Origins and outlook of interoceptive exposure

Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry

Volumn 53, Issue , 2016, Pages 41-51

  Boettcher, Hannah ^a   Brake, C Alex ^b   Barlow, David H ^a  

^a BOSTON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY   (United States)

Author keywords

Exposure therapy; Interoceptive exposure; Interoceptive sensitivity; Transdiagnostic

Indexed keywords

ANXIETY; ARTICLE; ATTENTION; CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS; COPING BEHAVIOR; DEPRESSION; EATING DISORDER; EMOTION; EXPOSURE; HUMAN; INTEROCEPTION; INTEROCEPTIVE EXPOSURE; MEMORY; PANIC; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; SOCIAL PHOBIA; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; PHOBIC DISORDERS; PSYCHOLOGY;

ANXIETY; BEHAVIOR THERAPY; HUMANS; PHOBIC DISORDERS;

EID: 84948799263     PISSN: 00057916     EISSN: 18737943     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.10.009     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed., 2013, Author, Washington, DC.
2. Anderson, E.R., Hope, D.A., The relationship among social phobia, objective and perceived physiological reactivity, and anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 23:1 (2009), 18–26, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.03.011.
3. Anestis, M.D., Holm-Denoma, J.M., Gordon, K.H., Schmidt, N.B., Joiner, T.E., The role of anxiety sensitivity in eating pathology. Cognitive Therapy and Research 32:3 (2008), 370–385, 10.1007/s10608-006-9085-y.
4. Antony, M.M., Brown, T.A., Barlow, D.H., Heterogeneity among specific phobia types in DSM-IV. Behaviour Research and Therapy 35:12 (1997), 1089–1100.
5. Arntz, A., Cognitive therapy versus interoceptive exposure as treatment of panic disorder without agoraphobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy 40:3 (2002), 325–341, 10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00014-6.
6. Baillie, A.J., Rapee, R.M., Panic attacks as risk markers for mental disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology 40:3 (2005), 240–244, 10.1007/s00127-005-0892-3.
7. Bair, M.J., Robinson, R.L., Katon, W., Kroenke, K., Depression and pain comorbidity: a literature review. Archives of Internal Medicine 163:20 (2003), 2433–2445.
8. Ball, S.G., Otto, M.W., Cognitive-behavioral treatment of choking phobia: 3 case studies. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 62:3–4 (1994), 207–211, 10.1159/000288925.
9. Barlow, D.H., Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. 1988, Guilford Press, New York.
10. Barlow, D.H., Craske, M.G., Mastery of your anxiety and panic: Client workbook. 4th ed., 2006, Oxford University Press, New York.
11. Barlow, D.H., Farchione, T.J., Fairholme, C.P., Ellard, K.K., Boisseau, C.L., Allen, L.B.,. Ehrenreich-May, J., Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Therapist guide. 2011, Oxford University Press, New York.
12. Barlow, D.H., Sauer-Zavala, S., Carl, J.R., Bullis, J.R., Ellard, K.K., The nature, diagnosis, and treatment of neuroticism: back to the future. Clinical Psychological Science 2:3 (2014), 344–365, 10.1177/2167702613505532.
13. Beck, J.G., Shipherd, J.C., Zebb, B.J., How does interoceptive exposure for panic disorder work? an uncontrolled case study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 11:5 (1997), 541–556, 10.1016/S0887-6185(97)00030-3.
14. Bernstein, A., Zvolensky, M.J., Feldner, M.T., Lewis, S.F., Fauber, A.L., Leen-Feldner, E.W.,. Vujanovic, A.A., Anxiety sensitivity taxon and trauma: discriminant associations for posttraumatic stress and panic symptomatology among young adults. Depression and Anxiety 22:3 (2005), 138–149, 10.1002/da.20091.
15. Bitran, S., Morissette, S.B., Spiegel, D.A., Barlow, D.H., A pilot study of sensation-focused intensive treatment for panic disorder with moderate to severe agoraphobia: preliminary outcome and benchmarking data. Behavior Modification 32:2 (2008), 196–214, 10.1177/0145445507309019.
16. Bögels, S.M., Reith, W.W., Validity of two questionnaires to assess social fears: the Dutch social phobia and anxiety inventory and the blushing, trembling and sweating questionnaire. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 21:1 (1999), 51–66.
17. Bonn, J.A., Harrison, J., Rees, W.L., Lactate-induced anxiety: therapeutic application. The British Journal of Psychiatry 119:551 (1971), 468–470.
