Panic disorder: A review of DSM-IV panic disorder and proposals for DSM-V

Depression and Anxiety

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 93-112

  Craske, Michelle G ^a   Kircanski, Katharina ^a   Epstein, Alyssa ^a   Wittchen, Hans Ulrich ^b   Pine, Danny S ^c   Lewis Fernández, Roberto ^d,e   Hinton, Devon ^f   Phillips, Katherine ^g   Hofmann, Stefan ^g   Klein, Donald ^g   Klein, Rachel ^g   Rapee, Ron ^g   Stein, Murray ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b DRESDEN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY   (Germany)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

^d NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^e Och Spine at New York Presbyterian Hospitals   (United States)

^f HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^g NONE

Author keywords

DSM; Panic attacks; Panic disorder

Indexed keywords

AGORAPHOBIA; ANXIETY DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; DEPRESSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMAN; PANIC; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; HUMANS; PANIC DISORDER;

EID: 76649145425     PISSN: 10914269     EISSN: 15206394     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/da.20654     Document Type: Review

References (139)

1. Ballenger JC, Fyer AJ. Panic disorder and agoraphobia. In: Widiger TA, Pincus AJFHA, Ross R, First MB, Davis WW, editors. DSM-IV Sourcebook. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press; 1996:411-471.
2. Cox BJ, Swinson RP, Endler NS, Norton GR. The symptom structure of panic attacks. Compr Psychiatry 1994;35:349-353.
3. Brown TA, Marten PA, Barlow DH. Discriminant validity of the symptoms constituting the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV associated symptom criterion of generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord 1998;9:317-328.
4. DiNardo PABDH. Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Revised (ADIS-R). San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation; 1988.
5. Ietsugu T, Sukigara M, Furukawa TA. Evaluation of diagnostic criteria for panic attack using item response theory: findings from the National Comorbidity Survey in USA. J Affect Disord 2007;104:197-201.
6. Kessler RC, McGonagle KA, Zhao S, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994;51:8-19.
7. Grant BFKK, Shepard J, Moore T. Source and Accuracy Statement forWave I of the 2001-2002 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; 2003.
8. de Beurs E, Garssen B, Buikhuisen M, Lange A, van Balkom A, Van Dyck R. Continuous monitoring of panic. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;90:38-45.
9. Rapee RM, Litwin EM, Barlow DH. Impact of life events on subjects with panic disorder and on comparison subjects. Am J Psychiatry 1990;147:640-644.
10. Friedman S, Paradis C. Panic disorder in African-Americans: symptomatology and isolated sleep paralysis. Cult Med Psychiatry 2002;26:179-198.
11. Guarnaccia PJ, Rivera M, Franco F, Neighbors C. The experiences of ataques de nervios: towards an anthropology of emotions in Puerto Rico. Cult Med Psychiatry 1996; 20:343-367.
12. Hinton DE, Good B, editors. Culture and Panic Disorder. Stanford: Stanford University Press; 2009.
13. Wagner JA, Pietrzak RH, Petry NM. Psychiatric disorders are associated with hospital care utilization in persons with hypertension: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2008;43:878-888.
14. Sierra-Siegert M, David AS. Depersonalization and individualism: the effect of culture on symptom profiles in panic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2007;195:989-995.
15. Neerakal I, Srinivasan K. A study of the phenomenology of panic attacks in patients from India. Psychopathology 2003;36:92-97.
16. Good BJ. The heart of what's the matter. The semantics of illness in Iran. Cult Med Psychiatry 1977;1:25-58.
17. Hinton DE, Chhean D, Pich V, Um K, Fama JM, Pollack MH. Neck-focused panic attacks among Cambodian refugees; a logistic and linear regression analysis. J Anxiety Disord 2006;20:119-138.
18. Guarnaccia PJ. Ataques de nervios in Puerto Rico: culture-bound syndrome or popular illness? Med Anthropol 1993;15:157-170.
