Energy-water nexus: Potential energy savings and implications for sustainable integrated water management in urban areas from rainwater harvesting and gray-water reuse

Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management

Volumn 141, Issue 12, 2015, Pages

  Malinowski, Patricia A ^a,b   Stillwell, Ashlynn S ^c   Wu, Jy S ^a   Schwarz, Peter M ^a,d  

^a University of North Carolina at Charlotte   (United States)

^b TETHYS Water and Environment PLLC   (United States)

^c University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT CHARLOTTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Economic factors; Energy consumption; Sustainable management; Urban areas; Water demand; Water management; Water use

Indexed keywords

ENERGY CONSERVATION; ENERGY UTILIZATION; HARVESTING; IRRIGATION; POTABLE WATER; POTENTIAL ENERGY; RAIN; WASTEWATER RECLAMATION; WATER MANAGEMENT; WATER SUPPLY;

ECONOMIC FACTORS; SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT; URBAN AREAS; WATER DEMAND; WATER USE;

WATER CONSERVATION;

ENERGY USE; INTEGRATED APPROACH; POLICY APPROACH; POTENTIAL ENERGY; RAINWATER; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; URBAN AREA; WATER DEMAND; WATER MANAGEMENT;

CHARLOTTE; NORTH CAROLINA; UNITED STATES;

