A meta-analysis investigating incidence and features of stroke in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 12, 2015, Pages 839-843

  D'Ascenzo, Fabrizio ^a,e   Quadri, Giorgio ^a   Cerrato, Enrico ^a   Calcagno, Andrea ^d   Omedè, Pierluigi ^a   Marra, Walter Grosso ^a   Abbate, Antonio ^c,e   Bonora, Stefano ^d   Zoccai, Giuseppe Biondi ^b,e   Moretti, Claudio ^a,e   Gaita, Fiorenzo ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^c VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

^e Metaanalysis and Evidence Based Medicine Training in Cardiology (METCARDIO)   (Italy)

Author keywords

HAART; HIV; Stroke

Indexed keywords

ANTI HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS AGENT; NONNUCLEOSIDE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR; PROTEINASE INHIBITOR; RNA DIRECTED DNA POLYMERASE INHIBITOR; VIRUS RNA;

AGE; ARTICLE; ATRIAL FIBRILLATION; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; FOLLOW UP; HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTED PATIENT; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; META ANALYSIS; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; VIRUS LOAD; COMPLICATION; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; IMMUNOLOGY; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; STROKE; VIROLOGY;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CD4 LYMPHOCYTE COUNT; HIV; HIV INFECTIONS; HUMANS; RISK FACTORS; STROKE; VIRAL LOAD;

