Mental health of sexual minorities. A systematic review

International Review of Psychiatry

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2015, Pages 367-385

  Plöderl, Martin ^a   Tremblay, Pierre ^b  

^a PARACELSUS MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (Austria)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

Author keywords

anxiety; bisexuality; depression; homosexuality; Mental health; sexual minority; sexual orientation; substance abuse; suicide; systematic review

Indexed keywords

ADDICTION; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANXIETY DISORDER; BISEXUALITY; DEPRESSION; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; GROUPS BY AGE; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; MENTAL HEALTH; MOOD DISORDER; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SEXUAL MINORITY; SEXUAL ORIENTATION; SUICIDE; SUICIDE ATTEMPT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ANXIETY; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; MALE; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS;

ANXIETY; BISEXUALITY; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMANS; MALE; SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS; SUICIDE;

EID: 84947869966     PISSN: 09540261     EISSN: 13691627     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2015.1083949     Document Type: Review

References (206)

1. Almazan, E. P., Roettger, M. E., & Acosta, P. S. (2014). Measures of sexual minority status and suicide risk among young adults in the United States. Archives of Suicide Research, 18(3), 274-281.
2. Almeida, J., Johnson, R. M., Corliss, H. L., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Emotional distress among LGBT youth: The influence of perceived discrimination based on sexual orientation. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 1001-1014.
3. Bagley, C., & Tremblay, P. (1997). Suicidal behaviors in homosexual and bisexual males. Crisis, 18, 24-34.
4. Balsam, K. F., Beadnell, B., & Riggs, K. R. (2012). Understanding sexual orientation health disparities in smoking: A population-based analysis. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 82(4), 482-493.
5. Barnes, D. M., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Hamilton, A. D., & Keyes, K. M. (2014). Sexual orientation disparities in mental health: The moderating role of educational attainment. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(9), 1447-1454.
6. Birkett, M., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. (2009). LGB and questioning students in schools: The moderating effects of homophobic bullying and school climate on negative outcomes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38(7), 989-1000.
7. Bloomfield, K. (1993). A comparison of alcohol consumption between lesbians and heterosexual women in an urban population. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 33(3), 257-269.
8. Bloomfield, K., Wicki, M., Wilsnack, S., Hughes, T., & Gmel, G. (2011). International differences in alcohol use according to sexual orientation. Substance Abuse, 32(4), 210-219.
9. Blosnich, J., & Bossarte, R. (2012). Drivers of disparity: differences in socially based risk factors of self-injurious and suicidal behaviors among sexual minority college students. Journal of American College Health, 60(2), 141-149.
10. Blosnich, J., Bossarte, R., Silver, E., & Silenzio, V. (2013). Health care utilization and health indicators among a national sample of US veterans in same-sex partnerships. Military Medicine, 178(2), 207-212.
11. Blosnich, J. R., Farmer, G. W., Lee, J. G. L., Silenzio, V. M. B., & Bowen, D. J. (2014). Health inequalities among sexual minority adults: Evidence from ten U. S. states, 2010. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 47, 337-49.
12. Blosnich, J. R., Mays, V. M., & Cochran, S. D. (2014). Suicidality among veterans: Implications of sexual minority status. American Journal of Public Health, 104, S535-537.
13. Blosnich, J. R., & Silenzio, V. M. B. (2013). Physical health indicators among lesbian, gay, and bisexual US veterans. Annals of Epidemiology, 23(7), 448-451.
14. Boehmer, U., Miao, X., Linkletter, C., & Clark, M. A. (2012). Adult health behaviors over the life course by sexual orientation. American Journal of Public Health, 102(2), 292-300.
15. Bolton, S. L., & Sareen, J. (2011). Sexual orientation and its relation to mental disorders and suicide attempts: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 56, 35-43.
16. Booth, B. M., Davis, T. D., Cheney, A. M., Mengeling, M. A., Torner, J. C., & Sadler, A. G. (2012). Physical health status of female veterans: Contributions of sex partnership and in-military rape. Psychosomatic Medicine, 74(9), 916-924.
17. Bos, H. M., Sandfort, T. G., de Bruyn, E. H., & Hakvoort, E. M. (2008). Same-sex attraction, social relationships, psychosocial functioning, and school performance in early adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 44, 59-68.
18. Bostwick, W. B., Boyd, C. J., Hughes, T. L., & McCabe, S. E. (2010). Dimensions of sexual orientation and the prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the United States. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 468-475.
19. Bostwick, W. B., Meyer, I., Aranda, F., Russell, S., Hughes, T., Birkett, M., & Mustanski, B. (2014). Mental health and suicidality among racially/ethnically diverse sexual minority youths. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), 1129-1136.
20. Bowring, A. L., Vella, A. M., Degenhardt, L., Hellard, M., & Lim, M. S. (2015). Sexual identity, same-sex partners and risk behaviour among a community-based sample of young people in Australia. International Journal on Drug Policy, 26(2), 153-161.
21. Breaugh, J. A. (2003). Effect size estimation: Factors to consider and mistakes to avoid. Journal of Management, 29, 79-97.
22. Brennan, D. J., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Steele, L. S. (2010). Men's sexual orientation and health in Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 101(3), 255-258.
23. Burgard, S. A., Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2005). Alcohol and tobacco use patterns among heterosexually and homosexually experienced California women. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 77, 61-70.
