In the blood: the myth and reality of genetic markers of identity

Ethnic and Racial Studies

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2016, Pages 142-161

  Jobling, Mark A ^a   Rasteiro, Rita ^a   Wetton, Jon H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEICESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

genetic ancestry testing; Genetics; indigeneity; migration; recreational genomics; reification of race

Indexed keywords

ANCESTRY; GENETIC MARKER; GENOMICS; MIGRATION; POPULATION GENETICS; RACE;

EID: 84948799857     PISSN: 01419870     EISSN: 14664356     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01419870.2016.1105990     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. 1000 Genomes Project Consortium. 2012. “An Integrated Map of Genetic Variation From 1,092 Human Genomes.” Nature 491 (7422): 56–65. doi: 10.1038/nature11632.
2. N.Anstead, 2009. “Transcript: BBC Question Time, 22 October 2009.” http://www.scribd.com/doc/34711539/BBCQT-TV-Transcript.
3. T.Appenzeller, 2013. “Neanderthal Culture: old Masters.” Nature 497 (7449): 302–304. doi: 10.1038/497302a
4. C.Arthur, 1997. “The Family Link that Reaches Back 300 Generations to a Cheddar Cave.” In The Independent. London: Independent Print Limited (Saturday 08 March 1997).
5. G.Barbujani,, A.Magagni, E.Minch, and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza. 1997. “An Apportionment of Human DNA Diversity.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 94 (9): 4516–4519.
6. D.M.Behar,, E.Metspalu, T.Kivisild, S.Rosset, S.Tzur, Y.Hadid, G.Yudkovsky, et al. 2008. “Counting the Founders: the Matrilineal Genetic Ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora.” PLoS ONE 3 (4): e2062. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002062.
7. D.A.Bolnick, 2008. “Individual Ancestry Inference and the Reification of Race as a Biological Phenomenon.” In Revisiting Race in A Genomic Age, edited by B.A.Koenig, S.J.L.Lee and S.S.Richardson, 70–88. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
8. D.A.Bolnick,, D.Fullwiley, T.Duster, R.S.Cooper, J.H.Fujimura, J.Kahn, J.S.Kaufman, et al. 2007. “Genetics. The Science and Business of Genetic Ancestry Testing.” Science 318 (5849): 399–400. doi: 10.1126/science.1150098.
9. T.Bowes, 2014. “How to Find Your Genetic Homeland.” Family Tree February 2014: 18–22.
10. J.Brooks-Crozier, 2011. “The Nature and Nurture of Violence: Early Intervention Services for the Families of MAOA-low Children as A Means to Reduce Violent Crime and the Costs of Violent Crime.” Connecticut Law Rev 44 (2): 531–72.
11. K.Bryc,, E.Y.Durand, J.M.Macpherson, D.Reich, and J.L.Mountain. 2015. “The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans Across the United States.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 96 (1): 37–53. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010.
12. M.L.Burton,, C.C.Moore, J.W.M.Whiting, A.K.Romney, D.F.Aberle, J.A.Barcelo, M.M.Dow, et al. 1996. “Regions Based on Social Structure.” Current Anthropology 37: 87–123. doi: 10.1086/204474
13. A.Caspi,, J.McClay, T.E.Moffitt, J.Mill, J.Martin, I.W.Craig, A.Taylor, and R.Poulton. 2002. “Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children.” Science 297 (5582): 851–854. doi: 10.1126/science.1072290.
14. Chimpanzee Sequencing and Analysis Consortium. 2005. “Initial Sequence of the Chimpanzee Genome and Comparison with the Human Genome.” Nature 437 (7055): 69–87. doi: 10.1038/nature04072.
15. A.Cramb, 2012. “Scottish Lecturer Found to be ‘Grandfather of Everyone in Britain’.” In Daily Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group (29 Jun 2012).
16. M.Currat,, and L.Excoffier. 2005. “The Effect of the Neolithic Expansion on European Molecular Diversity.” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272 (1564): 679–688. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2004.2999