18. Booth, R., Rachman, S., The reduction of claustrophobia: I. Behaviour Research and Therapy 30:3 (1992), 207–221, 10.1016/0005-7967(92)90067-Q.
19. Boswell, J.F., Anderson, L.M., Anderson, D.A., Integration of interoceptive exposure in eating disorder treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 22:2 (2015), 194–210, 10.1111/cpsp.12103.
20. Boswell, J.F., Anderson, L.M., Barlow, D.H., An idiographic analysis of change processes in the unified transdiagnostic treatment of depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 82:6 (2014), 1060–1071, 10.1037/a0037403.
21. Boswell, J.F., Farchione, T.J., Sauer-Zavala, S., Murray, H.W., Fortune, M.R., Barlow, D.H., Anxiety sensitivity and interoceptive exposure: a transdiagnostic construct and change strategy. Behavior Therapy 44:3 (2013), 417–431, 10.1016/j.beth.2013.03.006.
22. Bouton, M.E., Mineka, S., Barlow, D.H., A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychological Review 108:1 (2001), 4–32, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.4.
23. Bunaciu, L., Feldner, M.T., Flexible application of interoceptive and situational exposure-based treatment for an outpatient with multiple anxiety and mood disorders: a comprehensive case study. Clinical Case Studies 12:3 (2013), 179–198.
24. Carter, M.M., Marin, N.W., Murrell, K.L., The efficacy of habituation in decreasing subjective distress among high anxiety-sensitive college students. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 13:6 (1999), 575–589, 10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00024-9.
25. Clark, D.M., The English improving access to psychological therapies (IAPT) program: history and progress. McHugh, R.K., Barlow, D.H., (eds.) Dissemination and im plementation of evidence-based psychological interventions, 2012, Oxford, University Press, New York.
26. Collimore, K.C., Asmundson, G.G., Fearful responding to interoceptive exposure in social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 28:2 (2014), 195–202, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.10.003.
27. Craske, M.G., Barlow, D.H., Therapist's guide for the mastery of your anxiety and panic (MAP) program. 1990, Graywind Publishing Company.
28. Craske, M.G., Kircanski, K., Epstein, A., Wittchen, H., Pine, D.S., Lewis-Fernández, R.,. Hinton, D., Panic disorder: a review of DSM-IV panic disorder and proposals for DSM-V. Depression and Anxiety 27:2 (2010), 93–112, 10.1002/da.20654.
29. Craske, M.G., Kircanski, K., Zelikowsky, M., Mystkowski, J., Chowdhury, N., Baker, A., Optimizing inhibitory learning during exposure therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy 46:1 (2008), 5–27, 10.1016/j.brat.2007.10.003.
30. Craske, M.G., Rowe, M., Lewin, M., Noriega-Dimitri, R., Interoceptive exposure versus breathing retraining within cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia. British Journal of Clinical Psychology 36:1 (1997), 85–99, 10.1111/j.2044-8260.1997.tb01233.x.
31. Craske, M.G., Treanor, M., Conway, C.C., Zbozinek, T., Vervliet, B., Maximizing exposure therapy: an inhibitory learning approach. Behaviour Research and Therapy 58 (2014), 10–23, 10.1016/j.brat.2014.04.006.
32. Craske, M.G., Wolitzky-Taylor, K.B., Labus, J., Wu, S., Frese, M., Mayer, E.A.,. Naliboff, B.D., A cognitive-behavioral treatment for irritable bowel syndrome using interoceptive exposure to visceral sensations. Behaviour Research and Therapy 49:6–7 (2011), 413–421, 10.1016/j.brat.2011.04.001.
33. Deacon, B.J., Abramowitz, J., Anxiety sensitivity and its dimensions across the anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 20:7 (2006), 837–857, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.01.003.
34. Deacon, B.J., Kemp, J.J., Dixon, L.J., Sy, J.T., Farrell, N.R., Zhang, A.R., Maximizing the efficacy of interoceptive exposure by optimizing inhibitory learning: a randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy 51:9 (2013), 588–596, 10.1016/j.brat.2013.06.006.
35. Deacon, B.J., Lickel, J.J., Farrell, N.R., Kemp, J.J., Hipol, L.J., Therapist perceptions and delivery of interoceptive exposure for panic disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 27:2 (2013), 259–264, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.02.004.