24. Burgess, D., Tran, A., Lee, R., & van Ryn, M. (2007). Effects of perceived discrimination on mental health and mental health services utilization among gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender persons. Journal of LGBT health research, 3(4), 1-14.
25. Button, D. M., O'Connell, D. J., & Gealt, R. (2012). Sexual minority youth victimization and social support: The intersection of sexuality, gender, race, and victimization. Journal of Homosexuality, 59, 18-43.
26. Cardom, R., Rostosky, S., & Danner, F. (2013). Does 'it get better' for depressed sexual minority youth in young adulthood? Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(5), 671-673.
27. Case, P., Austin, S. B., Hunter, D. J., Manson, J. E., Malspeis, S., Willett, W. C., & Spiegelman, D. (2004). Sexual orientation, health risk factors, and physical functioning in the Nurses' Health Study II. Journal of Women's Health, 13(9), 1033-1047.
28. Catania, J. A., Osmond, D., Stall, R. D., Pollack, L., Paul, J. P., Blower, S., Fisher, L. (2001). The continuing HIV epidemic among men who have sex with men. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 907-14.
29. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (1991). Pilot study of a household survey to determine HIV seroprevalence. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 40, 1.
30. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). (2015). Survey data and documentation. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Retrieved from http://www. cdc. gov/ brfss/data-documentation/index. htm
31. Chakraborty, A., McManus, S., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P., & King, M. (2011). Mental health of the non-heterosexual population of England. British Journal of Psychiatry, 198(2), 143-148.
32. Cheng, C. H., Gipson, J. D., Perez, T. L., & Cochran, S. D. (2014). Same-sex behavior and health indicators of sexually experienced Filipino young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior. PMID: 25416159.
33. Cochran, S. D., Grella, C. E., & Mays, V. M. (2012). Do substance use norms and perceived drug availability mediate sexual orientation differences in patterns of substance use? Results from the California Quality of Life Survey II. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 73(4), 675-685.
34. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Lifetime prevalence of suicide symptoms and affective disorders among men reporting same-sex sexual partners: Results from NHANES III. American Journal of Public Health, 90(4), 573-578.
35. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2000). Relation between psychiatric syndromes and behaviorally defined sexual orientation in a sample of the US population. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151(5), 516-523.
36. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2009). Burden of psychiatric morbidity among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals in the California Quality of Life Survey. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(3), 647-658.
37. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2011). Sexual orientation and mortality among US men aged 17 to 59 years: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III. American Journal of Public Health, 101(6), 1133-1138.
38. Cochran, S. D., & Mays, V. M. (2015). Mortality risks among persons reporting same-sex sexual partners: Evidence from the 2008 General Social Survey-National Death Index data set. American Journal of Public Health, 105(2), 358-364.
39. Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., Alegria, M., Ortega, A. N., & Takeuchi, D. (2007). Mental health and substance use disorders among Latino and Asian American lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75(5), 785-794.
40. Cochran, S. D., Sullivan, J. G., & Mays, V. M. (2003). Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 53-61.
41. Conron, K. J., Mimiaga, M. J., & Landers, S. J. (2010). A population-based study of sexual orientation identity and gender differences in adult health. American Journal of Public Health, 100(10), 1953-1960.
42. Corliss, H. L., Rosario, M., Wypij, D., Fisher, L. B., & Austin, S. B. (2008). Sexual orientation disparities in longitudinal alcohol use patterns among adolescents findings from the growing up today study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(11), 1071-1078.
43. Corliss, H. L., Rosario, M., Wypij, D., Wylie, S. A., Frazier, A. L., & Austin, S. B. (2010). Sexual orientation and drug use in a longitudinal cohort study of US adolescents. Addictive Behaviors, 35(5), 517-521.
44. de Graaf, R., Sandfort, T. G. M., & ten Have, M. (2006). Suicidality and sexual orientation: Differences between men and women in a general population-based sample from the Netherlands. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35(3), 253-262.
45. Denny, S., Lucassen, M. F., Stuart, J., Fleming, T., Bullen, P., Peiris-John, R., Utter, J. (2014). The association between supportive high school environments and depressive symptoms and suicidality among sexual minority students. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 53, 1-14.
46. Diamant, A. L., & Wold, C. (2003). Sexual orientation and variation in physical and mental health status among women. Journal of Women's Health, 12, 41-49.
47. Diamant, A. L., Wold, C., Spritzer, K., & Gelberg, L. (2000). Health behaviors, health status, and access to and use of health care: A population-based study of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women. Archives of Family Medicine, 9(10), 1043-1051.
48. Dilley, J. A., Simmons, K. W., Boysun, M. J., Pizacani, B. A., & Stark, M. J. (2010). Demonstrating the importance and feasibility of including sexual orientation in public health surveys: Health disparities in the Pacific Northwest. American Journal of Public Health, 100(3), 460-467.
49. Drabble, L., Midanik, L. T., & Trocki, K. (2005). Reports of alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems among homosexual, bisexual and heterosexual respondents: Results from the 2000 National Alcohol Survey. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66, 111-120.
50. Duncan, D. T., & Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2014). Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender hate crimes and suicidality among a population-based sample of sexual-minority adolescents in Boston. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 272-278.
51. DuRant, R. H., Krowchuk, D. P., & Sinal, S. H. (1998). Victimization, use of violence, and drug use at school among male adolescents who engage in same-sex sexual behavior. Journal of Pediatrics, 133, 113-118.
52. Eisenberg, M., & Wechsler, H. (2003). Substance use behaviors among college students with same-sex and opposite-sex experience: results from a national study. Addictive Behaviors, 28(5), 899-913.
