Distinct Roles of Emotion Reactivity and Regulation in Depressive and Manic Symptoms Among Euthymic Patients

Cognitive Therapy and Research

Volumn 40, Issue 3, 2016, Pages 262-274

  Van Meter, Anna R ^a   Youngstrom, Eric A ^b  

^a YESHIVA UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

Bipolar disorder; Depression; Emotion regulation; Mania; Mood

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BIPOLAR DISORDER; CLINICAL ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; EMOTION REACTIVITY; EMOTIONALITY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOMANIA; MAJOR DEPRESSION; MALE; MANIA; MOOD; SELF REPORT; TEMPERAMENT; THREAT;

EID: 84949520009     PISSN: 01475916     EISSN: 15732819     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10608-015-9738-9     Document Type: Article

References (109)

1. Aldao, A. (2013). The future of emotion regulation research: Capturing context. Perspectives on Psychological Science,8(2), 155–172. doi:10.1177/1745691612459518.
2. Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review,30(2), 217–237. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.11.004.
3. Alloy, L. B., Abramson, L. Y., Walshaw, P. D., Cogswell, A., Grandin, L. D., Hughes, M. E., et al. (2008). behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system sensitivities and bipolar spectrum disorders: Prospective prediction of bipolar mood episodes. Bipolar Disorders,10(2), 310–322.
4. Altshuler, L., Bartzokis, G., Grieder, T., Curran, J., & Mintz, J. (1998). Amygdala enlargement in bipolar disorder and hippocampal reduction in schizophrenia: An MRI study demonstrating neuroanatomic specificity. Archives of General Psychiatry,55(7), 663.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
6. Angst, J., Adolfsson, R., Benazzi, F., Gamma, A., Hantouche, E., Meyer, T., et al. (2005). The HCL-32: Towards a self-assessment tool for hypomanic symptoms in outpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders,88(2), 217–233. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.011.
7. Angst, J., Gamma, A., & Endrass, J. (2003). Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,108(s418), 15–19. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.4.x.
8. Baldessarini, R. J., Vieta, E., Calabrese, J. R., Tohen, M., & Bowden, C. L. (2010). Bipolar depression: Overview and commentary. Harvard Review of Psychiatry,18(3), 143–157. doi:10.3109/10673221003747955.
9. Ball, J. R., Mitchell, P. B., Corry, J. C., Skillecorn, A., Smith, M., & Malhi, G. S. (2006). A randomized controlled trial of cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: Focus on long-term change. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,67(2), 277–286.
10. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: Constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin,121(1), 65–94. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.121.1.65.
11. Beck, A. T. (1974). The development of depression: A cognitive model. In R. J. F. M. M. Katz (Ed.), The psychology of depression: Contemporary theory and research (pp. xvii, 318). Oxford: Wiley.
12. Beck, A. T. (1978). BDI: Aaron T. Beck.
13. Beck, A. T. (2005). The current state of cognitive therapy: A 40-year retrospective. Archives of General Psychiatry,62(9), 953–959. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.9.953.
14. Beck, A., Steer, R., & Carbin, M. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review,8(1), 77–100. doi:10.1016/0272-7358(88)90050-5.
15. Beck, A., Ward, C., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry,4(6), 561–571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004.
16. Black, D., Arndt, S., Hale, N., & Rogerson, R. (2004). Use of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as a screening tool in prisons: Results of a preliminary study. Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online,32(2), 158–162.
17. Blumberg, H., Fredericks, C., Wang, F., Kalmar, J., Spencer, L., Papademetris, X., et al. (2005). Preliminary evidence for persistent abnormalities in amygdala volumes in adolescents and young adults with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders,7(6), 570–576. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2005.00264.x.
18. Bowden, C. L. (2001). Strategies to reduce misdiagnosis of bipolar depression. Psychiatric Services,52(1), 51–55.
19. Bylsma, L. M., Morris, B. H., & Rottenberg, J. (2008). A meta-analysis of emotional reactivity in major depressive disorder. Clinical Psychology Review,28(4), 676–691. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.10.001.