17. G.R.Daniel, 2001. More Than Black? Multiracial Identity and the New Racial Order. Philadelphia: Temple University Press. p.3
18. C.Dennis,, R.Gallagher, and P.Campbell. 2001. “Everyone's Genome.” Nature 409 (6822): 813. doi: 10.1038/35057264.
19. T.Duster, 2003. Backdoor to Eugenics. New York: Routledge.
20. E.Elhaik,, T.Tatarinova, D.Chebotarev, I.S.Piras, C.Maria Calo, A.De Montis, M.Atzori, et al. 2014. “Geographic Population Structure Analysis of Worldwide Human Populations Infers Their Biogeographical Origins.” Nature Communications 5: 3513–0. doi: 10.1038/ncomms4513.
21. J.N.Fenner, 2005. “Cross-cultural Estimation of the Human Generation Interval for use in Genetics-Based Population Divergence Studies.” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 128 (2): 415–423. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20188
22. J.H.Fujimura,, and R.Rajagopalan. 2011. “Different Differences: the use of ‘Genetic Ancestry’ Versus Race in Biomedical Human Genetic Research.” Social Studies of Science 41 (1): 5–30. doi: 10.1177/0306312710379170
23. D.Fullwiley, 2007. “The Molecularization of Race: Institutionalizing Human Difference in Pharmacogenetics Practice.” Science as Culture 16 (1): 1–30. doi: 10.1080/09505430601180847
24. D.Fullwiley, 2008. “The Biologistical Construction of Race: `Admixture' Technology and the New Genetic Medicine.” Social Studies of Science 38 (5): 695–735. doi: 10.1177/0306312708090796
25. P.Gill,, P.L.Ivanov, C.Kimpton, R.Piercy, N.Benson, G.Tully, I.Evett, E.Hagelberg, and K.Sullivan. 1994. “Identification of the Remains of the Romanov Family by DNA Analysis.” Nature Genetics 6: 130–135. doi: 10.1038/ng0294-130
26. D.Graur,, Y.Zheng, N.Price, R.B.Azevedo, R.A.Zufall, and E.Elhaik. 2013. “On the Immortality of Television Sets: “Function” in the Human Genome According to the Evolution-Free Gospel of ENCODE.” Genome Biology and Evolution 5 (3): 578–590. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evt028.
27. H.T.Greely, 2008. “Genetic Genealogy: Genetics Meets the Marketplace.” In Revisiting Race in A Genomic Age, edited by B.A.Koenig, S.J.L.Lee and S.S.Richardson, 215–34. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
28. R.E.Green,, J.Krause, A.W.Briggs, T.Maricic, U.Stenzel, M.Kircher, N.Patterson, et al. 2010. “A Draft Sequence of the Neandertal Genome.” Science 328 (5979): 710–722. doi: 10.1126/science.1188021.
29. I.Hacking, 2005. “Why Race Still Matters.” Daedalus 134 (1): 102–116. doi: 10.1162/0011526053124460
30. M.F.Hammer,, D.M.Behar, T.M.Karafet, F.L.Mendez, B.Hallmark, T.Erez, L.A.Zhivotovsky, S.Rosset, and K.Skorecki. 2009. “Extended Y Chromosome Haplotypes Resolve Multiple and Unique Lineages of the Jewish Priesthood.” Human Genetics 126 (5): 707–717. doi: 10.1007/s00439-009-0727-5.
31. C.Hodgson, 2014. “Dead Famous DNA: 5 things we've learnt from the show, featuring Elvis, Napoleon and Adolf Hitler's wife Eva Braun.” In Daily Mirror. London (9 April).
32. International HapMap Consortium. 2007. “A Second Generation Human Haplotype map of Over 3.1 Million SNPs.” Nature 449 (7164): 851–861. doi: nature06258[pii]10.1038/nature06258.
33. International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. 2001. “Initial Sequencing and Analysis of the Human Genome.” Nature 409 (6822): 860–921. doi: 10.1038/35057062
34. E.Jehaes,, H.Pfeiffer, K.Toprak, R.Decorte, B.Brinkmann, and J.J.Cassiman. 2001. “Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Putative Heart of Louis XVII, son of Louis XVI and Marie-Antoinette.” European Journal of Human Genetics 9 (3): 185–190. doi: 10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200602.
35. M.A.Jobling,, E.J.Hollox, M.E.Hurles, T.Kivisild, and C.Tyler-Smith. 2013. Human Evolutionary Genetics. New York and London: Garland Science.
36. A.Kemp, 2013. Four Flags: The Indigenous People of Great Britain: DNA, History and the Right to Existence of the Native Inhabitants of the British Isles. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