53. Eisenberg, M. E., & Resnick, M. D. (2006). Suicidality among gay, lesbian and bisexual youth: The role of protective factors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(5), 662-668.
54. Ericksen, K., & Trocki, K. F. (1994). Sex, alcohol and sexuallytransmitted diseases-A national survey. Family Planning Perspectives, 26(6), 257-263.
55. Farmer, G. W., Bucholz, K. K., Flick, L. H., Burroughs, T. E., & Bowen, D. J. (2013). CVD risk among men participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2001 to 2010: Differences by sexual minority status. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67(9), 772-778.
56. Farmer, G. W., Jabson, J. M., Bucholz, K. K., & Bowen, D. J. (2013). A population-based study of cardiovascular disease risk in sexual-minority women. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1845-1850.
57. Faulkner, A. H., & Cranston, K. (1998). Correlates of same-sex sexual behavior in a random sample of Massachusetts high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 88(2), 262-266.
58. Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology-Research and Practice, 40(5), 532-538.
59. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Beautrais, A. L. (1999). Is sexual orientation related to mental health problems and suicidality in young people? Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(10), 876-880.
60. Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., Ridder, E. M., & Beautrais, A. L. (2005). Sexual orientation and mental health in a birth cohort of young adults. Psychological Medicine, 35(7), 971-981.
61. Fleming, T. M., Merry, S. N., Robinson, E. M., Denny, S. J., & Watson, P. D. (2007). Self-reported suicide attempts and associated risk and protective factors among secondary school students in New Zealand. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 41(3), 213-221.
62. Ford, J. A., & Jasinski, J. L. (2006). Sexual orientation and substance use among college students. Addictive Behaviors, 31(3), 404-413.
63. Fredriksen-Goldsen, K. I., Kim, H. J., Barkan, S. E., Muraco, A., & Hoy-Ellis, C. P. (2013). Health disparities among lesbian, gay, and bisexual older adults: Results from a populationbased study. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1802-1809.
64. Fried, L. E., Williams, S., Cabral, H., & Hacker, K. (2013). Differences in risk factors for suicide attempts among 9th and 11th grade youth: A longitudinal perspective. Journal of School Nursing, 29(2), 113-122.
65. Frisch, M., & Simonsen, J. (2013). Marriage, cohabitation and mortality in Denmark: National cohort study of 6. 5 million persons followed for up to three decades (1982-2011). International Journal of Epidemiology, 42(2), 559-578.
66. Frisell, T., Lichtenstein, P., Rahman, Q., & Langstrom, N. (2010). Psychiatric morbidity associated with same-sex sexual behaviour: Influence of minority stress and familial factors. Psychological Medicine, 40(2), 315-324.
67. Garofalo, R., Wolf, R. C., Kessel, S., Palfrey, J., & DuRant, R. H. (1998). The association between health risk behaviors and sexual orientation among a school-based sample of adolescents. Pediatrics, 101(5), 895-902.
68. Gattis, M. N., Sacco, P., & Cunningham-Williams, R. M. (2012). Substance use and mental health disorders among heterosexual identified men and women who have same-sex partners or same-sex attraction: Results from the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(5), 1185-1197.
69. Gilman, S. E., Cochran, S. D., Mays, V. M., Hughes, M., Ostrow, D., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). Risk of psychiatric disorders among individuals reporting same-sex sexual partners in the National Comorbidity Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 91(6), 933-939.
70. Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., Derbyshire, K., Schreiber, L. R. N., Lust, K., & Christenson, G. (2014). Mental health and clinical correlates in lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer young adults. Journal of American College Health, 62, 75-78.
71. Grella, C. E., Cochran, S. D., Greenwell, L., & Mays, V. M. (2011). Effects of sexual orientation and gender on perceived need for treatment by persons with and without mental disorders. Psychiatric Services, 62(4), 404-410.
72. Gruskin, E. P., & Gordon, N. (2006). Gay/lesbian sexual orientation increases risk for cigarette smoking and heavy drinking among members of a large Northern California health plan. BMC Public Health, 6, 241.
73. Haddock, C. K., Rindskopf, D., & Shadish, W. R. (1998). Using odds ratios as effect sizes for meta-analysis of dichotomous data: A primer on methods and issues. Psychological Methods, 3(3), 339-353.
74. Hagger-Johnson, G., Taibjee, R., Semlyen, J., Fitchie, I., Fish, J., Meads, C., & Varney, J. (2013). Sexual orientation identity in relation to smoking history and alcohol use at age 18/19: Cross-sectional associations from the Longitudinal Study of Young People in England (LSYPE). BMJ Open, 3(8), e002810.
75. Hahm, H. C., Wong, F. Y., Huang, Z. J., Ozonoff, A., & Lee, J. (2008). Substance use among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders sexual minority adolescents: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42(3), 275-283.
76. Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2009). How does sexual minority stigma 'get under the skin'? A psychological mediation framework. Psychological Bulletin, 135(5), 707-730.
77. Hatzenbuehler, M. L. (2011). The social environment and suicide attempts in lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth. Pediatrics, 127(5), 896-903.
78. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Birkett, M., Van Wagenen, A., & Meyer, I. H. (2014). Protective school climates and reduced risk for suicide ideation in sexual minority youths. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 279-286.
79. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Corbin, W. R., & Fromme, K. (2008). Trajectories and determinants of alcohol use among LGB young adults and their heterosexual peers: Results from a prospective study. Developmental Psychology, 44, 81-90.
80. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Statelevel policies and psychiatric morbidity in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. American Journal of Public Health, 99(12), 2275-2281.
81. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., McLaughlin, K. A., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2008). Emotion regulation and internalizing symptoms in a longitudinal study of sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 49(12), 1270-1278.
82. Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Pachankis, J. E., & Wolff, J. (2012). Religious climate and health risk behaviors in sexual minority youths: A population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 102(4), 657-663.
83. Herrell, R., Goldberg, J., True, W. R., Ramakrishnan, V., Lyons, M., Eisen, S., & Tsuang, M. T. (1999). Sexual orientation and suicidality-A co-twin control study in adult men. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56(10), 867-874.
84. Hidaka, Y., Operario, D., Takenaka, M., Omori, S., Ichikawa, S., & Shirasaka, T. (2008). Attempted suicide and associated risk factors among youth in urban Japan. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 43(9), 752-757.
85. Hughes, T., McCabe, S. E., Wilsnack, S. C., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2010). Victimization and substance use disorders in a national sample of heterosexual and sexual minority women and men. Addiction, 105(12), 2130-2140.
86. Hughes, T., Szalacha, L. A., & McNair, R. (2010). Substance abuse and mental health disparities: comparisons across sexual identity groups in a national sample of young Australian women. Social Science Medicine, 71(4), 824-831.
87. Husky, M. M., Guignard, R., Beck, F., & Michel, G. (2013). Risk behaviors, suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a nationally representative French sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 151(3), 1059-1065.
88. Jiang, Y. W., Perry, D. K., & Hesser, J. E. (2010). Adolescent suicide and health risk behaviors Rhode Island's 2007 Youth Risk Behavior Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38(5), 551-555.
89. Johnson, R. M., Kidd, J. D., Dunn, E. C., Green, J. G., Corliss, H. L., & Bowen, D. (2011). Associations between caregiver support, bullying, and depressive symptomatology among sexual minority and heterosexual girls: Results from the 2008 Boston Youth Survey. Journal of School Violence, 10(2), 185-200.
90. Jorm, A. F., Korten, A. E., Rodgers, B., Jacomb, P. A., & Christensen, H. (2002). Sexual orientation and mental health: Results from a community survey of young and middle-aged adults. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180, 423-427.
91. Julien, D., Jouvin, E., Jodoin, E., L'Archeveque, A., & Chartrand, E. (2008). Adjustment among mothers reporting same-gender sexual partners: A study of a representative population sample from Quebec Province (Canada). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37(6), 864-876.
92. Kann, L., Olsen, E. O., McManus, T., Kinchen, S., Chyen, D., Harris, W. A., & Wechsler, H. (2011). Sexual identity, sex of sexual contacts, and health-risk behaviors among students in grades 9-12-Youth risk behavior surveillance, selected sites, United States, 2001-2009. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Surveillance Summaries, 60(7), 1-133.
93. Kerr, D., Ding, K., Burke, A., & Ott-Walter, K. (2015). An alcohol, tobacco, and other drug use comparison of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual undergraduate women. Substance Use & Misuse, 50(3), 340-349.
94. Kerr, D. L., Ding, K. L., & Chaya, J. (2014). Substance use of lesbian, gay, bisexual and heterosexual college students. American Journal of Health Behavior, 38(6), 951-962.
95. Kerr, D. L., Santurri, L., & Peters, P. (2013). A comparison of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual college undergraduate women on selected mental health issues. Journal of American College Health, 61(4), 185-194.
96. King, M., & Nazareth, I. (2006). The health of people classified as lesbian, gay and bisexual attending family practitioners in London: A controlled study. BMC Public Health, 6, 127.
97. King, M., Semlyen, J., Tai, S. S., Killaspy, H., Osborn, D., Popelyuk, D., & Nazareth, I. (2008). A systematic review of mental disorder, suicide, and deliberate self harm in lesbian, gay and bisexual people. BMC Psychiatry, 8, 70.
98. Konishi, C., Saewyc, E., Homma, Y., & Poon, C. (2013). Population-level evaluation of school-based interventions to prevent problem substance use among gay, lesbian and bisexual adolescents in Canada. Preventive Medicine, 57(6), 929-933.
99. Kuyper, L., Fernee, H., & Keuzenkamp, S. (2015). A comparative analysis of a community and general sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Archives of sexual behavior. PMID: 25564037
100. Lampinen, T. M., McGhee, D., & Martin, I. (2006). Increased risk of 'club' drug use among gay and bisexual high school students in British Columbia. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38(4), 458-461.
101. Lhomond, B., & Saurel-Cubizolles, M. J. (2006). Violence against women and suicide risk: The neglected impact of same-sex sexual behaviour. Social Science & Medicine, 62(8), 2002-2013.
102. Lhomond, B., Saurel-Cubizolles, M. J., & Michaels, S. (2014). A multidimensional measure of sexual orientation, use of psychoactive substances, and depression: Results of a national survey on sexual behavior in France. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(3), 607-619.
103. Lian, Q., Zuo, X., Lou, C., Gao, E., & Cheng, Y. (2015). Sexual orientation and risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts: A multi-centre cross-sectional study in three Asian cities. Journal of Epidemiology, 25(2), 155-161.
104. Lindley, L. L., Walsemann, K. M., & Carter, J. W. (2012). The association of sexual orientation measures with young adults' health-related outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 102(6), 1177-1185.
