Organic complexation of iron in the West Atlantic Ocean

Marine Chemistry

Volumn 177, Issue , 2015, Pages 434-446

  Gerringa, L J A ^a   Rijkenberg, M J A ^a   Schoemann, V ^a,b   Laan, P ^a   de Baar, H J W ^a,c  

^a ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GRONINGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Atlantic ocean; Dissolved iron; GEOTRACES; Organic iron complexation; Organic ligands; Seawater

Indexed keywords

ADSORPTION; COLLOID; COMPLEXATION; CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION); DISSOLVED LOAD; HYDROTHERMAL ACTIVITY; HYDROXIDE; IRON; LIGAND; PRECIPITATION (CHEMISTRY); SEAWATER; SOLUBILIZATION;

ARCTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (WEST);

EID: 84947494096     PISSN: 03044203     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.marchem.2015.04.007     Document Type: Article

References (98)

1. Aquilina A., Homoky W.B., Hawkes J.A., Lyons T.W., Mills R.A. Hydrothermal sediments are a source of water column Fe and Mn in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 137:64-80.
2. Archer D.E., Johnson K. A model of the iron cycle in the ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2000, 14:269-279.
3. Bennett S.A., Achterberg E.P., Connelly D.P., Statham P.J., Fones G.R., German C.R. The distribution and stabilisation of dissolved Fe in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 270:157.
4. Bergquist B.A., Boyle E.A. Dissolved iron in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2006, 20:GB1015. 10.1029/2005GB002505.
5. Boyd P.W., Ibisanmi E., Sander S.G., Hunter K.A., Jackson G.A. Remineralization of upper ocean particles: implications for iron biogeochemistry. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2010, 55:1271-1288.
6. Boyd P.W., Mackie D.S., Hunter K.A. Aerosol iron deposition to the surface ocean - modes of iron supply and biological responses. Mar. Chem. 2010, 120:128-143.
7. Boye M., van den Berg C.M.G., de Jong J.T.M., Leach H., Croot P.L., de Baar H.J.W. Organic complexation of iron in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 2001, 48:1477-1497.
8. Bruland K.W., Middag R., Lohan M.C. Controls of trace metals in seawater. Treatise on Geochemistry 2014, 19-51. Elsevier, Oxford. H.D. Holland, K.K. Turekian (Eds.).
9. Buck K.N., Bruland K.W. The physicochemical speciation of dissolved iron in the Bering Sea, Alaska. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52:1800-1808.
10. Buck K.N., Lohan M.C., Berger C.J.M., Bruland K.W. Dissolved iron speciation in two distinct river plumes and an estuary: implications for riverine iron supply. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 52:843-855.
11. Buck K.N., Sohst B., Sedwick P.N. The organic complexation of dissolved iron along the U.S. GEOTRACES North Atlantic Section. Deep-Sea Res. II 2015, (in press). 10.1016/j.dsr1012.2014.1011.1016.
12. Bundy R.M., Biller D.V., Buck K.N., Bruland K.W., Barbeau K.A. Distinct pools of dissolved iron-binding ligands in the surface and benthic boundary layer of the California Current. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2014, 59:769-787.
13. Butler A. Marine siderophores and microbial iron mobilization. Biometals 2005, 18:369-374.
14. Casacuberta N., Christl M., Lachner J., van der Loeff M.R., Masqué P., Synal H.A. A first transect of 236U in the North Atlantic Ocean. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2014, 133:34-46.
15. Croot P.L., Heller M.I. The importance of kinetics and redox in the biogeochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean. Front. Microbiol. 2012, 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00219.
16. Croot P.L., Johansson M. Determination of iron speciation by cathodic stripping voltammetry in seawater using the competing ligand 2-(2-thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC). Electroanalysis 2000, 12(8):565-576.
17. Croot P.L., Bowie A.R., Frew R.D., Maldonado M.T., Hall J.A., Safi K.A., La Roche J., Boyd P.W., Law C.S. Retention of dissolved iron and FeII in an iron induced Southern Ocean phytoplankton bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2001, 28:3425-3428.
