The importance of kinetics and redox in the biogeochemical cycling of iron in the surface ocean

Frontiers in Microbiology

Volumn 3, Issue JUN, 2012, Pages

  Croot, Peter L ^a,b   Heller, Maija I ^a,c  

^a GEOMAR HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR OCEAN RESEARCH KIEL   (Germany)

^b NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF IRELAND   (Ireland)

^c UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Complexation kinetics; Iron biogeochemistry; Iron solubility; Redox kinetics

Indexed keywords

EID: 84875774834     PISSN: None     EISSN: 1664302X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00219     Document Type: Article

References (72)

1. Baker, A. R., and Croot, P. L. (2010). Atmospheric and marine controls onaerosolironsolubilityinseawater. Mar. Chem. 120, 4-13.
2. Batchelli, S., Muller, F. O. L. L., Chang, K.-C., and Lee, C.-L. (2010). Evidence for strong but dynamic iron-humic colloidal associations in humic-rich coastal waters. Environ. Sci. Technol. 44, 8485-8490.
3. Bergquist, B. A., and Boyle, E. A. (2006). Dissolved iron in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, 247-278.
4. Bergquist, B. A., Wu, J., and Boyle, E. A. (2007). Variability in oceanic dissolved iron is dominated by the colloidal fraction. Geochim. Cos- mochim. Acta 71, 2960-2974.
5. Boyd, P. W., Watson, A., Law, C. S., Abraham, E., Trull, T., Murdoch, R., Bakker, D. C. E., Bowie, A. R., Buesseler, K. O., Chang, H., Charette, M., Croot, P. L., Downing, K., Frew, R., Gall, M., Hadfield, M., Hall, J., Harvey, M., Jameson, G., Laroche, J., Liddicoat, M., Ling, R., Maldonado, M., Mckay, R. M., Nodder, S., Pickmere, S., Pridmore, R., Rintoul, S., Safi, K., Sutton, P., Strzepek, R., Tannenberger, K., Turner, S., Waite, A., and Zeldis, J. (2000). Mesoscale iron fertilisation elevates phytoplankton stocks in the polar Southern Ocean. Nature 407, 695-702.
6. Boye, M., Nishioka, J., Croot, P., Laan, P., Timmermans, K. R., Strass, V. H., Takeda, S., and De Baar, H. J. W. (2010). Significant portion of dis- solved organic Fe complexes in fact is Fe colloids. Mar. Chem. 122, 20-27.
7. Boye, M., Van Den Berg, C. M. G., De Jong, J. T. M., Leach, H., Croot, P. L., and De Baar, H. J. W. (2001). Organic complexation of iron in the Southern Ocean. Deep Sea Res. A 48, 1477-1497.
8. Butler, A., and Theisen, R. M. (2010). Iron(III)-siderophore coordination chemistry: reactivity of marine siderophores. Coord. Chem. Rev. 254, 288-296.
9. Croot, P. L., Bluhm, K., Schlosser, C., Streu, P., Breitbarth, E., Frew, R., and Van Ardelan, M. (2008). Regeneration of Fe(II) during EIFeX and SOFeX. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L19606.
10. Croot, P. L., Bowie, A. R., Frew, R. D., Maldonado, M., Hall, J. A., Safi, K. A., La Roche, J., Boyd, P. W., and Law, C. S. (2001). Retention of dissolved iron and FeII in an iron induced Southern Ocean phy- toplankton bloom. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 3425-3428.
11. Croot, P. L., Heller, M. I., Schlosser, C., and Wuttig, K. (2011). "Utilizing radioisotopes for trace metal speci- ation measurements in seawater," in Radioisotopes - Applications in Phys- ical Sciences, ed. N. Singh (Intech), 247-278.
12. Croot, P. L., and Johansson, M. (2000). Determination of iron speciation by cathodic stripping voltammetry in seawater using the competing ligand 2-(2-Thiazolylazo)-p-cresol (TAC). Electroanalysis 12, 565-576.
13. Croot, P. L., Streu, P., and Baker, A. R. (2004). Short residence time for iron in surface sea- water impacted by atmospheric dry deposition from Saharan dust events. Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L23S08.