20. Calkins, S. D. (1994). Origins and outcomes of individual differences in emotion regulation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,59(2/3), 53–72.
21. Chang, K., Karchemskiy, A., Barnea-Goraly, N., Garrett, A., Simeonova, D., & Reiss, A. (2005). Reduced amygdalar gray matter volume in familial pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,44(6), 565–573. doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000159948.75136.0d.
22. Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
23. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
24. Colom, F., Vieta, E., Martinez, A., Jorquera, A., & Gasto, C. (1998). What is the role of psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder? Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics,67(1), 3–9. doi:10.1159/000012252.
25. Davidson, R., Lewis, D., Alloy, L., Amaral, D., Bush, G., Cohen, J., et al. (2002a). Neural and behavioral substrates of mood and mood regulation. Biological Psychiatry,52(6), 478–502. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01458-0.
26. Davidson, R. J., Pizzagalli, D., Nitschke, J. B., & Putnam, K. (2002b). Depression: Perspectives from affective neuroscience. Annual Review of Psychology,53(1), 545–574. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135148.
27. Deckersbach, T., Hölzel, B. K., Eisner, L. R., Stange, J. P., Peckham, A. D., Dougherty, D. D., et al. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for nonremitted patients with bipolar disorder. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics,18(2), 133–141. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00236.x.
28. Dickstein, D., Brazel, A., Goldberg, L., & Hunt, J. (2009). Affect regulation in pediatric bipolar disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America,18(2), 405–420.
29. Donaldson, C., Lam, D., & Mathews, A. (2007). Rumination and attention in major depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy,45(11), 2664–2678. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2007.07.002.
30. Edvardsen, J., Torgersen, S., Røysamb, E., Lygren, S., Skre, I., Onstad, S., & Øien, P. A. (2008). Heritability of bipolar spectrum disorders. Unity or heterogeneity. Journal of Affective Disorders,106(3), 229–240.
31. Egloff, B., Schmukle, S. C., Burns, L. R., & Schwerdtfeger, A. (2006). Spontaneous emotion regulation during evaluated speaking tasks: Associations with negative affect, anxiety expression, memory, and physiological responding. Emotion,6(3), 356–366. doi:10.1037/1528-3542.6.3.356.
32. Eippert, F., Veit, R., Weiskopf, N., Erb, M., Birbaumer, N., & Anders, S. (2007). Regulation of emotional responses elicited by threat-related stimuli. Human Brain Mapping,28(5), 409–423. doi:10.1002/hbm.20291.
33. Eisner, L. R., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (2008). Cognitive responses to failure and success relate uniquely to bipolar depression versus mania. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,117(1), 154–163. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.117.1.154.
34. Erickson, K., Drevets, W., Clark, L., Cannon, D. M., Bain, E. E., Zarate, C. A, Jr, et al. (2005). Mood-congruent bias in affective Go/No-Go performance of unmedicated patients with major depressive disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry,162(11), 2171–2173. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.11.2171.
35. Erk, S., Mikschl, A., Stier, S., Ciaramidaro, A., Gapp, V., Weber, B., & Walter, H. (2010). Acute and sustained effects of cognitive emotion regulation in major depression. The Journal of Neuroscience,30(47), 15726–15734. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1856-10.2010.
36. Fales, C., Barch, D., Rundle, M., Mintun, M., Snyder, A., Cohen, J., et al. (2008). Altered emotional interference processing in affective and cognitive-control brain circuitry in major depression. Biological Psychiatry,63(4), 377–384.
37. Feldman, G., Joormann, J., & Johnson, S. (2008). Responses to positive affect: A self-report measure of rumination and dampening. Cognitive Therapy and Research,32(4), 507–525. doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9083-0.
38. Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: A comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences,40(8), 1659–1669.
39. Gemar, M. C., Segal, Z. V., Sagrati, S., & Kennedy, S. J. (2001). Mood-induced changes on the implicit association test in recovered depressed patients. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,110(2), 282–289. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.110.2.282.
40. Getz, G., Shear, P., & Strakowski, S. (2003). Facial affect recognition deficits in bipolar disorder. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society,9, 623–632.
41. Green, M. J., Cahill, C. M., & Malhi, G. S. (2007). The cognitive and neurophysiological basis of emotion dysregulation in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders,103(1–3), 29–42. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.024.
42. Green, M. J., Lino, B. J., Hwang, E. J., Sparks, A., James, C., & Mitchell, P. B. (2011). Cognitive regulation of emotion in bipolar I disorder and unaffected biological relatives. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,124(4), 307–316. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01718.x.
43. Gruber, J. (2011). Can feeling too good be bad? Positive emotion persistence (PEP) in bipolar disorder. Current Directions in Psychological Science,20(4), 217–221. doi:10.1177/0963721411414632.
44. Gruber, J., Eidelman, P., Johnson, S. L., Smith, B., & Harvey, A. G. (2011a). Hooked on a feeling: Rumination about positive and negative emotion in inter-episode bipolar disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,120(4), 956.
45. Gruber, J., Harvey, A. G., & Gross, J. J. (2012). When trying is not enough: Emotion regulation and the effort–success gap in bipolar disorder. Emotion,12(5), 997–1003. doi:10.1037/a0026822.
46. Gruber, J., Harvey, A. G., & Purcell, A. (2011b). What goes up can come down? A preliminary investigation of emotion reactivity and emotion recovery in bipolar disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders,133(3), 457–466. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2011.05.009.
47. Gruber, J., Hay, A. C., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Rethinking emotion: Cognitive reappraisal is an effective positive and negative emotion regulation strategy in bipolar disorder. Emotion, 14(2), 388–396. doi:10.1037/a0035249.
48. Gruber, J., Johnson, S. L., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2008). Risk for mania and positive emotional responding: Too much of a good thing? Emotion,8(1), 23.
49. Gruber, J., Kogan, A., Mennin, D., & Murray, G. (2013). Real-world emotion? An experience-sampling approach to emotion experience and regulation in bipolar I disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,122(4), 971.
50. Hariri, A. R., Tessitore, A., Mattay, V. S., Fera, F., & Weinberger, D. R. (2002). The amygdala response to emotional stimuli: A comparison of faces and scenes. NeuroImage,17(1), 317–323.
51. Hoertnagl, C. M., Muehlbacher, M., Biedermann, F., Yalcin, N., Baumgartner, S., Schwitzer, G., et al. (2011). Facial emotion recognition and its relationship to subjective and functional outcomes in remitted patients with bipolar I disorder. Bipolar Disorders,13(5–6), 537–544. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00947.x.
52. Huntsinger, J., Sinclair, S., Dunn, E., & Clore, G. (2010). Affective regulation of stereotype activation: It’s the (Accessible) thought that counts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,36(4), 564–577. doi:10.1177/0146167210363404.
53. Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., et al. (2010). Research domain criteria (RDoC): Toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry,167(7), 748–751. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379.
54. Jermann, F., Van der Linden, M., d’Acremont, M., & Zermatten, A. (2006). Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ): Confirmatory factor analysis and psychometric properties of the French translation. European Journal of Psychological Assessment,22(2), 126–131.
55. Johnson, S., Gruber, J., & Eisner, L. (2007). Emotion and Bipolar Disorder. In J. R. S. L. Johnson (Ed.), Emotion and psychopathology: Bridging affective and clinical science (pp. 123–150). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association.
56. Johnson, S. L., Turner, R. J., & Iwata, N. (2003). BIS/BAS levels and psychiatric disorder: An epidemiological study. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,25(1), 25–36. doi:10.1023/A:1022247919288.
57. Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2007). Selective attention to emotional faces following recovery from depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,116(1), 80–85. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.116.1.80.
58. Kasch, K. L., Rottenberg, J., Arnow, B. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,111(4), 589.
59. Killgore, W. D. S., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2004). Activation of the amygdala and anterior cingulate during nonconscious processing of sad versus happy faces. NeuroImage,21(4), 1215–1223. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.033.
60. Kohler, C. G., Hoffman, L. J., Eastman, L. B., Healey, K., & Moberg, P. J. (2011). Facial emotion perception in depression and bipolar disorder: A quantitative review. Psychiatry Research,188(3), 303–309. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.019.
61. Krüger, S., Seminowicz, D., Goldapple, K., Kennedy, S. H., & Mayberg, H. S. (2003). State and trait influences on mood regulation in bipolar disorder: Blood flow differences with an acute mood challenge. Biological Psychiatry,54(11), 1274–1283.
62. Kupka, R. W., Altshuler, L. L., Nolen, W. A., Suppes, T., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Leverich, G. S., et al. (2007). Three times more days depressed than manic or hypomanic in both bipolar I and bipolar II disorder1. Bipolar Disorders,9(5), 531–535. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2007.00467.x.
63. Lahera, G., Bayon, C., Fe Bravo-Ortiz, M., Rodriguez-Vega, B., Barbeito, S., Saenz, M., et al. (2014). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus psychoeducational intervention in bipolar outpatients with sub-threshold depressive symptoms: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry,14, 215. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0215-x.
64. Lam, D. H., Bright, J., Jones, S., Hayward, P., Schuck, N., Chisholm, D., & Sham, P. (2000). Cognitive therapy for bipolar illness: A pilot study of relapse prevention [Article], Cognitive Therapy & Research. Springer Science & Business Media B.V.
65. Lam, D. H., Watkins, E. R., Hayward, P., et al. (2003). A randomized controlled study of cognitive therapy for relapse prevention for bipolar affective disorder: Outcome of the first year. Archives of General Psychiatry,60(2), 145–152. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.60.2.145.
66. Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, D. V., Weiller, E., Amorim, P., Bonora, I., Sheehan, K. H., et al. (1997). The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). A short diagnostic structured interview: Reliability and validity according to the CIDI. European Psychiatry,12(5), 224–231. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83296-8.
67. LeMoult, J., Joormann, J., Sherdell, L., Wright, Y., & Gotlib, I. H. (2009). Identification of emotional facial expressions following recovery from depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,118(4), 828–833. doi:10.1037/a0016944.
68. Leppanen, J. M. (2006). Emotional information processing in mood disorders: A review of behavioral and neuroimaging findings. Current Opinion in Psychiatry,19, 34–39.
69. Lingam, R., & Scott, J. (2002). Treatment non-adherence in affective disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,105(3), 164–172. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2002.1r084.x.
70. MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, G., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,111(1), 107–123. doi:10.1037//0021-843x.111.1.107.
71. Mansell, W., Morrison, A. P., Reid, G., Lowens, I., & Tai, S. (2007). The interpretation of, and responses to, changes in internal states: An integrative cognitive model of mood swings and bipolar disorders. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy,35(05), 515–539. doi:10.1017/S1352465807003827.
72. Merikangas, K. R., Cui, L., Kattan, G., Carlson, G. A., Youngstrom, E. A., & Angst, J. (2012). Mania with and without depression in a community sample of US adolescents. Archives of General Psychiatry,69, 943–951. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.38.
73. Meyer, B., Johnson, S. L., & Carver, C. S. (1999). Exploring behavioral activation and inhibition sensitivities among college students at risk for bipolar spectrum symptomatology. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment,21(4), 275–292.
74. Meyer, B., Johnson, S., & Winters, R. (2001). Responsiveness to threat and incentive in bipolar disorder: Relations of the BIS/BAS sales with symptoms. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 23(3), 133–143. doi:10.1023/a:1010929402770.