105. Loosier, P. S., & Dittus, P. J. (2010). Group differences in risk across three domains using an expanded measure of sexual orientation. Journal of Primary Prevention, 31(5-6), 261-272.
106. Lucassen, M. F., Clark, T. C., Denny, S. J., Fleming, T. M., Rossen, F. V., Sheridan, J., Robinson, E. M. (2014). What has changed from 2001 to 2012 for sexual minority youth in New Zealand? Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health.
107. Lytle, M. C., De Luca, S. M., & Blosnich, J. R. (2014). The influence of intersecting identities on self-harm, suicidal behaviors, and depression among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 44(4), 384-391.
108. Madge, N., Hawton, K., McMahon, E. M., Corcoran, P., De Leo, D., de Wilde, E. J., Arensman, E. (2011). Psychological characteristics, stressful life events and deliberate self-harm: Findings from the Child & Adolescent Self-harm in Europe (CASE) study. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 20(10), 499-508.
109. Marshal, M. P., Dermody, S. S., Cheong, J., Burton, C. M., Friedman, M. S., Aranda, F., & Hughes, T. L. (2013). Trajectories of depressive symptoms and suicidality among heterosexual and sexual minority youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(8), 1243-1256.
110. Marshal, M. P., Dermody, S. S., Shultz, M. L., Sucato, G. S., Stepp, S. D., Chung, T., Hipwell, A. E. (2013). Mental health and substance use disparities among urban adolescent lesbian and bisexual girls. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 19(5), 271-279.
111. Marshal, M. P., Dietz, L. J., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., Smith, H. A., McGinley, J., Brent, D. A. (2011). Suicidality and depression disparities between sexual minority and heterosexual youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Adolescent Health, 49(2), 115-123.
112. Marshal, M. P., Friedman, M. S., Stall, R., King, K. M., Miles, J., Gold, M. A., Morse, J. Q. (2008). Sexual orientation and adolescent substance use: A meta-analysis and methodological review. Addiction, 103(4), 546-556.
113. Marshal, M. P., King, K. M., Stepp, S. D., Hipwell, A., Smith, H., Chung, T., Markovic, N. (2012). Trajectories of alcohol and cigarette use among sexual minority and heterosexual girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50, 97-99.
114. Marshal, M. P., Sucato, G., Stepp, S. D., Hipwell, A., Smith, H. A., Friedman, M. S., Markovic, N. (2012). Substance use and mental health disparities among sexual minority girls: Results from the Pittsburgh Girls study. Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 25, 15-18.
115. Martin-Storey, A., & Crosnoe, R. (2012). Sexual minority status, peer harassment, and adolescent depression. Journal of Adolescence, 35(4), 1001-1011.
116. Mathy, R. M., Cochran, S. D., Olsen, J., & Mays, V. M. (2011). The association between relationship markers of sexual orientation and suicide: Denmark, 1990-2001. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(2), 111-117.
117. Matthews-Ewald, M. R., Zullig, K. J., & Ward, R. M. (2014). Sexual orientation and disordered eating behaviors among self-identified male and female college students. Eating Behaviors, 15(3), 441-444.
118. Matthews, D. D., Blosnich, J. R., Farmer, G. W., & Adams, B. J. (2014). Operational definitions of sexual orientation and estimates of adolescent health risk behaviors. LGBT Health, 1, 42-49.
119. Matthews, D. D., & Lee, J. G. L. (2014). A profile of North Carolina lesbian, gay, and bisexual health disparities, 2011. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), E98?E105.
120. Mattocks, K. M., Sadler, A., Yano, E. M., Krebs, E. E., Zephyrin, L., Brandt, C., Haskell, S. (2013). Sexual victimization, health status, and VA healthcare utilization among lesbian and bisexual OEF/OIF veterans. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 28(Suppl2), S604-608.
121. McCabe, S. E., Boyd, C., Hughes, T. L., & d'Arcy, H. (2003). Sexual identity and substance use among undergraduate students. Substance Abuse, 24(2), 77-91.
122. McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Bostwick, W., & Boyd, C. J. (2005). Assessment of difference in dimensions of sexual orientation: Implications for substance use research in a college-age population. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 66(5), 620-629.
123. McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Bostwick, W., Morales, M., & Boyd, C. J. (2012). Measurement of sexual identity in surveys: Implications for substance abuse research. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41(3), 649-657.
124. McCabe, S. E., Hughes, T. L., Bostwick, W. B., West, B. T., & Boyd, C. J. (2009). Sexual orientation, substance use behaviors and substance dependence in the United States. Addiction, 104(8), 1333-1345.
125. McLaughlin, K. A., Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Xuan, Z. M., & Conrond, K. J. (2012). Disproportionate exposure to earlylife adversity and sexual orientation disparities in psychiatric morbidity. Child Abuse & Neglect, 36(9), 645-655.
126. McMahon, E. M., Reulbach, U., Keeley, H., Perry, I. J., & Arensman, E. (2012). Reprint of: bullying victimisation, self harm and associated factors in Irish adolescent boys. Social Science & Medicine, 74(4), 490-497.
127. McNair, R., Kavanagh, A., Agius, P., & Tong, B. (2005). The mental health status of young adult and mid-life nonheterosexual Australian women. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 29(3), 265-271.
128. McNair, R., Szalacha, L. A., & Hughes, T. L. (2011). health status, health service use, and satisfaction according to sexual identity of young Australian women. Women's Health Issues, 21, 40-47.