14. De Baar, H. J. W., Boyd, P. W., Coale, K. H., Landry, M. R., Tsuda, A., Assmy, P., Bakker, D. C. E., Bozec, Y., Bar- ber, R. T., Brzezinski, M. A., Bues- seler, K. O., Boye, M., Croot, P. L., Gervais, F., Gorbunov, M. Y., Harri- son, P. J., Hiscock, W. T., Laan, P., Lancelot, C., Law, C. S., Levasseur, M., Marchetti,A., Millero, F. J., Nish- ioka, J., Nojiri, Y., Van Oijen, T., Riebesell, U., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Saito, H., Takeda, S., Timmermans, K. R., Veldhuis, M. J. W., Waite, A. M., and Wong, C.-S. (2005). Syn- thesis of 8 iron fertilization experi- ments: from the iron age to the age of enlightenment. J. Geophys. Res. 110, C09S16.
15. Dhungana,S.,and Crumbliss,A. (2005). Coordination chemistry and redox processes in siderophore-mediated iron transport. Geomicrobiol. J. 22, 87-98.
16. Duggen, S., Olgun, N., Croot, P., Hoff- mann, L., Dietze, H., Delmelle, P., and Teschner, C. (2010). The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron cycle: a review. Biogeosciences 7, 827-844.
17. Fischer, A. C., Kroon, J. J., Verburg, T. G., Teunissen, T., and Wolterbeek, H. T. (2007). On the relevance of iron adsorption to container mate- rials in small-volume experiments on iron marine chemistry: Fe-55- aided assessment of capacity, affin- ity and kinetics. Mar. Chem. 107, 533-546.
18. Fisher, A. E. O., Maxwell, S. C., and Naughton, D. P. (2004). Superox- ide and hydrogen peroxide suppres- sion by metal ions and their EDTA complexes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 316, 48-51.
19. Fujii, M., Rose, A. L., Waite, T. D., and Omura, T. (2006). Superoxide- mediated dissolution of amorphous ferric oxyhydroxide in seawater. Env- iron. Sci. Technol. 40, 880-887.
20. Gerringa, L. J. A., Herman, P. M. J., and Poortvliet, T. C. W. (1995). Compar- ison of the linear van den Berg/Ruzic transformation and a non-linear fit of the Langmuir isotherm applied to Cu speciation data in the estu- arine environment. Mar. Chem. 48, 131-142.
21. Gerringa, L. J. A., Rijkenberg, M. J. A., Wolterbeek, H. T., Verburg, T. G., Boye, M., and Baar, H. J. W. D. (2007). Kinetic study reveals weak Fe-binding ligand, which affects the solubility of Fe in the Scheldt estu- ary. Mar. Chem. 103, 30-45.
22. Gran, H. H. (1931). On the Condi- tions for Production of Plankton in the Sea. Rapports et Proces-Verbaux des Reunions Conseil International pour lExploration de la Mer,Copen- hague, 75, 37-46.
23. Grant, M., and Jordan, R. B. (1981). Kinetics of solvent water exchange on iron(III). Inorg. Chem. 20, 55-60.
24. Hansard,S. P.,Easter,H. D.,andVoelker, B. M. (2011). Rapid reaction of nanomolar Mn(II) with superoxide radical in seawater and simulated freshwater. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45, 2811-2817.
25. Harvey,H.W. (1937).The supply of iron to diatoms. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. 22, 205-219.
26. Heller, M. I., and Croot, P. L. (2010a). Application of a superoxide (O2-) thermal source (SOTS-1) for the determination and calibration of O2- fluxes in seawater. Anal. Chim. Acta 667, 1-13.
27. Heller, M. I., and Croot, P. L. (2010b). Kinetics of superoxide reactions with dissolved organic matter in tropical Atlantic surface waters near Cape Verde (TENATSO). J. Geophys. Res. 115, C12038.
28. Heller, M. I., and Croot, P. L. (2010c). Superoxide decay kinetics in the southern ocean. Environ. Sci. Tech- nol. 44, 191-196.
29. Heller, M. I., and Croot, P. L. (2011). Superoxide decay as a probe for spe- ciation changes during dust disso- lution in tropical Atlantic surface waters near Cape Verde. Mar. Chem. 126, 37-55.
30. Helm, L., and Merbach, A. E. (1999). Water exchange on metal ions: experiments and simulations. Coord. Chem. Rev. 187, 151.
31. Hering, J. G., and Morel, F. M. M. (1990a). "The kinetics of trace metal complexation: implications for metal reactivity in natural waters, Aquatic Chemical Kinet- ics: Reaction Rates of Processes in Nat- ural Waters ed. W. Stumm (New York: John-Wiley & Sons).
32. Hering, J. G., and Morel, F. M. M. (1990b). Kinetics of trace metal complexation: ligand exchange reac- tions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 242-252.
33. Hiemstra, T., and van Riemsdijk, W. H. (2006). Biogeochemical specia- tion of Fe in ocean water. Mar. Chem. 102, 181-197.