18. Croot P.L., Andersson K., Öztürk M., Turner D.R. The distribution and speciation of iron along 6°E in the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2004, 51:2857-2879.
19. Cullen J.T., Bergquist B.A., Moffett J.W. Thermodynamic characterization of the partitioning of iron between soluble and colloidal species in the Atlantic Ocean. Mar. Chem. 2006, 98:295-303.
20. de Baar H.J.W., de Jong J.T.M. Distributions, sources and sinks of iron in seawater. The Biogeochemistry of Iron in Seawater 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N. Y. D.R. Turner, K.A. Hunter (Eds.).
21. de Baar H.J.W., Buma A.G.J., Nolting R.F., Cadee G.C., Jacques G., Treguer P.J. On iron limitation of the Southern Ocean - experimental observations in the Weddell and Scotia seas. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1990, 65(2):105-122.
22. De Corte D., Sintes E., Yokokawa T., Reinthaler T., Herndl G.J. Links between viruses and prokaryotes throughout the water column along a North Atlantic latitudinal transect. ISME J. 2012, 1-12. 10.1038/ismej.2011.214.
23. De Jong J., Schoemann V., Lannuzel D., Croot P., De Baar H., Tison J.L. Natural iron fertilization of the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean by continental shelf sources of the Antarctic Peninsula. J. Geophys. Res. G Biogeosci. 2012, 117(1).
24. 232Th concentrations along the flow paths of deep waters in the Southwest Atlantic. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2014, 390:93-102. 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.038.
25. Dulaquais G., Boyé M., Rijkenberg M.J.A., Carton X. Physical and remineralization processes govern the cobalt distribution in the deep western Atlantic Ocean. Biogeosciences 2014, 11:1561-1580.
26. Gebbie G., Huybers P. The mean age of ocean waters inferred from radiocarbon observations: sensitivity to surface sources and accounting for mixing histories. J. Geophys. Res. 2012, 42:291-305.
27. Gerringa L.J.A., Veldhuis M.J.W., Timmermans K.R., Sarthou G., De Baar H.J.W. Covariance of dissolved Fe-binding ligands with phytoplankton characteristics in the Canary Basin. Mar. Chem. 2006, 102:276-290.
28. Gerringa L.J.A., Blain S., Laan P., Sarthou G., Veldhuis M.J.W., Brussaard C.P.D., Viollier E., Timmermans K.R. Fe-binding dissolved organic ligands near the Kerguelen Archipelago in the Southern Ocean (Indian sector). Deep-Sea Res. I 2008, 55:606-621.
29. Gerringa L.J.A., Rijkenberg M.J.A., Thuróczy C.-E., Maas L.R.M. A critical look at the calculation of the binding characteristics and concentration of iron complexing ligands in seawater with suggested improvements. Environ. Chem. 2014, 11:114-136.
30. Gledhill M., Buck K.N. The organic complexation of iron in the marine environment: a review. Front. Microbiol. 2012, 2012(3):69. 10.3389/FMICB.2012.00069.
31. Gledhill M., van den Berg C.M.G. Determination of complexation of iron (III) with natural organic complexing ligands in seawater using cathodic stripping voltammetry. Mar. Chem. 1994, 47:41-54.
32. Gledhill M., McCormack P., Ussher S., Achterberg E., Mantoura R.C., Worsfold P. Production of siderophore type chelates by mixed bacterioplankton populations in nutrient enriched seawater incubations. Mar. Chem. 2004, 88:75-83.
33. Gledhill M., Achterberg E.P., Honey D.J., Nielsdottir M.C., Rijkenberg M.J. Distributions of particulate Heme b in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans-implications for electron transport in phytoplankton. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27(4):1072-1082.
34. Hansell D.A., Carlson C.A., Schlitzer R. Net removal of major marine dissolved organic carbon fractions in the subsurface ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2012, 26:GB1016. 10.1029/2011GB004069.
35. Hansell D.A., Carlson C.A., Repeta D.J., Schlitzer R. Dissolved organic matter in the ocean. A controversy stimulates new insights. Oceanography 2009, 22:202-211.
36. Hassler C.S., Schoemann V., Nichols C.A.M., Butler E.C.V., Boyd P.W. Saccharides Enhance Iron Bioavailability to Southern Ocean Phytoplankton 2011, 1076-1081. 10.1073/PNAS.1010963108.
37. Hassler C.S., Schoemann V., Boye M., Tagliabue A., Rozmarynowycz M., McKay R.M.L. Iron bioavailability in the Southern Ocean. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Annu. Rev. 2012, 2012(50):1-64.