19. Lewis-Fernandez R, Guarnaccia PJ, Martinez IE, Salman E, Schmidt A, Liebowitz M. Comparative phenomenology of ataques de nervios, panic attacks, and panic disorder. Cult Med Psychiatry 2002;26:199-223.
20. Hinton D, Chau H, Nguyen L, et al. Panic disorder among Vietnamese refugees attending a psychiatric clinic: prevalence and subtypes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2001;23:337-344.
21. Lewis-Fernández R. Culture and dissociation: a comparison of ataque de nervios among Puerto Ricans and possession syndrome in India. In: Spiegel D, editor. Dissociation: Culture, Mind, and Body. Washington, DC: The American Psychiatric Press; 1994:123-170.
22. Kirmayer LJ. Cultural variations in the clinical presentation of depression and anxiety: implications for diagnosis and treatment. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:22-28.
23. Hinton D, Hinton S. Panic disorder, somatization, and the new cross-cultural psychiatry: the seven bodies of a medical anthropology of panic. Cult Med Psychiatry 2002;26:155-178.
24. Hinton DE, Good BJ. Culture and Panic Disorder. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press; 2009.
25. Wittchen HU, Nocon A, Beesdo K, et al. Agoraphobia and panic. Prospective-longitudinal relations suggest a rethinking of diagnostic concepts. Psychother Psychosom 2008;77:147-157.
26. Margraf J, Taylor B, Ehlers A, Roth WT, Agras WS. Panic attacks in the natural environment. J Nerv Ment Dis 1987;175:558-565.
27. Davey GC, Levy S. Catastrophic worrying: personal inadequacy and a perseverative iterative style as features of the catastrophizing process. J Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:576-586.
28. Linton SJ, Melin L. The accuracy of remembering chronic pain. Pain 1982;13:281-285.
29. Rachman S, Eyrl K. Predicting and remembering recurrent pain. Behav Res Ther 1989;27:621-635.
30. Horwath E, Wolk SI, Leon A, et al. Reanalyses of the EGA Data to Assess the Diagnostic Criteria and Symptom Threshold for DSM-III Panic. DSM-IV Sourcebook. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1998.
31. Wittchen HU, Reed V, Kessler RC. The relationship of agoraphobia and panic in a community sample of adolescents and young adults. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:1017-1024.
32. Katerndahl DA, Realini JP. Patients with panic attacks seeking care from family physicians compared with those seeking care from psychiatrists. J Nerv Ment Dis 1998;186:249-250.
33. Cohen AS, Barlow DH, Blanchard EB. Psychophysiology of relaxation-associated panic attacks. J Abnorm Psychol 1985;94: 96-101.
34. Freedman RR, Ianni P, Ettedgui E, Puthezhath N. Ambulatory monitoring of panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:244-248.
35. Eaton WW, Kessler RC, Wittchen HU, Magee WJ. Panic and panic disorder in the United States. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151:413-420.
36. Essau CA, Conradt J, Petermann F. Frequency of panic attacks and panic disorder in adolescents. Depress Anxiety 1999;9:19-26.
37. Scupi BS, Benson BE, Brown LB, Uhde TW. Rapid onset: a valid panic disorder criterion? Depress Anxiety 1997;5:121-126.
38. Norton PJ, Zvolensky MJ, Bonn-Miller MO, Cox BJ, Norton GR. Use of the Panic Attack Questionnaire-IV to assess non-clinical panic attacks and limited symptom panic attacks in student and community samples. J Anxiety Disord 2008;22:1159-1171.
39. Taylor CB, Sheikh J, Agras WS, et al. Ambulatory heart rate changes in patients with panic attacks. Am J Psychiatry 1986;143:478-482.
40. Lang PJ. The application of psychophysiological methods to the study of psycotherapy and behavior modification. In: Garfield AEBSL, editor. Handbook of Psychotherapy and behavior change: An empirical analysis. New York: Wiley; 1971:75-125.
41. Baillie AJ, Rapee RM. Panic attacks as risk markers for mental disorders*. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2005;40:240-244.
42. Goodwin RD, Hamilton SP. Panic attack as a marker of core psychopathological processes. Psychopathology 2001;34:278-288.
43. Reed V, Wittchen HU. DSM-IV panic attacks and panic disorder in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: how specific are panic attacks? J Psychiatr Res 1998;32:335-345.