37. T.E.King,, and M.A.Jobling. 2009a. “What's in A Name? Y Chromosomes, Surnames and the Genetic Genealogy Revolution.” Trends in Genetics 25 (8): 351–360. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2009.06.003.
38. T.E.King,, and M.A.Jobling. 2009b. “Founders, Drift and Infidelity: the Relationship Between Y Chromosome Diversity and Patrilineal Surnames.” Molecular Biology and Evolution 26: 1093–1102. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp022.
39. J.M.Lind,, H.B.Hutcheson-Dilks, S.M.Williams, J.H.Moore, M.Essex, E.Ruiz-Pesini, D.C.Wallace, S.A.Tishkoff, S.J.O'Brien, and M.W.Smith. 2007. “Elevated Male European and Female African Contributions to the Genomes of African American Individuals.” Human Genetics 120 (5): 713–722. doi: 10.1007/s00439-006-0261-7.
40. M.Magnier, 2004. “Identity Issues in Mongolia.” In Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles, CA: Tribune Publishing.
41. B.McEvoy,, and D.G.Bradley. 2006. “Y-chromosomes and the Extent of Patrilineal Ancestry in Irish Surnames.” Human Genetics 119 (1–2): 212–219. doi: 10.1007/s00439-005-0131-8
42. L.T.Moore,, B.McEvoy, E.Cape, K.Simms, and D.G.Bradley. 2006. “A Y-Chromosome Signature of Hegemony in Gaelic Ireland.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 78 (2): 334–338. doi: 10.1086/500055
43. A.Morning, 2014. “And you Thought we had Moved Beyond all That: Biological Race Returns to the Social Sciences.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 37 (10): 1676–1685. doi: 10.1080/01419870.2014.931992.
44. A.Nelson, 2008. “Bio Science: Genetic Genealogy Testing and the Pursuit of African Ancestry.” Social Studies of Science 38 (5): 759–783. doi: 10.1177/0306312708091929
45. J.Novembre,, T.Johnson, K.Bryc, Z.Kutalik, A.R.Boyko, A.Auton, A.Indap, et al. 2008. “Genes Mirror Geography Within Europe.” Nature 456 (7218): 98–101. doi: 10.1038/nature07331.
46. C.O'Dushlaine,, R.McQuillan, M.E.Weale, D.J.Crouch, A.Johansson, Y.Aulchenko, C.S.Franklin, et al. 2010. “Genes Predict Village of Origin in Rural Europe.” European Journal of Human Genetics 18 (11): 1269–1270. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.92.
47. S.Oppenheimer, 2003. Out of Eden: The Peopling of the World. London: Constable.
48. H.Ostrer,, and K.Skorecki. 2013. “The Population Genetics of the Jewish People.” Human Genetics 132 (2): 119–127. doi: 10.1007/s00439-012-1235-6.
49. J.C.Phelan,, B.G.Link, S.Zelner, and L.H.Yang. 2014. “Direct-to-Consumer Racial Admixture Tests and Beliefs About Essential Racial Differences.” Social Psychology Quarterly 77 (3): 296–318. doi: 10.1177/0190272514529439
50. J.K.Pritchard,, M.Stephens, and P.Donnelly. 2000. “Inference of Population Structure Using Multilocus Genotype Data.” Genetics 155: 945–59.
51. Prosapia Genetics. “Prosapia Genetics.” https://www.prosapiagenetics.com/index.php.
52. S.Ramachandran,, O.Deshpande, C.C.Roseman, N.A.Rosenberg, M.W.Feldman, and L.L.Cavalli-Sforza. 2005. “Support From the Relationship of Genetic and Geographic Distance in Human Populations for A Serial Founder Effect Originating in Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 (44): 15942–7. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507611102
53. M.Richards,, V.Macaulay, E.Hickey, E.Vega, B.Sykes, V.Guida, C.Rengo, et al. 2000. “Tracing European Founder Lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA Pool.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (5): 1251–1276. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9297(07)62954-1
54. R.A.Rocca,, G.Magoon, D.F.Reynolds, T.Krahn, V.O.Tilroe, P.M.Op den Velde Boots, and A.J.Grierson. 2012. “Discovery of Western European R1b1a2 Y Chromosome Variants in 1000 Genomes Project Data: an Online Community Approach.” PLoS ONE 7 (7): e41634. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041634.