38. Hawkes J.A., Connelly D.P., Gledhill M., Achterberg E.P. The stabilisation and transportation of dissolved iron from high temperature hydrothermal vent systems. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2013, 375:280-290.
39. Hawkes J.A., Gledhill M., Connelly D.P., Achterberg E.P. Characterisation of iron binding ligands in seawater by reverse titration. Anal. Chim. Acta 2013, 766(2013):53-60.
40. 2. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2013, 27:88-100.
41. Hopkinson B.M., Barbeau K.A. Organic and redox speciation of iron in the eastern tropical North Pacific suboxic zone. Mar. Chem. 2007, 106:2-17.
42. 59Fe radiometry and ion-pair solvent extraction of amphiphilic iron complexes. Mar. Chem. 1992, 38:209-235.
43. Hudson R.J.M., Rue E.L., Bruland K.W. Modeling complexometric titrations of natural water samples. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37:1553.
44. Johnson K.S., Boyle E., Bruland K., Coale K., Measures C., Moffett J., Aguilarislas A., Barbeau K., Bergquist B., Bowie A., Buck K., Cai Y., Chase Z., Cullen J., Doi T., Elrod V., Ftizwater S., Gordon M., King A., Laan P., Laglera L., Landing W., Lohand M., Mendez J., Milne A., Obata H., Ossiander L., Plant J., Sarthou G., Sedwick P., Smith G.J., Sohst B., Tanner S., van den Berg S., Wu J. Developing standards for dissolved iron in seawater. Eos 2007, 88:11.
45. Jones E.P. Circulation in the Arctic Ocean. Polar Res. 2001, 20(2):139-146.
46. Klunder M.B., Laan P., Middag R., de Baar H.J.W., van Ooijen J.C. Dissolved Fe in the Southern Ocean (Atlantic sector). Deep-Sea Res. II 2011, 58:2678-2694.
47. Kondo Y., Takeda S., Furuya K. Distinct trends in dissolved Fe speciation between shallow and deep waters. Mar. Chem. 2012, 134-135:18-28.
48. Laglera L.M., van den Berg C.M.G. Evidence for geochemical control of iron by humic substances in seawater. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2009, 54:610-619.
49. Laglera L.M., Battaglia G., Van Den Berg C.M.G. Determination of humic substances in natural waters by cathodic stripping voltammetry of their complexes with iron. Anal. Chim. Acta 2007, 599:58-66.
50. Laglera L.M., Battaglia G., Van Den Berg C.M.G. Effect of humic substances on the iron speciation in natural waters by CLE/CSV. Mar. Chem. 2011, 127:134-143.
51. Laglera L.M., Downes J., Santos-Echeandía J. Comparison and combined use of linear and non-linear fitting for the estimation of complexing parameters from metal titrations of estuarine samples by CLE/AdCSV. Mar. Chem. 2013, 155:102-112. 10.1016/j.marchem.2013.06.005.
52. Lamborg C.H., Hammerschmidt C.R., Bowman K.L., Swarr G.J., Munson K.M., Ohnemus D.C., Lam P.J., Heimbürger L.-E., Rijkenberg M.J.A., Saito M.A. A global ocean anthropogenic mercury inventory based on water column measurements. Nature 2014, 512:65-69. 10.1038/nature13563.
53. Lane E.S., Jang K., Cullen J.T., Maldonado M.T. The interaction between inorganic iron and cadmium uptake in the marine diatom Thalassiosira oceanica. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2008, 53:1784-1789.
54. Liu X., Millero F.J. The solubility of iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2002, 77:43.
55. Lønborg C., Yokokawa T., Herndl G.J., Antón Álvarez-Salgado X. Production and degradation of fluorescent dissolved organic matter in surface waters of the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 2015, 96:28-37.
56. Macrellis H.M., Trick C.G., Rue E.L., Smith G., Bruland K.W. Collection and detection of natural iron-binding ligands from seawater. Mar. Chem. 2001, 76:175-187.
57. Martin J.H., Fitzwater S.E., Gordon R.M. Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in Antarctic waters. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 1990, 4:5-12.
58. Mawji E., Gledhill M., Milton J.A., Tarran G.A., Ussher S., Thompson A., Wolff G.A., Worsfold P.J., Achterberg E.P. Hydroxamate siderophores: occurrence and importance in the Atlantic Ocean. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42:8675-8680.
59. Mawji E., Gledhill M., Milton J., Zubkov M., Thompson A., Wolff G., Achterberg E. Production of siderophore type chelates in Atlantic Ocean waters enriched with different carbon and nitrogen sources. Mar. Chem. 2011, 124:90-99. (C).