EID: 84947021897     PISSN: 15582027     EISSN: 15582035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e328365ca31     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Currier JS, Taylor A, Boyd F, et al. Coronary heart disease in HIV-infected individuals. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2003; 33: 506-512.
2. Obel N, Thomsen HF, Kronborg G, et al. Ischemic heart disease in HIVinfected and HIV-uninfected individuals: A population-based cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44: 1625-1631.
3. 4. Increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients in France, relative to the general population. AIDS 2010; 24: 1228-1230.
4. D'Ascenzo F, Cerrato E, Biondi-Zoccai G, et al. Acute coronary syndromes in human immunodeficiency virus patients: A meta-Analysis investigating adverse event rates and the role of antiretroviral therapy. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 875-880.
5. Biondi-Zoccai G, D'Ascenzo F, Modena MG. Novel insights on HIV/AIDS and cardiac disease: Shedding light on the HAART of darkness. Eur Heart J 2012; 33: 813-815.
6. Glass TR, Ungsedhapand C, Wolbers M, et al., Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients over time: The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. HIV Med 2006; 7: 404-410.
7. Friis-Møller N, Reiss P, Sabin CA, et al. Class of antiretroviral drugs and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 1723-1735.
8. Sabin CA, Worm SW, Weber R, et al. Use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients enrolled in the D: A: D study: A multicohort collaboration. Lancet 2008; 371: 1417-1426.
9. Detels R, Munñoz A, McFarlane G, et al. Effectiveness of potent antiretroviral therapy on time to AIDS and death in men with known HIV infection duration. J Am Med Assoc 1998; 280: 1497-1503.
10. Palella FJJ, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 853-860.
11. Depairon M, Chessex S, Sudre P, et al. Premature atherosclerosis in HIVinfected individuals: Focus on protease inhibitor therapy. AIDS 2001; 15: 329-334.
12. Friis-Møller N, Sabin CA, Weber R, et al. Combination antiretroviral therapy and the risk of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1993-2003.
13. Lee B, Anekthananon T, Poungvarin N, et al. Etiology and risk factors of stroke in HIV-infected patients in Siriraj Hospital: A case-control study. J Med Assoc Thai Vol 2012; 95 (Suppl 2): 227-234.
14. Longo-Mbenza B, Longokolo Mashi M, Lelo TshikwelaM, et al. Relationship between younger age, autoimmunity, cardiometabolic risk, oxidative stress, HAART, and ischemic stroke in Africans with HIV/AIDS. ISRN Cardiol 2011; 2011: 897908.
15. Klein D, Hurley LB, Quesenberry CP Jr, et al. Do protease inhibitors increase the risk for coronary heart disease in patients with HIV-1 infection? J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002; 30: 471-477.
16. Triant VA, Lee H, Hadigan C, et al. Increased acute myocardial infarction rates and cardiovascular risk factors among patients with human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92: 2506-2512.
17. Asmussen LD, Engsig FN, Christensen H, et al. Risk of cerebrovascular events in persons with and without HIV: A Danish nationwide populationbased cohort study. AIDS 2011; 25: 1637-1646.
18. Snider WD, Simpson DM, Nielsen S, et al. Neurological complications of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 1983; 14: 403-418.
19. Das S. Risk of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010; 65: 386-389.
20. Moher D, Cook DJ, Eastwood S, et al. Improving the quality of reports of meta-Analyses of randomised controlled trials: The QUOROM statement. Quality of Reporting of Meta-Analyses. Lancet 1999; 354: 1896-1900.
21. Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, et al. Meta-Analysis of observational studies in epidemiology: A proposal for reporting. Meta-Analysis Of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) group. J Am Med Assoc 2000; 283: 2008-2012.
22. Bertrand ME, Simoons ML, Fox KA, et al. Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J 2002; 23: 1809-1840.
23. The Cochrane Collaboration. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions, Version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]. 2009; www.cochrane-handbook.org.
24. Lee B, Anekthananon T, Poungvarin N, et al. Etiology and risk factors of stroke in HIV-infected patients in Siriraj Hospital: A case-control study. J Med Assoc Thai 2012; 95 (Suppl 2): S227-S234.
25. Heikinheimo T, Chimbayo D, Kumwenda JJ, et al. Stroke outcomes in Malawi, a country with high prevalence of HIV: A prospective follow-up study. PLoS One 2012; 7: E33765.
26. Ovbiagele B, Nath A. Increasing incidence of ischemic stroke in patients with HIV infection. Neurology 2011; 76: 444-450.
27. Tipping B, de Villiers L, Wainwright H, et al. Stroke in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78: 1320-1324.
28. Ortiz G, Koch S, Romano JG, et al. Mechanisms of ischemic stroke in HIVinfected patients. Neurology 2007; 68: 1257-1261.
29. Mateen FJ, Shinohara RT, Carone M, et al., Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) Investigators. Neurologic disorders incidence in HIV+ vs. HIVmen: Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, 1996-2011. Neurology 2012; 79: 1873-1880.
30. Cole JW, Pinto AN, Hebel JR, et al. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and the risk of stroke. Stroke 2004; 35: 51-56.
31. Kumwenda JJ, Mateyu G, Kampondeni S, et al. Differential diagnosis of stroke in a setting of high HIV prevalence in Blantyre, Malawi. Stroke 2005; 36: 960-964.