75. Michalak, E. E., Murray, G., Young, A. H., & Lam, R. W. (2008). Burden of bipolar depression. CNS Drugs,22(5), 389–406.
76. Miklowitz, D. J. (2006). A review of evidence-based psychosocial interventions for bipolar disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,67(Suppl 11), 28–33.
77. Mitchell, P. B., & Malhi, G. S. (2004). Bipolar depression: Phenomenological overview and clinical characteristics. Bipolar Disorders,6(6), 530–539. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00137.x.
78. Morris, B. H., Bylsma, L. M., & Rottenberg, J. (2009). Does emotion predict the course of major depressive disorder? A review of prospective studies. British Journal of Clinical Psychology,48(3), 255–273. doi:10.1348/014466508X396549.
79. Murphy, F. C., Sahakian, B. J., Rubinsztein, J. S., Michael, A., Rogers, R. D., Robbins, T. W., & Paykel, E. S. (1999). Emotional bias and inhibitory control processes in mania and depression. Psychological Medicine,29(06), 1307–1321.
80. Ochsner, K. N., Bunge, S. A., Gross, J. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002). Rethinking feelings: An fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,14(8), 1215–1229. doi:10.1162/089892902760807212.
81. Phan, K. L., Wager, T., Taylor, S. F., & Liberzon, I. (2002). Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: A meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. NeuroImage,16(2), 331–348. doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1087.
82. Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L., & Lane, R. (2003a). Neurobiology of emotion perception I: The neural basis of normal emotion perception. Biological Psychiatry,54(5), 504–514. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00168-9.
83. Phillips, M. L., Drevets, W. C., Rauch, S. L., & Lane, R. (2003b). Neurobiology of emotion perception II: Implications for major psychiatric disorders. Biological Psychiatry,54(5), 515–528. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00171-9.
84. Phillips, M. L., Ladouceur, C. D., & Drevets, W. C. (2008). A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: Implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Molecular Psychiatry,13(9), 833–857.
85. Piet, J., & Hougaard, E. (2011). The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of relapse in recurrent major depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review,31(6), 1032–1040. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.05.002.
86. Post, R. M. (2005). The impact of bipolar depression. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry,66(5), 5.
87. Raes, F., Dewulf, D., Van Heeringen, C., & Williams, J. M. G. (2009). Mindfulness and reduced cognitive reactivity to sad mood: Evidence from a correlational study and a non-randomized waiting list controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy,47(7), 623–627. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.03.007.
88. Reilly-Harrington, N. A., Alloy, L. B., Fresco, D. M., & Whitehouse, W. G. (1999). Cognitive styles and life events interact to predict bipolar and unipolar symptomatology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,108(4), 567–578.
89. Ridout, N., Astell, A., Reid, I., Glen, T., & O’Carroll, R. (2003). Memory bias for emotional facial expressions in major depression. Cognition and Emotion,17(1), 101–122. doi:10.1080/02699930302272.
90. Rocca, C. C. A., Heuvel, E. v. d., Caetano, S. C., & Lafer, B. (2009). Facial emotion recognition in bipolar disorder: A critical review. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria,31, 171–180.
91. Roiser, J., Farmer, A., Lam, D., Burke, A., O’Neill, N., Keating, S., et al. (2009). The effect of positive mood induction on emotional processing in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder and controls. Psychological Medicine,39(05), 785–791. doi:10.1017/S0033291708004200.
92. Sajatovic, M., Valenstein, M., Blow, F. C., Ganoczy, D., & Ignacio, R. V. (2006). Treatment adherence with antipsychotic medications in bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disorders,8(3), 232–241. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2006.00314.x.
93. Schenkel, L., Pavuluri, M., Herbener, E., Harral, E., & Sweeney, J. (2007). Facial Emotion processing in acutely ill and euthymic patients with pediatric bipolar disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,46(8), 1070–1079.