34. Hove, M., Van Hille, R. P., and Lewis, A. E. (2007). Iron solids formed from oxidation precipitation of fer- rous sulfate solutions. AIChE J. 53, 2569-2577.
35. Hove, M., Van Hille, R. P., and Lewis, A. E. (2008). Mechanisms of forma- tion of iron precipitates from ferrous solutions at high and low pH. Chem. Eng. Sci. 63, 1626-1635.
36. Hudson, R. J. M., Covault, D. T., and Morel, F. M. M. (1992). Investigations of iron coordination and redox reactions in seawater using 59Fe radiometry and ion-pair solvent extraction of amphiphilic iron complexes. Mar. Chem. 38, 209-235.
37. Hudson, R. J. M., and Morel, F. M. M. (1990). Iron transport in marine phytoplankton: kinetics of cellular and medium coordination reactions. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 1002-1020.
38. Hudson, R. J. M., and Morel, F. M. M. (1993). Trace metal transport by marine microorganisms: implica- tions of metal coordination kinetics. Deep Sea Res. A 40, 129-150.
39. Ingold, K. U., Paul, T., Young, M. J., and Doiron, L. (1997). Invention of the first azo compound to serve as a superoxide thermal source under physiological conditions: concept, synthesis, and chemical properties. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 119, 12364-12365.
40. Jickells, T. D., An, Z. S., Andersen, K. K., Baker, A. R., Bergametti, G., Brooks, N., Cao, J. J., Boyd, P. W., Duce, R. A., Hunter, K. A., Kawahata, H., Kubilay, N., Laroche, J., Liss, P. S., Mahowald, N., Prospero, J. M., Ridg- well, A. J., Tegen, I., and Torres, R. (2005). Global Iron connections between desert dust, ocean biogeo- chemistry, and climate. Science 308, 67-71.
41. Johnson, K. S., Coale, K. H., Elrod, V. A., and Tindale, N. W. (1994). Iron photochemistry in seawater from the equatorial Pacific. Mar. Chem. 46, 319-334.
42. Johnson, K. S., Gordon, R. M., and Coale, K. H. (1997). What con- trols dissolved iron concentrations in the world ocean? Mar. Chem. 57, 137-161.
43. Kuma, K., Katsumoto, A., Kawakami, H., Takatori, F., and Matsunaga, K. (1998a). Spatial variability of Fe(III) hydroxide solubility in the water col- umn of the northern north Pacific ocean. Deep Sea Res. 45, 91-113.
44. Kuma, K., Katsumoto, A., Nishioka, J., and Matsunaga, K. (1998b). Size-fractionated iron concentra- tions and Fe(III) hydroxide solubili- ties in various coastal waters. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 47, 275-283.
45. Kuma, K., Katsumoto, A., Shiga, N., Sawabe, T., and Matsunaga, K. (2000). Variation of size- fractionated Fe concentrations and Fe(III) hydroxide solubilities during a spring phytoplankton bloom in Funka Bay (Japan). Mar. Chem. 71, 111-123.
46. Kuma, K., Nakabayashi, S., and Mat- sunaga, K. (1995). Photoreduction of Fe(III) by Hydroxycarboxylic acids in seawater. Water Res. 29, 1559-1569.
47. Kuma, K., Nishioka, J., and Matsunaga, K. (1996). Controls on iron(III) hydroxide solubility in seawater: the influence of pH and natural organic chelators. Limnol. Oceanogr. 41, 396-407.
48. Liu, X., and Millero, F. J. (2002). The solubility of iron in seawater. Mar. Chem. 77, 43-54.
49. Luther, G. W., and Wu, J. (1997). What controls dissolved iron concentra- tions in the world ocean? - a com- ment. Mar. Chem. 57, 173-179.
50. Martin, J. H., Coale, K. H., Johnson, K. S., Fitzwater, S. E., Gordon, R. M., Tanner, S. J., Hunter, C. N., Elrod, V. A., Nowicki, J. L., Coley, T. L., Barber, R. T., Lindley, S., Wat- son, A. J., Van Scoy, K., Law, C. S., Liddicoat, M. I., Ling, R., Stanton, T., Stockel, J., Collins, C., Ander- son, A., Bidigare, R., Ondrusek, M., Latasa, M., Millero, F. J., Lee, K., Yao, W., Zhang, J. Z., Friederich, G., Sakamoto, C., Chavez, F., Buck, K., Kolber, Z., Greene, R., Falkowski, P., Chisholm, S. W., Hoge, F., Swift, R., Yungel, J., Turner, S., Nightingale, P., Hatton, A., Liss, P., and Tindale, N. W. (1994). Testing the iron hypoth- esis in ecosystems of the equatorial Pacific ocean. Nature 371, 123-129.