36. Deacon, B.J., Lickel, J.J., Possis, E.A., Abramowitz, J.S., Mahaffey, B., Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Do cognitive reappraisal and diaphragmatic breathing augment interoceptive exposure for anxiety sensitivity?. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 26:3 (2012), 257–269, 10.1891/0889-8391.26.3.257.
37. Department of Health, IAPT three-year report: the first million patients. 2012 Retrieved from http://www.iapt.nhs.uk/silo/files/iapt-3-year-report.pdf.
38. Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense, VA/DoD clinical practice guidelines for management of post-traumatic stress. 2012 Retrieved from http://www.healthquality.va.gov/guidelines/MH/ptsd/cpgPTSDFULL201011612c.pdf.
39. Dixon, L.J., Kemp, J.J., Farrell, N.R., Blakey, S.M., Deacon, B.J., Interoceptive exposure exercises for social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 33 (2015), 25–34, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.04.006.
40. Falsetti, S.A., Resnick, H.S., Davis, J., Gallagher, N.G., Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with comorbid panic attacks: combining cognitive processing therapy with panic control treatment techniques. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice 5:4 (2001), 252–260, 10.1037/1089-2699.5.4.252.
41. Farrell, N.R., Deacon, B.J., Dixon, L.J., Lickel, J.J., Theory-based training strategies for modifying practitioner concerns about exposure therapy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 27:8 (2013), 781–787.
42. Fassino, S., Pierò, A., Gramaglia, C., Abbate-Daga, G., Clinical, psychopathological and personality correlates of interoceptive awareness in anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and obesity. Psychopathology 37:4 (2004), 168–174, 10.1159/000079420.
43. Feldner, M.T., Lewis, S.F., Leen-Feldner, E.W., Schnurr, P.P., Zvolensky, M.J., Anxiety sensitivity as a moderator of the relationship between trauma exposure frequency and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 20:2 (2006), 201–213, 10.1891/jcop.20.2.201.
44. Feldner, M.T., Zvolensky, M.J., Babson, K., Leen-Feldner, E.W., Schmidt, N.B., An integrated approach to panic prevention targeting smoking and anxiety sensitivity: theoretical basis and evidence from a pilot project evaluating feasibility and short-term efficacy. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 22:7 (2008), 1227–1243, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2008.01.005.
45. Flink, I.K., Nicholas, M.K., Boersma, K., Linton, S.J., Reducing the threat value of chronic pain: a preliminary replicated single-case study of interoceptive exposure versus distraction in six individuals with chronic back pain. Behaviour Research and Therapy 47:8 (2009), 721–728, 10.1016/j.brat.2009.05.003.
46. Freiheit, S.R., Vye, C., Swan, R., Cady, M., Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety: Is dissemination working?. The Behavior Therapist 27:2 (2004), 25–32.
47. Galassi, F., Quercioli, S., Charismas, D., Niccolai, V., Barciulli, E., Cognitive-behavioral group treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia. Journal of Clinical Psychology 63:4 (2007), 409–416, 10.1002/jclp.20358.
48. Garfinkel, P.E., Garner, D.M., Anorexia nervosa: A multidimensional perspective. 1982, Brunner/Mazel, New York.
49. Goodwin, R.D., Hamilton, S.P., Panic attack as a marker of core psychopathological processes. Psychopathology 34:6 (2001), 278–288, 10.1159/000049326.
50. Griez, E.J., van den Hout, M.A., Treatment of phobophobia by exposure to CO₂-induced anxiety symptoms. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171:8 (1983), 506–508, 10.1097/00005053-198308000-00009.
51. 2 inhalation in the treatment of panic attacks. Behaviour Research and Therapy 24:2 (1986), 145–150, 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90085-9.
52. Hamilton, M., A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 23(1), 1960, 56.
53. Haslam, M.T., The relationship between the effect of lactate infusion on anxiety states, and their amelioration by carbon dioxide inhalation. The British Journal of Psychiatry 125 (1974), 88–90, 10.1192/bjp.125.1.88.
54. Hipol, L.J., Deacon, B.J., Dissemination of evidence-based practices for anxiety disorders in Wyoming: a survey of practicing psychotherapists. Behavior Modification 37:2 (2013), 170–188, 10.1177/0145445512458794.
55. Hofmann, S.G., Cognitive factors that maintain social anxiety disorder: a comprehensive model and its treatment implications. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 36:4 (2007), 193–209, 10.1080/16506070701421313.