94. Scott, J. (2001). Cognitive therapy as an adjunct to medication in bipolar disorder. The British Journal of Psychiatry,178(41), s164–s168. doi:10.1192/bjp.178.41.s164.
95. Segal, Z. V., Gemar, M., & Williams, S. (1999). Differential cognitive response to a mood challenge following successful cognitive therapy or pharmacotherapy for unipolar depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,108(1), 3–10. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.108.1.3.
96. Sheehan, D. V., Lecrubier, Y., Sheehan, K. H., Janavs, J., Weiller, E., Keskiner, A., et al. (1997). The validity of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) according to the SCID-P and its reliability. European Psychiatry,12(5), 232–241. doi:10.1016/S0924-9338(97)83297-X.
97. Siegle, G. J., Steinhauer, S. R., Thase, M. E., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2002). Can’t shake that feeling: Event-related fMRI assessment of sustained amygdala activity in response to emotional information in depressed individuals. Biological Psychiatry,51(9), 693–707. doi:10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01314-8.
98. Silk, J. S., Shaw, Daniel S., Skuban, Emily M., Oland, Alyssa A., & Kovacs, Maria. (2006). Emotion regulation strategies in offspring of childhood-onset depressed mothers. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry,47(1), 69–78.
99. Standage, H., Ashwin, C., & Fox, E. (2010). Is manipulation of mood a critical component of cognitive bias modification procedures? Behaviour Research and Therapy,48(1), 4–10. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2009.08.005.
100. Stange, J. P., Molz, A. R., Black, C. L., Shapero, B. G., Bacelli, J. M., Abramson, L. Y., & Alloy, L. B. (2012). Positive overgeneralization and Behavioral Approach System (BAS) sensitivity interact to predict prospective increases in hypomanic symptoms: A behavioral high-risk design. Behaviour Research and Therapy,50(4), 231–239. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2012.01.003.
101. Strakowski, S. M., Delbello, M. P., & Adler, C. M. (2005). The functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder: A review of neuroimaging findings. Molecular Psychiatry,10(1), 105–116. doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001585.
102. Sullivan, P. F., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Genetic epidemiology of major depression: Review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry,157(10), 1552–1562. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.10.1552.
103. Townsend, J. (2012). Emotion processing and regulation in bipolar disorder: A review. Bipolar Disorders,14(4), 326–339. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01021.x.
104. Vederman, A. C., Weisenbach, S. L., Rapport, L. J., Leon, H. M., Haase, B. D., Franti, L. M., et al. (2012). Modality-specific alterations in the perception of emotional stimuli in bipolar disorder compared to healthy controls and major depressive disorder. Cortex,48(8), 1027–1034. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2011.03.017.
105. Westermann, R., Spies, K., Stahl, G., & Hesse, F. W. (1996). Relative effectiveness and validity of mood induction procedures: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Social Psychology,26(4), 557–580. doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199607)26:4<557:aid-ejsp769>3.0.co;2-4.
106. Wright, K., Lam, D., & Newsom-Davis, I. (2005). Induced mood change and dysfunctional attitudes in remitted bipolar I affective disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,114(4), 689–696. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.689.
107. Yap, M. B. H., Allen, N. B., & Sheeber, L. (2007). Using an emotion regulation framework to understand the role or temperament and family processes in risk for adolescent depressive disorders. Clinical Child and Family Psychology,10(2), 180–196.
108. Youngstrom, E., & Izard, C. E. (2008). Function of emotions functions of emotions and emotion-related dysfunction. In A. J. Elliot (Ed.), Handbook of approach and avoidance motivation (p. 367). New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
109. Youngstrom, E. A., & Van Meter, A. (2013). Comorbidity of bipolar disorder and depression. In S. Richards & M. W. O’Hara (Eds.), Oxford handbook of depression and comorbidity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.