60. Middag R., van Hulten M.M.P., Van Aken H.M., Rijkenberg M.J.A., Gerringa L.J.A., Laan P., de Baar H.J.W. Dissolved aluminium in the ocean conveyor of the West Atlantic Ocean: Effects of the biological cycle, scavenging, sediment resuspension and hydrography. Mar. Chem. 2015, 177:69-86.
61. Millero F.J. Solubility of Fe(III) in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 1998, 154(1-4):323-329.
62. Nakayama Y., Fujita S., Kuma K., Shimada K. Iron and humic-type fluorescent dissolved organic matter in the Chukchi Sea and Canada Basin of the western Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2011, 116(C7):C07031.
63. Nolting R.F., Gerringa L.J.A., Swagerman M.J.W., Timmermans K.R., de Baar H.J.W. Fe III speciation in the high nutrient, low chlorophyll Pacific region of the Southern Ocean. Mar. Chem. 1998, 62:335-352.
64. Poorvin L., Sander S.G., Velasquez I., Ibisanmi E., LeCleir G.R., Wilhelm S.W. A comparison of Fe bioavailability and binding of a catecholate siderophore with virus-mediated lysates from the marine bacterium Vibrio alginolyticus PWH3a. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2011, 399:43-47.
65. Powell R.T., Wilson-Finelli A. Photochemical degradation of organic iron complexing ligands in seawater. Aquat. Sci. 2003, 65:367-374.
66. Press W.H., Flannery B.P., Teukolsky S.A., Vetterling W.T. Root Finding and Nonlinear Sets of Equations, in Numerical Recipes 1986, 347-393. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, (CEAN CIRCULATION).
67. Rijkenberg M.J.A., Gerringa L.J.A., Velzeboer I., Timmermans K.R., Buma A.G.J., de Baar H.J.W. Iron-binding ligands in Dutch estuaries are not affected by UV induced photochemical degradation. Mar. Chem. 2006, 100:11-23.
68. Rijkenberg M.J.A., Gerringa L.J.A., Carolus V.E., Velzeboer I., de Baar H.J.W. Enhancement and inhibition of iron photoreduction by individual ligands in open ocean seawater. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 2006, 70:2790-2805.
69. Rijkenberg M.J.A., Gerringa L.J.A., Timmermans K.R., Fischer A.C., Kroon K.J., Buma A.G.J., Wolterbeek H.Th., de Baar H.J.W. Marine diatoms enhance the reactive iron pool by modification of iron-binding ligands and stimulation of iron-photoreduction. Mar. Chem. 2008, 109:29-44.
70. Rijkenberg M.J.A., Steigenberger S., Powell C.F., van Haren H., Patey M.D., Baker A.R., Achterberg E.P. Fluxes and distribution of dissolved iron in the eastern (sub-)tropical North Atlantic Ocean. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2012, 26:gb3004. 10.1029/2011gb004264.
71. Rijkenberg M.J.A., Middag R., Laan P., Gerringa L.J.A., van Aken H., Schoemann V., de Jong J.T.M., de Baar H.J.W. The distribution of dissolved iron in the West Atlantic Ocean. PLoS ONE 2014, 9(6):e101323. 10.1371/journal.pone.0101323.
72. Rijkenberg M.J.A., de Baar H.J.W., Bakker K., Gerringa L.J.A., Keijzer E., Laan M., Laan P., Middag R., Ober S., van Ooijen J., Ossebaar S., van Weerlee E.M., Middag R., Smit M.G. "PRISTINE", a new high volume sampler for ultraclean sampling of trace metals and isotopes. Mar. Chem. 2015, 177:501-509. (in this issue).
73. Rudels B. Arctic Ocean circulation. Encyclopedia of Ocean Sciences 2009, 211-225. Academic Press, San Diego. 10.1016/B978-012374473-9.00601-9. J.H. Steele, K.K. Turekian, S.A. Thorpe (Eds.).
74. Rue E.L., Bruland K.W. Complexation of iron(II1) by natural organic ligands in the Central North Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibration/adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50:117-138.
75. Rue E.L., Bruland K.W. The role of organic complexation on ambient iron chemistry in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean and the response of a mesoscale iron addition experiment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1997, 42:901-910.
76. Sander S.G., Koschinsky A. Metal flux from hydrothermal vents increased by organic complexation. Nat. Geosci. 2011, 4:145-150.
77. Santana-Casiano J., González-Dávila M., González A., Rico M., López A., Martel A. Characterization of phenolic exudates from Phaeodactylum tricornutum and their effects on the chemistry of Fe (II)-Fe (III). Marine Chemistry 2014, 158:10-16.