44. Goodwin RD, Lieb R, Hoefler M, et al. Panic attack as a risk factor for severe psychopathology. Am J Psychiatry 2004; 161:2207-2214.
45. Mattis SG, Ollendick TH. Nonclinical panic attacks in late adolescence prevalence and associated psychopathology. J Anxiety Disord 2002;16:351-367.
46. Goodwin RD, Gotlib IH. Panic attacks and psychopathology among youth. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2004;109:216-221.
47. Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Jin R, Ruscio AM, Shear K,Walters EE. The epidemiology of panic attacks, panic disorder, and agoraphobia in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:415-424.
48. Bryant RA, Panasetis P. Panic symptoms during trauma and acute stress disorder. Behav Res Ther 2001;39:961-966.
49. Sinclair E, Salmon K, Bryant RA. The role of panic attacks in acute stress disorder in children. J Trauma Stress 2007; 20:1069-1073.
50. Galea S, Ahern J, Resnick H, et al. Psychological sequelae of the September 11 terrorist attacks in New York City. N Engl J Med 2002;346:982-987.
51. Pfefferbaum B, Stuber J, Galea S, Fairbrother G. Panic reactions to terrorist attacks and probable posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents. J Trauma Stress 2006;19:217-228.
52. ThienkruaW, Cardozo BL, Chakkraband ML, et al. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand. J Am Med Assoc 2006;296:549-559.
53. Goodwin RD, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Panic attacks and the risk of depression among young adults in the community. Psychother Psychosom 2004;73:158-165.
54. Goodwin RD, Fergusson DM, Horwood LJ. Panic attacks and psychoticism. Am J Psychiatry 2004;161:88-92.
55. Beesdo K, Bittner A, Pine DS, et al. Incidence of social anxiety disorder and the consistent risk for secondary depression in the first three decades of life. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:903-912.
56. Kessler RC, Stang PE, Wittchen HU, Ustun TB, Roy-Burne PP, Walters EE. Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55: 801-808.
57. Kessler RC, Davis CG, Kendler KS. Childhood adversity and adult psychiatric disorder in the US National Comorbidity Survey. Psychol Med 1997;27:1101-1119.
58. Bienvenu OJ, Brown C, Samuels JF, et al. Normal personality traits and comorbidity among phobic, panic and major depressive disorders. Psychiatry Res 2001;102:73-85.
59. Goodwin RD, Brook JS, Cohen P. Panic attacks and the risk of personality disorder. Psychol Med 2005;35:227-235.
60. Bernstein A, Zvolensky MJ, Sachs-Ericsson N, Schmidt NB, Bonn-Miller MO. Associations between age of onset and lifetime history of panic attacks and alcohol use, abuse, and dependence in a representative sample. Compr Psychiatry 2006;47:342-349.
61. Bonn-Miller MO, Bernstein A, Sachs-Ericsson N, Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Associations between psychedelic use, abuse, and dependence and lifetime panic attack history in a representative sample. J Anxiety Disord 2007;21:730-741.
62. Norton GR, Malan J, Cairns SL, Wozney KA, Broughton R. Factors influencing drinking behavior in alcoholic panickers and non-panickers. Behav Res Ther 1989;27:167-171.
63. Merikangas KR, Stevens DE, Fenton B, et al. Co-morbidity and familial aggregation of alcoholism and anxiety disorders. Psychol Med 1998;28:773-788.
64. Jack MS, Heimberg RG, Mennin DS. Situational panic attacks: impact on distress and impairment among patients with social phobia. Depress Anxiety 1999;10:112-118.
65. Goodwin RD, Hoven CW. Bipolar-panic comorbidity in the general population: prevalence and associated morbidity. J Affect Disord 2002;70:27-33.
66. Goodwin R, Davidson L. Panic attacks in psychosis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2002;105:14-19.
67. Goodwin R, Lyons JS, McNally RJ. Panic attacks in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2002;58:213-220.
68. Roy-Byrne PP, Stang P, Wittchen HU, Ustun B, Walters EE, Kessler RC. Lifetime panic-depression comorbidity in the National Comorbidity Survey. Association with symptoms, impairment, course and help-seeking. Br J Psychiatry 2000;176: 229-235.
69. Goodwin RD, Roy-Byrne P. Panic and suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Depress Anxiety 2006;23:124-132.