55. D.L.Rohde,, S.Olson, and J.T.Chang. 2004. “Modelling the Recent Common Ancestry of all Living Humans.” Nature 431 (7008): 562–566. doi: 10.1038/nature02842.
56. N.A.Rosenberg,, J.K.Pritchard, J.L.Weber, H.M.Cann, K.K.Kidd, L.A.Zhivotovsky, and M.W.Feldman. 2002. “Genetic Structure of Human Populations.” Science 298: 2381–2385. doi: 10.1126/science.1078311
57. C.D.Royal,, J.Novembre, S.M.Fullerton, D.B.Goldstein, J.C.Long, M.J.Bamshad, and A.G.Clark. 2010. “Inferring Genetic Ancestry: Opportunities, Challenges, and Implications.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 86 (5): 661–673. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.03.011.
58. S.Z.Sabol,, S.Hu, and D.Hamer. 1998. “A Functional Polymorphism in the Monoamine Oxidase A Gene Promoter.” Human Genetics 103 (3): 273–279. doi: 10.1007/s004390050816
59. Sense about Science. 2013. “Sense About Genetic Ancestry Testing.” http://www.senseaboutscience.org/resources.php/119/sense-about-genetic-ancestry-testing.
60. A.Sherwin, 2014. “Did Adolf Hitler marry a Jewish woman? DNA tests ‘show Eva Braun associated with Ashkenazi Jews’.” In Independent. London.
61. G.Shimona, 2003. Community and Conscience: the Jews in Apartheid South Africa. Lebanon, NH, USA: Brandeis University Press.
62. M.D.Shriver,, and R.A.Kittles. 2008. “Genetic Ancestry and the Search for Personalized Genetic Histories.” In Revisiting Race in A Genomic Age, edited by B.A.Koenig, S.J.L.Lee and S.S.Richardson, 201–14. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
63. M.D.Shriver,, M.W.Smith, L.Jin, A.Marcini, J.M.Akey, R.Deka, and R.E.Ferrell. 1997. “Ethnic-affiliation Estimation by use of Population-Specific DNA Markers.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 60: 957–64.
64. H.Soodyall, 2013. “Lemba Origins Revisited: Tracing the Ancestry of Y Chromosomes in South African and Zimbabwean Lemba.” South African Medical Journal 103 (12 Suppl 1): 1009–13. doi: 10.7196/samj.7297.
65. A.C.Stone,, J.E.Starrs, and M.Stoneking. 2001. “Mitochondrial DNA Analysis of the Presumptive Remains of Jesse James.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 46 (1): 14932J–6. doi: 10.1520/JFS14932J
66. B.Sykes, 2001. The Seven Daughters of Eve. London: Bantam Press.
67. M.G.Thomas, 2013. “To Claim Someone has ‘Viking Ancestors’ is no better than Astrology.” In The Guardian. London: Guardian News and Media.
68. M.G.Thomas,, T.Parfitt, D.A.Weiss, K.Skorecki, J.F.Wilson, M.le Roux, N.Bradman, and D.B.Goldstein. 2000. “Y Chromosomes Traveling South: the Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Origins of the Lemba--the “Black Jews of Southern Africa”.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 66 (2): 674–686. doi: 10.1086/302749.
69. M.G.Thomas,, K.Skorecki, H.Ben-Ami, T.Parfitt, N.Bradman, and D.B.Goldstein. 1998. “Origins of Old Testament Priests.” Nature 394: 138–140. doi: 10.1038/28083
70. P.A.Underhill,, and T.Kivisild. 2007. “Use of Y Chromosome and Mitochondrial DNA Population Structure in Tracing Human Migrations.” Annual Review of Genetics 41: 539–564. doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.41.110306.130407.
71. S.Vickers, “BBC News Report: Lost Jewish tribe ‘found in Zimbabwe’.” http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8550614.stm.
72. N.Wade, 2014. A Troublesome Inheritance: Genes, Race and Human History. New York: The Penguin Press.
73. Y Chromosome Consortium. 2002. “A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups.” Genome Research 12: 339–348. doi: 10.1101/gr.217602
74. K.Yoshiura,, A.Kinoshita, T.Ishida, A.Ninokata, T.Ishikawa, T.Kaname, M.Bannai, et al. 2006. “A SNP in the ABCC11 Gene is the Determinant of Human Earwax Type.” Nature Genetics 38 (3): 324–330. doi: 10.1038/ng1733.
75. T.Zerjal,, Y.Xue, G.Bertorelle, R.S.Wells, W.Bao, S.Zhu, R.Qamar, et al. 2003. “The Genetic Legacy of the Mongols.” The American Journal of Human Genetics 72: 717–721. doi: 10.1086/367774