129. Mercer, C. H., Bailey, J. V., Johnson, A. M., Erens, B., Wellings, K., Fenton, K. A., & Copas, A. J. (2007). Women who report having sex with women: British national probability data on prevalence, sexual behaviors, and health outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 97(6), 1126-1133.
130. Meyer, I. H. (2003). Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 674-697.
131. Meyer, I. H., & Wilson, P. A. (2009). Sampling lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 56, 23-31.
132. Midanik, L. T., Drabble, L., Trocki, K., & Sell, R. L. (2007). Sexual orientation and alcohol use: Identity versus behavior measures. Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3, 25-35.
133. Mustanski, B., Andrews, R., Herrick, A., Stall, R., & Schnarrs, P. W. (2014). A syndemic of psychosocial health disparities and associations with risk for attempting suicide among young sexual minority men. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 287-294.
134. Needham, B. L. (2012). Sexual attraction and trajectories of mental health and substance use during the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 41(2), 179-190.
135. Needham, B. L., & Austin, E. L. (2010). Sexual orientation, parental support, and health during the transition to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39(10), 1189-1198.
136. Newcomb, M. E., Birkett, M., Corliss, H. L., & Mustanski, B. (2014). Sexual orientation, gender, and racial differences in illicit drug use in a sample of US high school students. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 304-310.
137. O'Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2009). Predicting deliberate self-harm in adolescents: A six month prospective study. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 39(4), 364-375.
138. O'Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., & Hawton, K. (2014). Adolescent self-harm: A school-based study in Northern Ireland. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 46-52.
139. O'Connor, R. C., Rasmussen, S., Miles, J., & Hawton, K. (2009). Self-harm in adolescents: Self-report survey in schools in Scotland. British Journal of Psychiatry, 194, 68-72.
140. Olshen, E., McVeigh, K. H., Wunsch-Hitzig, R. A., & Rickert, V. I. (2007). Dating violence, sexual assault, and suicide attempts among urban teenagers. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 161(6), 539-545.
141. Orenstein, A. (2001). Substance use among gay and lesbian adolescents. Journal of Homosexuality, 41(2), 1-15.
142. Ortiz-Hernandez, L., Tello, B. L., & Valdes, J. (2009). The association of sexual orientation with self-rated health, and cigarette and alcohol use in Mexican adolescents and youths. Social Science & Medicine, 69, 85-93.
143. Oswalt, S. B., & Wyatt, T. J. (2011). Sexual orientation and differences in mental health, stress, and academic performance in a national sample of U. S. college students. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(9), 1255-1280.
144. Pachankis, J. E. (2007). The psychological implications of concealing a stigma: A cognitive-affective-behavioral model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 328-345.
145. Pakula, B., & Shoveller, J. A. (2013). Sexual orientation and selfreported mood disorder diagnosis among Canadian adults. BMC Public Health, 13, 209.
146. Pearson, J., & Wilkinson, L. (2013). Family relationships and adolescent well-being: Are families equally protective for same-sex attracted youth? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(3), 376-93.
147. Pelts, M. D., & Albright, D. L. (2014). An exploratory study of student service members' and veterans' mental health characteristics by sexual orientation. Journal of American College Health. PMID: 25102441.
148. Pesola, F., Shelton, K. H., & van den Bree, M. B. (2014). Sexual orientation and alcohol problem use among U. K. adolescents: An indirect link through depressed mood. Addiction, 109(7), 1072-1080.
149. Pinhey, T. K., & Millman, S. R. (2004). Asian/Pacific Islander adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk in Guam. American Journal of Public Health, 94(7), 1204-1206.
150. Plöderl, M., Kralovec, K., & Fartacek, R. (2010). The relation between sexual orientation and suicide attempts in Austria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1403-1414.
151. Plöderl, M., Sauer, J., & Fartacek, R. (2006). Suizidalität und psychische Gesundheit von homo-und bisexuellen Männern und Frauen. Eine Metaanalyse internationaler Zufallsstichproben [Suicidality and mental health of homosexual and bisexual men and women. A meta-analysis of international probability samples]. Verhaltenstherapie & Psychosoziale Praxis, 38(2), 283-302.
152. Plöderl, M., Wagenmakers, E. J., Tremblay, P., Ramsay, R., Kralovec, K., Fartacek, C., & Fartacek, R. (2013). Suicide risk and sexual orientation: A critical review. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42(5), 715-727.
153. Pope, H. G., Ionescu-Pioggia, M., & Pope, K. W. (2001). Drug use and life style among college undergraduates: A 30-year longitudinal study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(9), 1519-1521.
154. Poteat, V. P., Aragon, S. R., Espelage, D. L., & Koenig, B. W. (2009). Psychosocial concerns of sexual minority youth: complexity and caution in group differences. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 77, 196-201.
155. Przedworski, J. M., McAlpine, D. D., Karaca-Mandic, P., & VanKim, N. A. (2014). Health and health risks among sexual minority women: An examination of 3 subgroups. American Journal of Public Health, 104(6), 1045-1047.
156. Qin, P., Agerbo, E., & Mortensen, P. B. (2003). Suicide risk in relation to socioeconomic, demographic, psychiatric, and familial factors: A national register-based study of all suicides in Denmark, 1981-1997. The American journal of psychiatry, 160(4), 765-772.