70. Frank E, Shear MK, Rucci P, et al. Influence of panicagoraphobic spectrum symptoms on treatment response in patients with recurrent major depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:1101-1107.
71. Feske U, Frank E, Mallinger AG, et al. Anxiety as a correlate of response to the acute treatment of bipolar I disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:956-962.
72. Frank E, Cyranowski JM, Rucci P, et al. Clinical significance of lifetime panic spectrum symptoms in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59: 905-911.
73. Hinton DE, Hofmann SG, Pitman RK, Pollack MH, Barlow DH. The panic attack-posttraumatic stress disorder model: applicability to orthostatic panic among Cambodian refugees. Cogn Behav Ther 2008;37:101-116.
74. Goodwin R, Stayner DA, Chinman MJ, Davidson L. Impact of panic attacks on rehabilitation and quality of life among persons with severe psychotic disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2001;52:920-924.
75. Nardi AE, Valenca AM, Nascimento I, Zin WA. Hyperventilation challenge test in panic disorder and depression with panic attacks. Psychiatry Res 2001;105:57-65.
76. Rapee RM, Sanderson WC, McCauley PA, Di Nardo PA. Differences in reported symptom profile between panic disorder and other DSM-III-R anxiety disorders. Behav Res Ther 1992;30:45-52.
77. Rachman S, Levitt K, Lopatka C. Panic: the links between cognitions and bodily symptoms--I. Behav Res Ther 1987;25: 411-423.
78. Bayle FJ, Krebs MO, Epelbaum C, Levy D, Hardy P. Clinical features of panic attacks in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry 2001;16:349-353.
79. Fyer AJ, Katon W, Hollifield M, et al. The DSM-IV panic disorder field trial: panic attack frequency and functional disability. Anxiety 1996;2:157-166.
80. Craske MG. Phobic fear and panic attacks: the same emotional states triggered but different cues? Clin Psychol Rev 1991;11:599-620.
81. Bouton ME, Mineka S, Barlow DH. A modern learning theory perspective on the etiology of panic disorder. Psychol Rev 2001;108:4-32.
82. Street LL, Craske MG, Barlow DH. Sensations, cognitions and the perception of cues associated with expected and unexpected panic attacks. Behav Res Ther 1989;27:189-198.
83. Craske MG, Glover D, DeCola J. Predicted versus unpredicted panic attacks: acute versus general distress. J Abnorm Psychol 1995;104:214-223.
84. Barlow DH, Vermilyea J, Blanchard EB, Vermilyea BB, Di Nardo PA, Cerny JA. The phenomenon of panic. J Abnorm Psychol 1985;94:320-328.
85. Mineka S, Hendersen RW. Controllability and predictability in acquired motivation. Annu Rev Psychol 1985;36:495-529.
86. Gardenswartz CA, Craske MG. Prevention of panic disorder. Behav Ther 2002;32:725-738.
87. Telch MJ, Lucas JA, Nelson P. Nonclinical panic in college students: an investigation of prevalence and symptomatology. J Abnorm Psychol 1989;98:300-306.
88. Clark DM. A cognitive approach to panic. Behav Res Ther 1986;24:461-470.
89. Clark DM, Salkovskis PM, Öst LG, et al. Misinterpretation of body sensations in panic disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 1997;65:203-213.
90. Harvey JM, Richards JC, Dziadosz T, Swindell A. Misinterpretation of ambiguous stimuli in panic disorder. Cogn Ther Res 1993;17:235-248.
91. McNally RJ, Lorenz M. Anxiety sensitivity in agoraphobics. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 1987;18:3-11.
92. Taylor S, Koch WJ, McNally RJ. How does anxiety sensitivity vary across the anxiety disorders? J Anxiety Disord 1992; 6:249-259.
93. Zinbarg RE, Barlow DH. Structure of anxiety and the anxiety disorders: a hierarchical model. J Abnorm Psychol 1996;105: 181-193.
94. Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ, Maner JK. Anxiety sensitivity: prospective prediction of panic attacks and Axis I pathology. J Psychiatr Res 2006;40:691-699.
95. Schmidt NB, Zvolensky MJ. Anxiety sensitivity and CO2 challenge reactivity as unique and interactive prospective predictors of anxiety pathology. Depress Anxiety 2007;24:527-536.
96. Shear MK, Clark D, Feske U. The road to recovery in panic disorder: response, remission, and relapse. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:4-8; discussion 9-10.