56. Hope, D.A., Heimberg, R.G., Turk, C.L., Managing social anxiety: A cognitive behavioral approach. 2nd ed., 2010, Oxford University Press, New York.
57. van den Hout, M.A., Griez, E.J., Cardiovascular and subjective responses to inhalation of carbon dioxide: a controlled test with anxious patients. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 37:2 (1982), 75–82, 10.1159/000287556.
58. van den Hout, M.A., Griez, E.J., Some remarks on the nosology of anxiety states and panic disorders. Acta Psychiatrica Belgica 83:1 (1983), 33–42.
59. van den Hout, M.A., Griez, E.J., Panic symptoms after inhalation of carbon dioxide. The British Journal of Psychiatry 144:5 (1984), 503–507.
60. 2 exposure. The American Journal of Psychiatry 144:6 (1987), 788–791.
61. Hunter, P.V., Antony, M.M., Cognitive-behavioral treatment of emetophobia: the role of interoceptive exposure. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 16:1 (2009), 84–91, 10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.08.002.
62. Kahana, S.Y., Feeny, N.C., Cognitive behavioral treatment of health-related anxiety in youth: a case example. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 12:3 (2005), 290–300, 10.1016/S1077-7229(05)80051-3.
63. Kemper, C.J., Lutz, J., Bähr, T., Rüddel, H., Hock, M., Construct validity of the anxiety sensitivity index–3 in clinical samples. Assessment 19:1 (2012), 89–100, 10.1177/1073191111429389.
64. Latimer, P., Carbon dioxide as a reciprocal inhibitor in the treatment of neurosis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 8:1 (1977), 83–85, 10.1016/0005-7916(77)90110-0.
65. Lavy, E.H., van den Hout, M.A., Cognitive avoidance and attentional bias: causal relationships. Cognitive Therapy and Research 18:2 (1994), 179–191.
66. Lee, K., Noda, Y., Nakano, Y., Ogawa, S., Kinoshita, Y., Funayama, T.,. Furukawa, T.A., Interoceptive hypersensitivity and interoceptive exposure in patients with panic disorder: specificity and effectiveness. BMC Psychiatry, 6, 2006, 10.1186/1471–244X-6-32.
67. Leitenberg, H., Gross, J., Peterson, J., Rosen, J.C., Analysis of an anxiety model and the process of change during exposure plus response prevention treatment of bulimia nervosa. Behavior Therapy 15:1 (1984), 3–20.
68. Leitenberg, H., Rosen, J.C., Gross, J., Nudelman, S., Vara, L.S., Exposure plus response-prevention treatment of bulimia nervosa. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(4), 1988, 535.
69. Mathew, R.J., Weinman, M.L., Mirabi, M., Physical symptoms of depression. The British Journal of Psychiatry 139:4 (1981), 293–296.
70. Matsumoto, R., Kitabayashi, Y., Narumoto, J., Wada, Y., Okamoto, A., Ushijima, Y.,. Fukui, K., Regional cerebral blood flow changes associated with interoceptive awareness in the recovery process of anorexia nervosa. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 30:7 (2006), 1265–1270, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.03.042.
71. McHugh, R.K., Barlow, D.H., The dissemination and implementation of evidence based psychological treatments: a review of current efforts. American Psychologist, 65(2), 2010, 73.
72. McHugh, R.K., Barlow, D.H., (eds.) Dissemination and implementation of evidence based psychological interventions, 2012, Oxford University Press, New York.
73. Merwin, R.M., Zucker, N.L., Lacy, J.L., Elliott, C.A., Interoceptive awareness in eating disorders: distinguishing lack of clarity from non-acceptance of internal experience. Cognition and Emotion 24 (2010), 892–902, 10.1080/02699930902985845.
74. Mogg, K., Bradley, B.P., Miles, F., Dixon, R., Time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cognition and Emotion 18:5 (2004), 689–700, 10.1080/02699930341000158.
75. Naragon-Gainey, K., Meta-analysis of the relations of anxiety sensitivity to the depressive and anxiety disorders. Psychological Bulletin 136:1 (2010), 128–150, 10.1037/a0018055.
76. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, Quality statement 2: psychological interventions. 2014 Retrieved from http://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs53/chapter/Qualitystatement-2-Psychological-interventions.
77. Olthuis, J.V., Watt, M.C., Stewart, S.H., Anxiety sensitivity index (ASI-3) subscales predict unique variance in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 28:2 (2014), 115–124, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.009.
