek. "Family Investments in Human Capital: Earnings of Women." Journal of Political Economy 82 1974. S76-S108.
51. Mishel, L., J. Bernstein, and J. Schmitt. 1999. The State of Working America, 1998-99. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
52. Morris, M., B. Western. "Inequality in Earnings at the Close of the Twentieth Century." Annual Review of Sociology 25 1999. 623-57. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.623 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.623
53. Nelson, R. L. and W. P. Bridges. 1999. Legalizing Gender Inequality. New York: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511499340 http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499340
54. Padavic, I. and B. Reskin. 2002. Women and Men at Work. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge.
55. Pierce, J. 1996. Gender Trials: Emotional Lives in Contemporary Law Firms. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. doi:10.1525/california/9780520201071.001.0001 http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520201071.001.0001
56. Podolny, J. M., J. N. Baron. "Social Networks and Mobility in the Workplace." American Sociological Review 62 1997. 673-93. doi:10.2307/2657354 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657354
57. Popielarz, P. "Organizational Constraints on Personal Network Formation." Research in the Sociology of Organizations 16 1999. 263-81.
58. Portes, A. "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology." Annual Review of Sociology 24 1998. 1-14. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
59. Reskin, B. F. "Sex Segregation in the Workplace." Annual Review of Sociology 19 1993. 241-70. doi:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.001325 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.001325
60. Reskin, B. F. and C. Z. Charles. 1999. "Now You See ‘Em, Now You Don’t: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender in Labor Market Research." Pp. 380-407 in Latinas and African-American Women at Work, edited by I. Brown. New York: Russell Sage.
61. Reskin, B. F. and H. I. Hartmann. 1986. Women’s Work, Men’s Work: Sex Segregation on the Job. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
62. Reskin, B. F., D. B. McBrier, and J. A. Kmec. "The Determinants and Consequences of Workplace Sex and Race Composition." Annual Review of Sociology 25 1999. 335-61. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.335 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.335
63. Reskin, B. F. and P. A. Roos. 1990. Job Queues, Gender Queues: Explaining Women’s Inroads into Male Occupations. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
64. Ridgeway, C. 1993. "Gender, Status, and the Social Psychology of Expectations." Pp. 175-98 in Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory, edited by P. England. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
65. Ridgeway, C. L. "Interaction and the Conservation of Gender Inequality." American Sociological Review 51 1997. 603-17. doi:10.2307/2095487 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2095487
66. Ridgeway, C. L., L. Smith-Lovin. "The Gender System and Interaction." Annual Review of Sociology 25 1999. 191-216. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.191 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.25.1.191
67. Risman, B. 1998. Gender Vertigo. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
68. Roos, P. A. 1985. Gender and Work: A Comparative Analysis of Industrial Societies. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
69. Roos, P. A. and M. L. Gatta. 1999. "The Gender Gap in Earnings: Trends, Explanations, and Prospects." Pp. 95-124 in Handbook of Gender and Work, edited by G. N. Powell. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. doi:10.4135/9781452231365 http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452231365
70. Ruderman, M. N., M. W. Hughes-James, and S. E. Jackson, eds. 1996. Selected Research on Work Team Diversity. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association and Center for Creative Leadership. doi:10.1037/10507-000 http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10507-000
71. Simmel, G. [1908] 1955. Conflict and the Web of Group Affiliations. New York: Free Press.
72. Smith-Lovin, L. and J. M. McPherson. 1993. "You Are Who You Know: A Network Approach." Pp. 223-51 in Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory, edited by P. England. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
73. Steinberg, R. J. "Gender on the Agenda: Male Advantage in Organizations." Contemporary Sociology 21 1992. 576-81. doi:10.2307/2075532 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075532
74. Steinberg, R. J. and L. Haignere. 1987. "Equitable Compensation: Methodological Criteria for Comparable Worth." Pp. 157-82 in Ingredients for Women’s Employment Policy, edited by C. Bose and G. Spitze. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
75. Tajfel, H. 1982. Social Identity and Intergroup Relations. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
76. Tomaskovic-Devey, D. 1993. Gender and Racial Inequality at Work. Ithaca, NY: ILR Press.
77. Tsui, A. S., T. D. Egan, and C. A. O’Reilly III. "Being Different: Relational Demography and Organizational Attachment." Administrative Science Quarterly 37 1992. 549-79. doi:10.2307/2393472 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2393472
78. Tsui, A. S., J. L. Farh. "Where Guanxi Matters: Relational Demography and Guanxi in the Chinese Context." Work and Occupations 24 1997. 56-79. doi:10.1177/0730888497024001005 http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0730888497024001005
79. Turner, J. C. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Basil Blackwell.
80. Van der Lippe, T. and L. Van Dijk. 2001. "Introduction." Pp. 1-4 in Women’s Employment in a Comparative Perspective, edited by T. Van der Lippe and L. Van Dijk. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
81. Van der Lippe, T., L. Van Dijk. "Comparative Research on Women’s Employment." Annual Review of Sociology 28 2002. 221-41. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.140833 http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.28.110601.140833
82. Walby, S. "Analyzing Social Inequality in the 21st Century: Globalization and Modernity Restructure Inequality." Contemporary Sociology 29 2000. 813-18. doi:10.2307/2654089 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2654089
83. Williams, C. L. 1989. Gender Differences at Work. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
84. Williams, C. L. 1995. Still a Man’s World. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
85. Williams, K. Y., C. A. O’Reilly. "Demography and Diversity in Organizations." Research in Organizational Behavior 20 1998. 77-140.
86. Xin, K. R., J. L. Pearce. "Guanxi: Connections as Substitutes for Female Institutional Support." Academy of Management Journal 39 1996. 1641-58. doi:10.2307/257072 http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/257072