51. Martin,J. H.,and Fitzwater,S. E. (1988). Iron deficiency limits phytoplank- ton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic. Nature 331, 341-343.
52. Mies, K., Wirgau, J., and Crumbliss, A. (2006). Ternary complex forma- tion facilitates a redox mechanism for iron release from a siderophore. Biometals 19, 115-126.
53. Millero, F. J. (1998). Solubility of Fe(III) in seawater. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 154, 323-329.
54. Morel, F. M. M., and Hering, J. G. (1993). Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry NewYork:Wiley- Interscience.
55. Nakabayashi, S., Kuma, K., Sasaoka, K., Saitoh, S., Mochizuki, M., Shiga, N., and Kusakabe, M. (2002). Variation in iron(III) solubility and iron con- centrationinthenorthwesternnorth Pacific ocean. Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 885-892.
56. Nakabayashi, S., Kusakabe, M., Kuma, K., and Kudo, I. (2001). Vertical distributions of iron(III) hydrox- ide solubility and dissolved iron in the northwestern north Pacific ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28, 4611-4614.
57. Nowostawska, U.,Kim,J. P., and Hunter, K. A. (2008). Aggregation of river- ine colloidal iron in estuaries: a new kinetic study using stopped- flow mixing. Mar. Chem. 110, 205.
58. Okumura,C.,Hasegawa,H.,Mizumoto, H., Maki, T., and Ueda, K. (2004). Size fractionation of iron com- pounds in phytoplankton cultures in the presence of chelating ligands. Bunseki Kagaku 53, 1215-1221.
59. Roy, E. G., Wells, M. L., and King, D. W. (2008). Persistence of iron(II) in sur- face waters of the western subarctic Pacific. Limnol. Oceanogr. 53, 89-98.
60. Rue, E. L., and Bruland, K. W. (1995). Complexation of iron(III) by nat- ural organic ligands in the central north Pacific as determined by a new competitive ligand equilibra- tion/adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetric method. Mar. Chem. 50, 117-138.
61. Schlosser, C., and Croot, P. (2009). Con- trols on seawater Fe(III) solubility in the Mauritanian upwelling zone. Geophys. Res. Lett. 36, L18606.
62. Schlosser, C., De La Rocha, C. L., and Croot, P. L. (2011). Effects of iron surface adsorption and sample han- dling on iron solubility measure- ments. Mar. Chem. 127, 48-55.
63. Schneider, W. (1988). Iron hydrolysis and the biochemistry of iron - the interplay of hydroxide and biogenic ligands. Chimia (Aarau) 42, 9-20.
64. Shiller, A. M. (1997). Manganese in sur- face waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Geophys. Res. Lett. 24, 1495-1498.
65. Stockdale, A., Tipping, E., Hamilton- Taylor, J., and Lofts, S. (2011). Trace metals in the open oceans: speci- ation modelling based on humic- type ligands. Environ. Chem. 8, 304-319.
66. van den Berg, C. M. G. (2006). Chemical speciation of iron in seawater by cathodic stripping voltammetry with dihydroxy- naphthalene. Anal. Chem. 78, 156-163.
67. Voelker, B. M., and Sedlak, D. L. (1995). Iron reduction by photoproduced superoxide in seawater. Mar. Chem. 50, 93-102.
68. Vraspir, J. M., and Butler, A. (2009). Chemistry of marine ligands and siderophores. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 1, 43-63.
69. Witter, A., and Luther, G. W. (1998). Variation in Fe-organic complexa- tion with depth in the northwestern Atlantic ocean as determined using a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 62, 241-258.
70. Witter, A. E., Hutchins, D. A., But- ler, A., and Luther, G. W. (2000). Determination of conditional stabil- ity constants and kinetic constants for strong model Fe-binding lig- ands in seawater. Mar. Chem. 69, 1-17.
71. Wu, J., Boyle, E., Sunda, W., and Wen, L.-S. (2001). Soluble and col- loidal iron in the oligotrophic north Atlantic and north Pacific. Science 293, 847-849.
72. Wu, J., and Luther, G. W. (1995). Complexation of Fe(III) by nat- ural organic ligands in the north- west Atlantic ocean by a competi- tive ligand equilibration method and a kinetic approach. Mar. Chem. 50, 159-177.