78. Sarthou G., Vincent D., Christaki U., Obernosterer I., Timmermans K.R., Brussaard C.P.D. The fate of biogenic iron during a phytoplankton bloom induced by natural fertilisation: impact of copepod grazing. Deep-Sea Res. II 2008, 55:734-751.
79. Sato M., Takeda S., Furuya K. Iron regeneration and organic iron(III)-binding ligand production during in situ zooplankton grazing experiment. Mar. Chem. 2007, 106:471-488.
80. Saydam A.C., Senyuva H.Z. Deserts: can they be the potential suppliers of bioavailable iron?. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2002, 29. 10.1029/2001GL013562.
81. Schlosser C., Croot P.L. Controls on seawater Fe(III) solubility in the Mauritanian upwelling zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2009, 36:L18606. 10.1029/2009GL038963.
82. Tagliabue A., Bopp L., Aumont O., Arrigo K.R. Influence of light and temperature on the marine iron cycle: from theoretical to global modelling. Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles 2009, 23:GB2017. 10.1029/2008GB003214.
83. Tani H., Nishioka J., Kuma K., Takata H., Yamashita Y., Tanoue E., Midorikawa T. Iron(III) hydroxide solubility and humic-type fluorescent organic matter in the deep water column of the Okhotsk Sea and the northwestern North Pacific Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2003, 50(9):1063-1078.
84. Thuróczy C.-E., Gerringa L.J.A., Klunder M., Middag R., Laan P., Timmermans K.R., de Baar H.J.W. Speciation of Fe in the North East Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. I 2010, 57:1444-1453.
85. Thuróczy C.-E., Gerringa L.J.A., Klunder M., Laan P., de Baar H.J.W. Organic complexation of dissolved iron in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. II 2011, 58:2695-2706. 10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.01.002.
86. Thuróczy C.-E., Gerringa L.J.A., Klunder M., Laan P., le Guitton M., de Baar H.J.W. Distinct trends in the speciation of iron between the shelf seas and the deep basins of the Arctic Ocean. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 2011, 116:C10009.
87. Ussher S.J., Achterberg E.P., Worsfold P.J. Marine biogeochemistry of iron. Environ. Chem. 2004, 1:67-80. 10.1071/EN04053.
88. van den Berg C.M.G. Evidence for organic complexation of iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 1995, 50:139-157.
89. van den Berg C.M.G. Chemical speciation of iron in seawater by cathodic stripping voltammetry with dihydroxynaphthalene. Anal. Chem. 2006, 78(1):156-163.
90. 2 From Measurements in the Ocean Interior: The South Atlantic Ocean 2013, (phD thesis), University of Groningen, (258 pp.).
91. Velasquez I., Nunn B.L., Ibisanmi E., Goodlett D.R., Hunter K.A., Sander S.G. Detection of hydroxamate siderophores in coastal and Sub-Antarctic waters off the South Eastern coast of New Zealand. Mar. Chem. 2011, 126:97-107.
92. Wagener T., Pulido-Villena E., Guieu C. Dust iron dissolution in seawater: results from a one-year time-series in the Mediterranean Sea. Geophys. Res. Lett. 2008, 35:L16601.
93. Wagener T., Guieu C., Leblond N. Effects of dust deposition on iron cycle in the surface Mediterranean Sea: results from a mesocosm seeding experiment. Biogeosciences 2010, 7:3769-3781. 10.5194/bg-7-3769-2010.
94. Wells M.L., Price N.M., Bruland K.W. Iron chemistry in seawater and its relationship to phytoplankton: a workshop report. Mar. Chem. 1995, 48:157-182.
95. Witter A.E., Luther G.W. Variation in Fe-organic complexation with depth in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean as determined using a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 1998, 62:241-258.
96. Witter A.E., Lewis B.L., Luther G.W. Iron speciation in the Arabian Sea. Deep-Sea Res. II 2000, 47:1517-1539.
97. Witter A.E., Hutchins D.A., Butler A., Luther G.W. Determination of conditional stability constants and kinetic constants for strong model Fe-binding ligands in seawater. Mar. Chem. 2000, 69(1-2):1-17.
98. Ye Y., Voelker C., Wolf-Gladrow D.A. A model of Fe speciation and biogeochemistry at the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic Time-Series Observatory site. Biogeosciences 2009, 6:2041-2061.