78. Orwin, A., 'The running treatment': a preliminary communication on a new use for an old therapy (physical activity) in the agoraphobic syndrome. The British Journal of Psychiatry 122:567 (1973), 175–179, 10.1192/bjp.122.2.175.
79. Otto, M.W., Anxiety sensitivity, emotional intolerance, and expansion of the application of interoceptive exposure: commentary on the special issue. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 22:4 (2008), 379–384, 10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.379.
80. Otto, M.W., Hinton, D.E., Modifying exposure-based CBT for Cambodian refugees with posttraumatic stress disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 13:4 (2006), 261–270, 10.1016/j.cbpra.2006.04.007.
81. Penava, S.J., Otto, M.W., Maki, K.M., Pollack, M.H., Rate of improvement during cognitive–behavioral group treatment for panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 36:7–8 (1998), 665–673, 10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00035-7.
82. Pollatos, O., Kurz, A.L., Albrecht, J., Schreder, T., Kleemann, A.M., Schöpf, V.,. Schandry, R., Reduced perception of bodily signals in anorexia nervosa. Eating Behaviors 9:4 (2008), 381–388, 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2008.02.001.
83. Razran, G., The observable and the inferable conscious in current Soviet psychophysiology: Interoceptive conditioning, semantic conditioning, and the orienting reflex. Psychological Review 68:2 (1961), 81–147, 10.1037/h0039848.
84. Rector, N.A., Szacun-Shimizu, K., Leybman, M., Anxiety sensitivity within the anxiety disorders: disorder-specific sensitivities and depression comorbidity. Behaviour Research and Therapy 45:8 (2007), 1967–1975, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.09.017.
85. Reiss, S., McNally, R.J., The expectancy model of fear. Reiss, S., Bootzin, R.R., (eds.) Theoretical issues in behavior therapy, 1985, Academic Press, New York, 107–122.
86. Reiss, S., Peterson, R.A., Gursky, D.M., McNally, R.J., Anxiety sensitivity, anxiety frequency and the predictions of fearfulness. Behaviour Research and Therapy 24:1 (1986), 1–8, 10.1016/0005-7967(86)90143-9.
87. Rescorla, R.A., Wagner, A.R., A theory of Pavlovian conditioning: Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement. Black, A.H., Prokasy, W.F., (eds.) Classical conditioning: II. Current research and theory, 1972, Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 64–99.
88. Rusek, J.I., Karlin, B.E., Zeiss, A., Implementation of evidence-based psychological treatments in the Veterans Health Administration. McHugh, R.K., Barlow, D.H., (eds.) Dissemination and implementation of evidence-based psychological interventions, 2012, Oxford University Press, New York.
89. Schmidt, N.B., Trakowski, J., Interoceptive assessment and exposure in panic disorder: a descriptive study. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice 11:1 (2004), 81–92, 10.1016/S1077-7229(04)80010-5.
90. Scott, E.L., Heimberg, R.G., Jack, M.S., Anxiety sensitivity in social phobia: comparison between social phobics with and without panic attacks. Depression & Anxiety 12:4 (2000), 189–192.
91. Selvini-Palazzoli, M., Self-Starvation — From individual to family therapy in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. 1978, Jason Aronson, New York.
92. Sherman, A.R., Real-life exposure as a primary therapeutic factor in the desensitization treatment of fear. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 79:1 (1972), 19–28, 10.1037/h0032335.
93. Short, N.A., Allan, N.P., Raines, A.M., Schmidt, N.B., The effects of an anxiety sensitivity intervention on insomnia symptoms. Sleep Medicine 16:1 (2015), 152–159, 10.1016/j.sleep.2014.11.004.
94. Taylor, S., Understanding and treating panic disorder: Cognitive-behavioural approaches. 2000, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, New York.
95. Taylor, S., Clinician's guide to PTSD: A cognitive-behavioral approach. 2006, Guilford Press, New York.
96. Taylor, S., Koch, W.J., McNally, R.J., How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxiety disorders?. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 6:3 (1992), 249–259, 10.1016/0887-6185(92)90037-8.
97. Taylor, S., Koch, W.J., Woody, S., McLean, P., Anxiety sensitivity and depression: how are they related?. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 105:3 (1996), 474–479, 10.1037/0021-843X.105.3.474.
98. Taylor, S., Zvolensky, M.J., Cox, B.J., Deacon, B., Heimberg, R.G., Ledley, D.R.,. Cardenas, S.J., Robust dimensions of anxiety sensitivity: development and initial validation of the anxiety sensitivity index-3. Psychological Assessment 19:2 (2007), 176–188, 10.1037/1040-3590.19.2.176.