97. Costello EJ, Angold A, Keeler GP. Adolescent outcomes of childhood disorders: the consequences of severity and impairment. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:121-128.
98. Whitaker A, Johnson J, Shaffer D, et al. Uncommon troubles in young people: prevalence estimates of selected psychiatric disorders in a nonreferred adolescent population. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990;47:487-496.
99. Pine DS, Cohen P, Gurley D, Brook J, Ma Y. The risk for early-adulthood anxiety and depressive disorders in adolescents with anxiety and depressive disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:56-64.
100. Costello EJ, Angold A, Burns BJ, et al. The Great Smoky Mountains Study of Youth. Goals, design, methods, and the prevalence of DSM-III-R disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996;53:1129-1136.
101. Shaffer D, Fisher P, Dulcan MK, et al. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 2.3 (DISC-2.3): description, acceptability, prevalence rates, and performance in the MECA Study. Methods for the epidemiology of child and adolescent mental disorders study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1996;35:865-877.
102. Hayward C, Sanborn K. Puberty and the emergence of gender differences in psychopathology. J Adolesc Health 2002;30:49-58.
103. Lewinsohn PM, Gotlib IH, LewinsohnM, Seeley JR, Allen NB. Gender differences in anxiety disorders and anxiety symptoms in adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol 1998;107:109-117.
104. Verhulst FC, van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Kasius MC. The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54: 329-336.
105. Gregory AM, Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Koenen K, Eley TC, Poulton R. Juvenile mental health histories of adults with anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:301-308.
106. Kashani JH, Beck NC, Hoeper EW, et al. Psychiatric disorders in a community sample of adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144:584-589.
107. Craske MG, Poulton R, Tsao JC, Plotkin D. Paths to panic disorder/agoraphobia: an exploratory analysis from age 3 to 21 in an unselected birth cohort. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001;40:556-563.
108. Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, Jin R, Merikangas KR, Walters EE. Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:593-602.
109. Costello EJ, Egger, HL, Angold A. Developmental epidemiology of anxiety disorders. In: Ollendick THMJ, editor. Phobic and Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents. New York, NY: Oxford Press; 2004:61-91.
110. Pine DS, Klein RG. Anxiety disorders. In: Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine DS, Scott S, Stevenson J, Taylor E, Thapar A, editors. Rutter's Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 5th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing; 2008:628-669.
111. Hayward C, Killen JD, Kraemer HC, Taylor CB. Predictors of panic attacks in adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2000;39:207-214.
112. Klein RG, Pine DS. Anxiety disorders. In: Rutter M, Taylor E, Hersov L, editors. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 4th ed. New York: Elsivier; 2002:486-509.
113. Pine DS, Klein RG, Roberson-Nay R, et al. Face emotion processing and risk for panic disorder in youth. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:664-672.
114. Merikangas KR, Avenevoli S, Dierker L, Grillon C. Vulnerability factors among children at risk for anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry 1999;46:1523-1535.
115. Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Bolduc-Murphy EA, et al. Behavioral inhibition in childhood: a risk factor for anxiety disorders. Harv Rev Psychiatry 1993;1:2-16.
116. Rosenbaum JF, Biederman J, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, et al. A controlled study of behavioral inhibition in children of parents with panic disorder and depression. Am J Psychiatry 2000;157:2002-2010.
117. Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Moulton JL, et al. Anxiety sensitivity among children of parents with anxiety disorders: a controlled high-risk study. J Anxiety Disord 2002;16:135-148.