157. Ramsay, R., & Tremblay, P. (2015). Gay, lesbian, bisexual & transgender 'attempted suicide' incidences/risks. Suicidality studies from 1970 to 2015. Retrieved from http://people.-ucalgary. ca/-ramsay/attempted-suicide-gay-lesbian-allstudies. htm#All-Studies
158. Rath, J. M., Villanti, A. C., Rubenstein, R. A., & Vallone, D. M. (2013). Tobacco use by sexual identity among young adults in the United States. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15(11), 1822-1831.
159. Reczek, C., Liu, H., & Spiker, R. (2014). A population-based study of alcohol use in same-sex and different-sex unions. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(3), 557-572.
160. Reed, E., Prado, G., Matsumoto, A., & Amaro, H. (2010). Alcohol and drug use and related consequences among gay, lesbian and bisexual college students: Role of experiencing violence, feeling safe on campus, and perceived stress. Addictive Behaviors, 35(2), 168-171.
161. Remafedi, G., French, S., Story, M., Resnick, M. D., & Blum, R. (1998). The relationship between suicide risk and sexual orientation: Results of a population-based study. American Journal of Public Health, 88, 57-60.
162. Renaud, J., Berlim, M. T., Begolli, M., McGirr, A., & Turecki, G. (2010). Sexual orientation and gender identity in youth suicide victims: An exploratory study. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 29-34.
163. Rhodes, S. D., McCoy, T. P., Wilkin, A. M., & Wolfson, M. (2009). Behavioral risk disparities in a random sample of self-identifying gay and non-gay male university students. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(8), 1083-1100.
164. Ridner, S. L., Frost, K., & LaJoie, A. S. (2006). Health information and risk behaviors among lesbian, gay, and bisexual college students. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 18(8), 374-378.
165. Roberts, A. L., Rosario, M., Slopen, N., Calzo, J. P., & Austin, S. B. (2013). Childhood gender nonconformity, bullying victimization, and depressive symptoms across adolescence and early adulthood: An 11-year longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 52(2), 143-152.
166. Robin, L., Brener, N. D., Donahue, S. F., Hack, T., Hale, K., & Goodenow, C. (2002). Associations between health risk behaviors and opposite-, same-, and both-sex sexual partners in representative samples of Vermont and Massachusetts high school students. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(4), 349-355.
167. Robinson-Cimpian, J. P. (2014). Inaccurate estimation of disparities due to mischievous responders: Several suggestions to assess conclusions. Educational Researcher, 43(4), 171-185.
168. Rosario, M., Reisner, S. L., Corliss, H. L., Wypij, D., Calzo, J., & Austin, S. B. (2014). Sexual-orientation disparities in substance use in emerging adults: A function of stress and attachment paradigms. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 28(3), 790-804.
169. Rosario, M., Reisner, S. L., Corliss, H. L., Wypij, D., Frazier, A. L., & Austin, S. B. (2014). Disparities in depressive distress by sexual orientation in emerging adults: The roles of attachment and stress paradigms. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(5), 901-916.
170. Rothman, E. F., Sullivan, M., Keyes, S., & Boehmer, U. (2012). Parents' supportive reactions to sexual orientation disclosure associated with better health: Results from a populationbased survey of LGB adults in Massachusetts. Journal of Homosexuality, 59(2), 186-200.
171. Russell, S. T., & Joyner, K. (2001). Adolescent sexual orientation and suicide risk: Evidence from a national study. American Journal of Public Health, 91(8), 1276-1281.
172. Saewyc, E. M., Skay, C. L., Hynds, P., Pettingell, S., Bearinger, L. H., Resnick, M. D., & Reis, E. (2007). Suicidal ideation and attempts in North American school-based surveys: Are bisexual youth at increasing risk? Journal of LGBT Health Research, 3(2), 25-36.
173. Said, D., Kypri, K., & Bowman, J. (2013). Risk factors for mental disorder among university students in Australia: Findings from a web-based cross-sectional survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 48(6), 935-944.
174. Sandfort, T., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M., Ransome, Y., & Schnabel, P. (2014). Same-sex sexuality and psychiatric disorders in the second Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS-2). LGBT Health, 1(4), 292-301.
175. Sandfort, T. G. M., Bakker, F., Schellevis, F., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2009). Coping styles as mediator of sexual orientationrelated health differences. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38(2), 253-263.
176. Sandfort, T. G. M., Bakker, F., Schellevis, F. G., & Vanwesenbeeck, I. (2006). Sexual orientation and mental and physical health status: Findings from a Dutch population survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96(6), 1119-1125.
177. Sandfort, T. G. M., de Graaf, R., Bijl, R. V., & Schnabel, P. (2001). Same-sex sexual behavior and psychiatric disorders-Findings from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS). Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 85-91.
178. Savin-Williams, R. C. (2001). Suicide attempts among sexualminority youths: Population and measurement issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 69(6), 983-991.
179. Savin-Williams, R. C. (2008). Then and now: Recruitment, definition, diversity, and positive attributes of same-sex populations. Developmental Psychology, 44, 135-138.
180. Savin-Williams, R. C., Cohen, K. M., Joyner, K., & Rieger, G. (2010). Depressive symptoms among same-sex oriented young men: importance of reference group. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39(6), 1213-1215.
181. Schauer, G. L., Berg, C. J., & Bryant, L. O. (2013). Sex differences in psychosocial correlates of concurrent substance use among heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual college students. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 39(4), 252-258.
182. Seil, K. S., Desai, M. M., & Smith, M. V. (2014). Sexual orientation, adult connectedness, substance use, and mental health outcomes among adolescents: Findings from the 2009 New York City Youth Risk Behavior Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 104(10), 1950-1956.