32. Sabin CA, Ryom L, Kovari H, et al. Association between ALT level and the rate of cardio/cerebrovascular events in HIV-positive individuals: The D: A: D Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63: 456-463.
33. Monforte Ad, Reiss P, Ryom L, et al. Atazanavir is not associated with an increased risk of cardio-or cerebrovascular disease events. AIDS 2013; 27: 407-415.
34. Vaughn G, Detels R. Protease inhibitors and cardiovascular disease: Analysis of the Los Angeles County adult spectrum of disease color. Protease inhibitors and cardiovascular disease: Analysis of The Los Angeles County adult spectrum of disease cohort. AIDS Care 2007; 19: 492-499.
35. Chow FC, Regan S, Feske S, et al. Comparison of ischemic stroke incidence in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected patients in a US healthcare system. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; 60: 351-358.
36. Hasse B, Ledergerber B, Furrer H, et al. Morbidity and aging in HIV-infected persons: The Swiss HIV cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 1130-1139.
37. Worm SW, Kamara DA, Reiss P, et al. Evaluation of HIV protease inhibitor use and the risk of sudden death or nonhemorrhagic stroke. J Infect Dis 2012; 205: 535-539.
38. Bedimo RJ, Westfall AO, Drechsler H, et al. Abacavir use and risk of acute myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular events in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. Clin Infect Dis 2011; 53: 84-91.
39. Vinikoor MJ, Napravnik S, Floris-Moore M, et al. Incidence and clinical features of cerebrovascular disease among HIV-infected adults in the Southeastern United States. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29: 1068-1074.
40. Engstrom JW, Lowenstein DH, Breseden DE. Cerebral infarctions and transient neurological deficits associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Med 1989; 86: 528-532.
41. Rabinstein AA. Stroke in HIV-infected patients: A clinical perspective. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 15: 37-44.
42. Berger JR, Harris JO, Gregorios J, et al. Cerebrovascular disease in AIDS: A case-control study. AIDS 1990; 4: 239-244.
43. Connor MD, Lammie GA, Bell JE, et al. Cerebral infarction in adult AIDS patients: Observations from the Edinburgh HIV Autopsy Cohort. Stroke 2000; 31: 2117-2126.
44. Vaartjes I, O'Flaherty M, Capewell S, et al. Remarkable decline in ischemic stroke mortality is not matched by changes in incidence. Stroke 2013; 44: 591-597.
45. Johns DR, Tiernet M, Felsenstein D. Alteration in the natural history of neurosyphilis by concurrent infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 1569-1572.
46. Kase CS, Levitz SM, Wolinsky JS, et al. Pontine pure motor hemiparesis due to meningovascular syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Arch Neurol 1988; 45: 823.
47. Kieburtz KD, Eskin TA, Ketonen L, et al. Opportunistic cerebral vasculopathy and stroke in patients with AIDS. Arch Neurol 1993; 50: 430-432.
48. Ross AC, Rizk N, O'Riordan MA, et al. Relationship between inflammatory markers, endothelial activation markers, and carotid intima-media thickness in HIV-infected patients receiving anti retroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2009; 49: 1119-1127.
49. Libby P, Ridker PM, Maseri A. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1135-1143.
50. Burdo TH, Lo J, Abbara S, et al. Soluble CD163, a novel marker of activated macrophages, is increased and associated with noncalcified coronary plaque in HIV patients. J Infect Dis 2011; 204: 1227-1236.
51. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: Prospective study and updated meta-Analyses. Br Med J 2000; 321: 199-204.
52. Benjamin LA, Bryer A, Emsley HC, et al. HIV infection and stroke: Current perspectives and future directions. Lancet Neurol 2012; 11: 878-890.
53. D'Arminio A, Sabin CA, Phillips AN, et al. Cardio-And cerebrovascular events in HIV-infected persons. AIDS 2004; 18: 1811-1817.
54. Bozzette SA, Ake CF, Tam HK, et al. Long-Term survival and serious cardiovascular events in HIV-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47: 338-341.
55. Subsai K, Kanoksri S, Siwaporn C, et al. Neurological complications in AIDS patients receiving HAART: A 2-year retrospective study. Eur J Neurol 2006; 13: 233-239.
56. Ananworanich J, Gayet-Ageron A, Le Braz M, et al., Staccato Study Group; Swiss HIV Cohort Study. CD4-guided scheduled treatment interruptions compared with continuous therapy for patients infected with HIV-1: Results of the Staccato randomised trial. Lancet 2006; 368: 459-465.
57. El-Sadr WM, Lundgren J, Neaton JD, et al. CD4+ count-guided interruption of antiretroviral treatment. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 2283-2296.
58. Corral I, Quereda C, Moreno A, et al. Cerebrovascular ischemic events in HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: Incidence and risk factors. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009; 27: 559-563.
59. Blum A, Hadas V, Burke M, et al. Viral load of the human immunodeficiency virus could be an independent risk factor for endothelial dysfunction. Clin Cardiol 2005; 28: 149-153.
60. Emery S, Neuhaus JA, Phillips AN, et al. Major clinical outcomes in antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive participants and in those not receiving ART at baseline in the SMART study. J Infect Dis 2008; 197: 1133-1144.
61. Ho JE, Scherzer R, Hecht FM, et al. The association of CD4+ T-cell counts and cardiovascular risk in treated HIV disease. AIDS 2012; 26: 1115-1120.