EID: 84947744530     PISSN: 07339496     EISSN: 19435452     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000528     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Abdallah, A. M., and Rosenberg, D. E. (2014). "Heterogeneous residential water and energy linkages and implications for conservation and management". J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 10.1061/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000340, 288-297.
2. Allen, L., Christian-Smith, J., and Palaniappan, M. (2010). "Overview of greywater reuse: The potential of greywater systems to aid sustainable water management". Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA.
3. American Rivers, Water Environment Federation, American Society of Landscape Architects, ECONorthwest. (2012). "Banking on green: A look at how green infrastructure can save municipalities money and provide economic benefits community-wide". (Jan. 6, 2015).
4. Anand, C., and Apul, D. S. (2011). "Economic and environmental analysis of standard, high efficiency, rainwater flushed, and composting toilets". J. Environ. Manage., 92(3), 419-428.
5. AWE (Alliance for Water Efficiency) and ACEEE (American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy). (2011). "Addressing the energy-water nexus: A blueprint for action and policy agenda". Chicago, (Mar. 12, 2013).
6. Burton, F. L. and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) Community Environmental Center. (1996). "Water and wastewater industries: Characteristics and energy management opportunities: A report that describes how electricity is used and can be managed efficiently in water and wastewater treatment". Rep. CR-106941, Palo Alto, CA.
7. City of Charlotte. (2012). "Adopted FY 2013 strategic operating plan and FY 2013-2017 capital investment plan". (Jun. 7, 2014).
8. CMUD (Charlotte-Mecklenburg Utility Department). (2014). "Guide to understanding your rates and bill". (Jan. 21, 2014).
9. Cohen, R., Nelson, B., and Wolff, G. (2004). "Energy down the drain, the hidden costs of California's water supply". NRDC, New York, (Dec. 14, 2014).
10. Dziegielewski, B., et al. (2000). "Commercial and institutional end uses of water". American Water Works Association, (Dec. 14, 2014).
11. EIA (Energy Information Administration). (2014). "Electric power monthly". (Apr. 11, 2014).
12. EnerNOC, Inc. and Washington University. (2013). "Electricity use and management in the municipal water supply and wastewater industries". Rep. 3002001433, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA.
13. GAO (Government Accountability Office). (2011). "Energy-water nexus: Amount of energy needed to supply, use, and treat water is location-specific and can be reduced by certain technologies and approaches". Rep. No. GAO-11-225, Washington, DC.
14. Garrison, N., Wilkinson, R. C., and Horner, R. (2009). "A clear blue future: How greening California cities can address water resources and climate challenges in the 21st century". NRDC, New York, (Dec. 14, 2014).
15. Gleick, P. H., et al. (2003). "Waste not, want not: The potential for urban water conservation in California". Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA.
16. Griffiths-Sattenspiel, B., and Wilson, W. (2009). "The carbon footprint of water". River Network, Portland, OR.
17. Hoover, J. (2012). "The vital role of electrical energy for Arizona water services". Chapter 12, The water-energy nexus in the American West, D. S. Kenney, and R. Wilkinson, eds., Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K., 165-176.
18. ICF Consulting. (2002). "Water & sustainability (volume 4): U.S. electricity consumption for water supply and treatment-The next half century". Rep. 1006787, Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), Palo Alto, CA.
19. Kenny, J. F., Barber, N. L., Hutson, S. S., Linsey, K. S., Lovelace, J. K., and Maupin, M. A. (2009). "Estimated use of water in the United States in 2005". USGS Circular No. 1344, Reston, VA.
20. Kloss, C. (2008). "Managing wet weather with green infrastructure". Rep. EPA 833-F-08-010, U.S. EPA, Washington, DC.
21. Larsen, S. G., and Burian, S. J. (2012). "Energy requirements for water supply in Utah". Chapter 11, The water-energy nexus in the American West, D. S. Kenney and R. Wilkinson, eds., Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K., 153-164.
22. Latham, A. (2008). "What do we use our water for?". (May 22, 2014).
23. Mayer, P. W., et al. (1999). "Residential end uses of water". American Water Works Association, (Dec. 14, 2014).
24. Memon, F. A., Butler, D., Han, W., Makropoulos, C., Avery, L. M., and Pidou, M. (2005). "Economic assessment tool for greywater recycling systems". Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Eng. Sustainability, 158(3), 155-161.
25. Navigant Consulting. (2006). "Refining estimates of water related energy use in California". Rep. CEC-500-2006-118, California Energy Commission (CEC), PIER Industrial/Agricultural/Water End Use Energy Efficiency Program, Navigant Consulting, Sacramento, CA.
26. NCDENR (North Carolina Dept. of Environment and Natural Resources). (2014). "Local water supply plan". (Jan. 29, 2014).
27. NCSL (National Conference of State Legislatures). (2009). Overview of the water-energy nexus in the United States.
28. Racoviceanu, A. I., and Karney, B. W. (2010). "Life-cycle perspective on residential water conservation strategies". J. Infrastruct. Syst., 16(1), 40-49.
29. Sanders, K. T. (2012). "Evaluating the energy embedded in Texas' water supply in a drying climate". (Apr. 30, 2014).
30. Sanders, K. T., and Webber, M. E. (2012). "Evaluating the energy consumed for water use in the United States". Environ. Res. Lett., 7(3), 034034.
31. Scott, C. A., Pierce, S. A., Pasqualetti, M. J., Jones, A. L., Montz, B. E., and Hoover, J. H. (2011). "Policy and institutional dimensions of the water-energy nexus". Energy Policy, 39(10), 6622-6630.
32. Sovacool, B. K. (2009). "Running on empty: The electricity-water nexus and the U.S. electric utility sector". Energy Law J., 30(1), 11-51.
33. Sovacool, B. K., and Sovacool, K. E. (2009). "Identifying future electricity-water tradeoffs in the United States". Energy Policy, 37(7), 2763-2773.
34. Spivey-Weber, F. (2012). "Water-energy integration in California". Chapter 17, The water-energy nexus in the American West, D. S. Kenney and R. Wilkinson, eds., Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K., 243-254.
35. Steffen, J., Jensen, M., Pomeroy, C. A., and Burian, S. J. (2013). "Water supply and stormwater management benefits of residential rainwater harvesting in U.S. cities". J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 49(4), 810-824.
36. Stillwell, A. S., King, C. W., Webber, M. E., Duncan, I. J., and Hardberger, A. (2011). "The energy-water nexus in Texas". Ecol. Soc., 16(1), 2.
37. Stillwell, A. S., Twomey, K. M., Osborne, R., Greene, D. M., Pedersen, D. W., and Webber, M. E. (2011). "An integrated energy, carbon, water, and economic analysis of reclaimed water use in urban settings: A case study of Austin, Texas". J. Water Reuse Desal., 1(4), 208-223.
38. TIAX. (2006). "Commercial and residential sector miscellaneous electricity consumption: Y2005 and projections to 2030". Rep. Prepared for the University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
39. UCB (University of California Berkeley), and UCLA (University of California Los Angeles). (2011). "Drops of energy, conserving urban water in California to reduce greenhouse gas emissions". (Dec. 14, 2014).
40. UNCEFC (University of North Carolina, Environmental Finance Center). (2013). "Project, utility rate setting for cost recovery and conservation in NC". (Apr. 28, 2014).
41. USCB (U.S. Census Bureau). (2012). Statistical abstract of the United States, 2012, Washington, DC.
42. U.S. DOE (U.S. Department of Energy). (2012). "2011 building energy data book". Chapter 8, Water, D & R International, Silver Spring, MD, 8-1-8-11.
43. USEPA. (2008). Ensuring a sustainable future: An energy management guidebook for wastewater and water utilities, Washington, DC.
44. USEPA. (2012). "Guidelines for water reuse, 2012". Rep. EPA/600-R-12/618, Washington, DC.
45. USEPA. (2012). "Integrated municipal stormwater and wastewater planning approach framework". Washington, DC.
46. USEPA. (2012). "WaterSense at work: Best management practices for commercial and institutional facilities". (Mar. 24, 2014).
47. USEPA. (2013). "Rainwater harvesting, conservation, credit codes, and cost literature review and case studies". Rep. EPA-841-R-13-002, Washington, DC.
48. USEPA. (2013). "Water efficiency strategies". (Mar. 12, 2013).
49. USEPA. (2013). "Water sense: Outdoor water use in the United States". (Mar. 19, 2013).
50. USEPA. (2015). "Water and energy efficiency, make the drop-to-watts connection". (Jan. 6, 2015).
51. Vieira, A. S., Beal, C. D., Ghisi, E., and Stewart, R. A. (2014). "Energy intensity of rainwater harvesting systems: A review". Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 34, 225-242.
52. WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). (2009). BMP and LID whole life cost models: Version 2.0.
53. WERF (Water Environment Research Foundation). (2011). Sustainable integrated water management research challenge summary, state of the knowledge as of December 2010.
54. Wilkinson, R. (2012). "The water-energy nexus: Methodologies, challenges and opportunities". Chapter 1, The water-energy nexus in the American West, D. S. Kenney and R. Wilkinson, eds., Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, U.K., 3-17.
55. Yu, Z. L. T., DeShazo, J. R., Stenson, M. K., and Cohen, Y. (2014). "Cost-benefit analysis of onsite residential graywater recycling-A case study: The City of Los Angeles". Rep. Prepared for the Univ. of California, Los Angeles.
56. Yu, Z. L. T., Rahardianto, A., DeShazo, J. R., Stenstrom, M. K., and Cohen, Y. (2013). "Critical review: Regulatory incentives and impediments for onsite graywater reuse in the United States". Water Environ. Res., 85(7), 650-662.