183. Shaffer, D., Fisher, P., Hicks, R. H., Parides, M., & Gould, M. (1995). Sexual orientation in adolescents who commit suicide. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 25(Suppl), S64-71.
184. Shields, J. P., Whitaker, K., Glassman, J., Franks, H. M., & Howard, K. (2012). Impact of victimization on risk of suicide among lesbian, gay, and bisexual high school students in San Francisco. Journal of Adolescent Health, 50(4), 418-420.
185. Silenzio, V. M. B., Pena, J. B., Duberstein, P. R., Cerel, J., & Knox, K. L. (2007). Sexual orientation and risk factors for suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adolescents and young adults. American Journal of Public Health, 97(11), 2017-2019.
186. Skegg, K., Nada-Raja, S., Dickson, N., Paul, C., & Williams, S. (2003). Sexual orientation and self-harm in men and women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 541-546.
187. Stall, R., Friedman, M., & Catania, J. A. (2008). Interacting epidemics and gay men's health: A theory of syndemic production among urban gay men. In R. J. Wolitski, R. Stall & R. O. Valdiserri (Eds), Unequal opportunity: Health disparities affecting gay and bisexual men in the United States (pp. 251?274). New York: Oxford University Press.
188. Steele, L. S., Ross, L. E., Dobinson, C., Veldhuizen, S., & Tinmouth, J. M. (2009). Women's sexual orientation and health: Results from a Canadian population-based survey. Women & Health, 49(5), 353-367.
189. Stone, D. M., Luo, F., Lippy, C., & McIntosh, W. L. (2014). The role of social connectedness and sexual orientation in the prevention of youth suicide ideation and attempts among sexually active adolescents. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 45(4), 415-430.
190. Stone, D. M., Luo, F. J., Ouyang, L. J., Lippy, C., Hertz, M. F., & Crosby, A. E. (2014). Sexual orientation and suicide ideation, plans, attempts, and medically serious attempts: Evidence from local youth risk behavior surveys, 2001-2009. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 262-271.
191. Strutz, K. L., Herring, A. H., & Halpern, C. T. (2015). Health disparities among young adult sexual minorities in the US. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 48, 76-88.
192. Taliaferro, L. A., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2014). Risk and protective factors that distinguish adolescents who attempt suicide from those who only consider suicide in the past year. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior, 44, 6-22.
193. Talley, A. E., Hughes, T. L., Aranda, F., Birkett, M., & Marshal, M. P. (2014). Exploring alcohol-use behaviors among heterosexual and sexual minority adolescents: Intersections with sex, age, and race/ethnicity. American Journal of Public Health, 104(2), 295-303.
194. Teasdale, B., & Bradley-Engen, M. S. (2010). Adolescent samesex attraction and mental health: The role of stress and support. Journal of Homosexuality, 57(2), 287-309.
195. Tjepkema, M. (2008). Health care use among gay, lesbian and bisexual Canadians. Health Reports, 19, 53-64.
196. Tremblay, P. (n. d.). Info source: Gay and bisexual male suicide problems (Part 4 of 6: Abstracts/Highlights). Retrieved 29 April 2015 from http://www. youth-suicide. com/gay-bisexual/ gbsuicide1. htm
197. Tucker, J. S., Ellickson, P. L., & Klein, D. J. (2008). Understanding differences in substance use among bisexual and heterosexual young women. Women's Health Issues, 18(5), 387-398.
198. Ueno, K. (2010). Mental health differences between young adults with and without same-sex contact: A simultaneous examination of underlying mechanisms. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(4), 391-407.
199. Ueno, K. (2010). Same-sex experience and mental health during the transition between adolescence and young adulthood. Sociological Quarterly, 51(3), 484-510.
200. Villarroel, M. A., Turner, C. F., Eggleston, E., Al-Tayyib, A., Rogers, S. M., Roman, A. M., & Gordek, H. 2006). Samegender sex in the United States. Impact of T-ACASI on prevalence estimates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(2), 166-196.
201. Wang, J., Dey, M., Soldati, L., Weiss, M. G., Gmel, G., & Mohler-Kuo, M. (2014). Psychiatric disorders, suicidality, and personality among young men by sexual orientation. European Psychiatry, 29(8), 514-522.
202. Wang, J., Hausermann, M., Wydler, H., Mohler-Kuo, M., & Weiss, M. G. (2012). Suicidality and sexual orientation among men in Switzerland: Findings from 3 probability surveys. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 46(8), 980-986.
203. Wichstrom, L., & Hegna, K. (2003). Sexual orientation and suicide attempt: A longitudinal study of the general Norwegian adolescent population. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 144-151.
204. Williams, K. A., & Chapman, M. V. (2011). Comparing health and mental health needs, service use, and barriers to services among sexual minority youths and their peers. Health & Social Work, 36(3), 197-206.
205. Zhao, Y., Montoro, R., Igartua, K., & Thombs, B. D. (2010). Suicidal ideation and attempt among adolescents reporting 'unsure' sexual identity or heterosexual identity plus samesex attraction or behavior: forgotten groups? Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 49(2), 104-113.
206. Ziyadeh, N. J., Prokop, L. A., Fisher, L. B., Rosario, M., Field, A. E., Camargo, C. A., & Austin, S. B. (2007). Sexual orientation, gender, and alcohol use in a cohort study of US adolescent girls and boys. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87 (2-3), 119-130.