118. Klein DF. False suffocation alarms, spontaneous panics, and related conditions. An integrative hypothesis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:306-317.
119. Klein RG. Is panic disorder associated with childhood separation anxiety disorder? Clin Neuropharmacol 1995;18: S7-S14.
120. Biederman J, Faraone SV, Hirshfeld-Becker DR, Friedman D, Robin JA, Rosenbaum JF. Patterns of psychopathology and dysfunction in high-risk children of parents with panic disorder and major depression. Am Journal Psychiatry 2001;158:49-57.
121. Biederman J, Monuteaux MC, Faraone SV, et al. Does referral bias impact findings in high-risk offspring for anxiety disorders? A controlled study of high-risk children of non-referred parents with panic disorder/agoraphobia and major depression. J Affect Disord 2004;82:209-216.
122. Biel MG, Klein RG, Mannuzza S, et al. Does major depressive disorder in parents predict specific fears and phobias in offspring? Depress Anxiety 2008;25:379-382.
123. Bittner A, Egger H, Costello EJ, Angold A. What do childhood anxiety disorders predict? J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007; 48:1174-1183.
124. Bruckl TM, Wittchen HU, Hofler M, Pfister H, Schneider S, Lieb R. Childhood separation anxiety and the risk of subsequent psychopathology: results from a community study. Psychother Psychosom 2007;76:47-56.
125. Lewinsohn PM, Holm-Denoma JM, Small JW, Seeley JR, Joiner Jr TE. Separation anxiety disorder in childhood as a risk factor for future mental illness. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2008;47:548-555.
126. Aschenbrand SG, Kendall PC, Webb A, Safford SM, Flannery-Schroeder E. Is childhood separation anxiety disorder a predictor of adult panic disorder and agoraphobia? A sevenyear longitudinal study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003;42:1478-1485.
127. Pine D. A neuroscience perspective on pediatric anxiety disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007;48:631-648.
128. Pine DS, Coplan JD, Papp LA, et al. Ventilatory physiology of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1998;55:123-129.
129. Pine DS, Klein RG, Coplan JD, et al. Differential carbon dioxide sensitivity in childhood anxiety disorders and nonill comparison group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:960-967.
130. Pine DS, Klein RG, Roberson-Nay R, et al. Response to 5% carbon dioxide in children and adolescents: relationship to panic disorder in parents and anxiety disorders in subjects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:73-80.
131. Slattery MJ, Klein DF, Mannuzza S, Moulton 3rd JL, Pine DS, Klein RG. Relationship between separation anxiety disorder, parental panic disorder, and atopic disorders in children: a controlled high-risk study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2002;41:947-954.
132. Goodwin RD, Chuang S, Simuro N, Davies M, Pine DS. Association between lung function and mental health problems among adults in the United States: findings from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Epidemiol 2007;165:383-388.
133. Goodwin RD, Pine DS. Respiratory disease and panic attacks among adults in the United States. Chest 2002;122:645-650.
134. Goodwin RD, Pine DS, Hoven CW. Asthma and panic attacks among youth in the community. J Asthma 2003;40:139-145.
135. Eaton W, Dryman A, Weissman MM. Panic and Phobia. In: Robins L, Regier DA, editors. Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiological Catchment Area Study. New York, NY: The Free Press; 1991:155-179.
136. Eley TC, Gregory AM, Clark DM, Ehlers A. Feeling anxious: a twin study of panic/somatic ratings, anxiety sensitivity and heartbeat perception in children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2007;48:1184-1191.
137. Lau JY, Gregory AM, Goldwin MA, Pine DS, Eley TC. Assessing gene-environment interactions on anxiety symptom subtypes across childhood and adolescence. Dev Psychopathol 2007;19:1129-1146.
138. Gregory AM, Eley TC. Genetic influences on anxiety in children: what we've learned and where we're heading. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2007;10:199-212.
139. Nocon A, Wittchen HU, Beesdo K, et al. Differential familial liability of panic disorder and agoraphobia. Depress Anxiety 2008;25:422-434.