99. Telch, M.J., Lucas, J.A., Schmidt, N.B., Hanna, H.H., Jaimez, T.L., Lucas, R.A., Group cognitive-behavioral treatment of panic disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy 31:3 (1993), 279–287, 10.1016/0005-7967(93)90026-Q.
100. Vujanovic, A.A., Bernstein, A., Berenz, E.C., Zvolensky, M.J., Single-session anxiety sensitivity reduction program for trauma-exposed adults: a case series documenting feasibility and initial efficacy. Behavior Therapy 43:3 (2012), 482–491, 10.1016/j.beth.2012.03.005.
101. Wald, J., Interoceptive exposure as a prelude to trauma-related exposure therapy in a case of posttraumatic stress disorder with substantial comorbidity. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 22:4 (2008), 331–345, 10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.331.
102. Wald, J., Taylor, S., Interoceptive exposure therapy combined with trauma related exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: a case report. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 34:1 (2005), 34–40.
103. Wald, J., Taylor, S., Efficacy of interoceptive exposure therapy combined with trauma related exposure therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 21:8 (2007), 1050–1060, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.10.010.
104. Wald, J., Taylor, S., Responses to interoceptive exposure in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD): a preliminary analysis of induced anxiety reactions and trauma memories and their relationship to anxiety sensitivity and PTSD symptom severity. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 37:2 (2008), 90–100, 10.1080/16506070801969054.
105. Wald, J., Taylor, S., Implementation and outcome of combining interoceptive exposure with trauma-related exposure therapy in a patient with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Clinical Case Studies 9:4 (2010), 243–259, 10.1177/1534650110373387.
106. Wald, J., Taylor, S., Chiri, L.R., Sica, C., Posttraumatic stress disorder and chronic pain arising from motor vehicle accidents: efficacy of interoceptive exposure plus trauma-related exposure therapy. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 39:2 (2010), 104–113, 10.1080/16506070903183570.
107. Watson, J.P., Marks, I.M., Relevant and irrelevant fear in flooding: a crossover study of phobic patients. Behavior Therapy 2:3 (1971), 275–293, 10.1016/S0005-7894(71)80062-X.
108. Watt, M.C., Stewart, S.H., Lefaivre, M., Uman, L.S., A brief cognitive-behavioral approach to reducing anxiety sensitivity decreases pain-related anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy 35:4 (2006), 248–256, 10.1080/16506070600898553.
109. Wheaton, M.G., Deacon, B.J., McGrath, P.B., Berman, N.C., Abramowitz, J.S., Dimensions of anxiety sensitivity in the anxiety disorders: evaluation of the ASI-3. Journal of Anxiety Disorders 26:3 (2012), 401–408, 10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.002.
110. Williams, J.B., A structured interview guide for the Hamilton depression rating scale. Archives of General Psychiatry 45:8 (1988), 742–747, 10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800320058007.
111. Wolitzky-Taylor, K., Craske, M.G., Labus, J.S., Mayer, E.A., Naliboff, B.D., Visceral sensitivity as a mediator of outcome in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Behaviour Research and Therapy 50:10 (2012), 647–650, 10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.010.
112. Wolpe, J., Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. 1958, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA, US.
113. Zinbarg, R.E., Barlow, D.H., Brown, T.A., Hierarchical structure and general factor saturation of the anxiety sensitivity index: evidence and implications. Psychological Assessment 9:3 (1997), 277–284, 10.1037/1040-3590.9.3.277.
114. Zvolensky, M.J., Otto, M.W., Affective intolerance, sensitivity, and processing: advances in clinical science introduction. Behavior Therapy 38:3 (2007), 228–233, 10.1016/j.beth.2007.01.002.
115. Zvolensky, M.J., Schmidt, N.B., Bernstein, A., Keough, M.E., Risk factor research and prevention programs for anxiety disorders: a translational research framework. Behaviour Research and Therapy 44:9 (2006), 1219–1239, 10.1016/j.brat.2006.06.001.
116. Zvolensky, M.J., Yartz, A.R., Gregor, K., Gonzalez, A., Bernstein, A., Interoceptive exposure-based cessation intervention for smokers high in anxiety sensitivity: a case series. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy 22:4 (2008), 346–365, 10.1891/0889-8391.22.4.346.